Negotiating Sanctity: Holy Women in Sixteenth-Century Spain

1995 ◽  
Vol 64 (3) ◽  
pp. 373-388 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gillian T. W. Ahlgren
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Religious Leaders ◽  
Council Of Trent ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Religious Reform ◽  
Spanish Inquisition ◽  
The Past ◽  
Counter Reformation ◽  
The Many ◽  
Religious Landscape

The past ten years have seen great strides in our understanding of the many forces at work in Counter-Reformation Spain. Historians and hispanists have demonstrated clearly that the Spanish religious landscape was complex and have elucidated several problems of interpretation. How readily did Spanish monarchs, religious leaders, and laity follow the decrees of the Council of Trent? How influential was the Spanish Inquisition in enforcing religious beliefs and behaviors? In what ways did religious reform involve assumptions about gender and differing religious roles for men and women? Finally, and more to my point, how did men and women respond to such assumptions and roles?

Culture and the Spanish Civil War - A Fascist View: 1936-1939

1965 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 557-577 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kessel Schwartz
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Spanish Civil War ◽  
Status Quo ◽  
Scientific Investigation ◽  
Intellectual Freedom ◽  
Council Of Trent ◽  
Spanish Inquisition ◽  
Counter Reformation ◽  
Foreign Ideas ◽  
The Church

Almost from the inception of the Spanish Inquisition which sought to stifle scientific investigation and philosophical speculation while rejecting foreign ideologies, contrary currents existed in Spain. The liberal humanistic movement headed by Erasmus preached intellectual freedom and a defense of interior religión. This ideology never disappeared in Spain in spite of the formation of the Company of Jesus by Ignacio de Loyola and the efforts of Spanish theologians who promoted the Counter Reformation at the Council of Trent. Under Felipe II foreign ideas were forbidden as heretical and interpretations independent of the Church were stifled. Nevertheless, criticism of the status quo continued. Reginaldo González Montano wrote the first attack on the Inquisition, Sanctae Inquisitioms Hispanicae in 1567.

A Tridentine Response

2020 ◽  
pp. 104-131
Author(s):  
Kenneth Austin
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Catholic Church ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Council Of Trent ◽  
Catholic Reformation ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Counter Reformation ◽  
The Catholic Church

This chapter analyzes “Counter Reformation,” a terminology that implies the developments within the Catholic Church in the sixteenth century and beyond of reactions to the Protestant challenge. It explains how historians generally prefer the term “Catholic Reformation” over Counter Reformation as it is more neutral and better able to accommodate the range of initiatives witnessed in the period. It also points out reform efforts that predate the Protestant challenge, in which a new ethos developed within the Catholic Church in the middle of the sixteenth century. The chapter talks about the fathers of the Council of Trent, who sought to address a wide range of issues relating to belief and practice. It looks at the “Tridentine” decrees that were implemented alongside various papal initiatives and efforts at the local level.

The Moralization of the Dance in Elyot's Governour

1958 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 27-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
John M. Major
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Four Quartets ◽  
The Past ◽  
Time And Motion

Amid reflections on time and motion and the evanescence of earthly things, the poet of Four Quartets brings forth out of the past a charming scene wherein men and women move together harmoniously to the strains of the country pipe and drum, ‘In daunsinge, signifying matrimonie’. These lines which Mr. Eliot has so effectively adapted are from a treatise on dancing contained in The Book Named the Governour (Book I, Chapters 19-25), by his sixteenth-century namesake, Sir Thomas Elyot. What is unusual about the treatise, and what must have been its principal attraction for Mr. Eliot, is the author's theory that the dancing together of a man and a woman ‘betokeneth Concorde’ and, further, symbolizes virtue.

scholarly journals A Cultural Studies Perspective on the Development of Standard Slovenian

2015 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Majda Merše
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Cultural Studies ◽  
The Past ◽  
Linguistic System ◽  
Linguistic History ◽  
Text Types ◽  
The Many

Martina Orožen’s volume Kulturološki pogled na razvoj slovenskega knjižnega jezika (A Cultural Studies Perspective on the Development of Standard Slovenian) reveals a new multilayered perspective on Slovenian linguistic history, especially on the period from the mid-sixteenth century to the mid-nineteenth century. It focuses on a developmental account of innovation, revealed through a multilevel examination of the linguistic system, and on presenting articulatory creativity, developmentally checked with various text types. The work is also richly informative due to the many informed judgments, explanatory substantive amplifications, and added insights into the past.

Some French Reactions to the Council of Trent

1964 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 149-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert M. Kingdon
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Catholic Church ◽  
Roman Catholic ◽  
John Calvin ◽  
Roman Catholic Church ◽  
Council Of Trent ◽  
Christian Community ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Many ◽  
Ideas And Institutions

In this age of growing ecumenicism, many scholars are turning to the history of the sixteenth century for a fresh examination of the origins of those ideas and institutions which continue to divide the Christian community. During these years of the widely publicized meetings of an ecumenical council sponsored by the Roman Catholic Church, many are turning specifically to the canons and decrees drafted by the Council of Trent for a fresh study of the extent to which they do or must divide Christians. But fully to understand these Tridentine decisions from an ecumenical perspective requires not only a knowledge of their texts and of the debates from which they emerged. It requires also a knowledge of the hostile reactions which they aroused among the many Christians who would not accept these decisions or the authority of those who promulgated them. An interesting spectrum of such reactions can be found among French criticisms of Trent published during the sixteenth century. Of these publications, three semto me to demonstrate this proposition neatly: one by a distinguished French theologian, John Calvin; a second by a dustinguished French Jurisconsult, Charles Dumoulin; a third by a prominent French lawyer and historian, Innocent Gentillet. These works have not been ignored by such experts on the historiography of Trent as professor Jedin. But I feel they merit a more detailed and more considered examination than they have as yet received. This paper sketches some of the lines upon which such an examination might proceed.

The Sacred Music of Vincenzo Ruffo

1955 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 105-106
Author(s):  
Lewis Lockwood
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Active Control ◽  
Sacred Music ◽  
Council Of Trent ◽  
Direct Supervision ◽  
Counter Reformation

The range of the practical and esthetic reform of sacred music in the second half of the sixteenth century can no longer be equated solely with the achievement of Palestrina. Musical scholarship, in quest of a truer picture of the musical aspects of the Counter-Reformation, has revealed other factors and other figures, intrinsically as well as historically interesting. Among these is the Italian composer Vincenzo Ruffo (ca. 1520-87).Ruffo's most important post, after leaving his native Verona, was as chapelmaster at the Duomo in Milan (1563-72), where he worked under the direct supervision of one of the most powerful leaders of the Counter-Reformation, Cardinal Carlo Borromco. The Cardinal had played an important role in the final sessions of the Council of Trent and in the Commission of Cardinals for the study of sacred music (1564) before assuming active control of liturgical affairs at Milan in 1565.

scholarly journals I, Elena de la Cruz: Heresy and Gender in Mexico City, 1568

2006 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 143-160
Author(s):  
Jacqueline Holler
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Mexico City ◽  
Religious Leaders ◽  
Council Of Trent ◽  
Gender Ideologies ◽  
Church Hierarchy ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Religious Crisis

Abstract In July 1568, a nun was denounced to the episcopal inquisition of Mexico City. Elena de Ia Cruz, was a professed nun in the prestigious Nuestra Senora de la Concepción and a member of one of Mexico's most important families. She was charged with heretical propositions: namely, that she proposed limits to the powers of the papacy and church hierarchy, including Alonso de Montúfar, the archbishop of Mexico. Elena's heretical words also took added meaning from contemporary religious crisis and reform. Some of the nun's conceptions vaguely suggested Lutheranism. More importantly, she seemed to deny the ability of the Council of Trent to carry out its programme of reform. Tridentine reformers were attempting to bring monasteries of women under the control of male religious leaders — and Montúfar was trying to bring regular clergy in general under episcopal governance. Elena's views threatened these efforts. The essay argues that Elena's daring to speak on matters of doctrine was a form of gender treason; she also read forbidden books and attempted to find her own path to salvation. In the late sixteenth century, a woman who took this path was immediately suspect. Beatas, nuns, and laywomen had paid dearly for this error in Spain. Unlike many heretic nuns, though, Elena renounced her beliefs almost immediately when challenged by her abbess, and she showed no courage of conviction before the male inquisitors. Nonetheless, formal charges were prepared and followed through in meticulous detail. In charging Elena, Montúfar was nipping womanly insubordination in the bud, before it could infect the entire convent. But if gender was part of what made Elena so dangerous, it was also what saved her skin. Elena's lawyers were able to use the topos of the weak, ignorant, misled woman to explain their client's deviation from the path of order and obedience. Hispanic gender ideologies made it possible to frame Elena's crime in terms of treason and disorder, but also provided an opportunity for the nun's reincorporation into society. The paper argues that Elena's trial provides an opportunity to examine the ambiguities of gender prescription and what we might call "rôle enforcement". The tension between corporate protection of women and fear of their potential for disorder is played out throughout the trial. Elena's triumph, if such it can be called, is to appeal to the former.

Nella lingua di ciascuno: Church Communication between Latin and Vernacular during the Counter-Reformation

2017 ◽  
Vol 53 ◽  
pp. 196-209
Author(s):  
Silvia Manzi
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Catholic Church ◽  
Local Translation ◽  
Council Of Trent ◽  
Italian Language ◽  
Vernacular Language ◽  
Counter Reformation ◽  
The Catholic Church

This article investigates the reasons for the choice of vernacular language instead of Latin in the communications of bishops with clergy and laity at the end of the sixteenth century and into the first decades of the seventeenth. The spread of Lutheran doctrine, which encouraged the use of the vernacular in the Scriptures and in the mass, was confronted by a reaction: the Catholic Church denied all access to the mysteries of faith to anyone ignorant of Latin through the three Indices of prohibited books issued in the second half of the sixteenth century (1559, 1564, 1596). However, concurrently with the issuing of these prohibitions, the bishops of Italy used the Italian language to translate some papal bulls and decrees of the Council of Trent. On which issues and under what circumstances did they feel it was necessary to be understood by the non-Latinate and therefore find it necessary to supply Italian translations of official documents, such as papal constitutions and Tridentine decrees? Was the local translation of such documents faithful to the original? And if not, why not?

The Catholic Reform In The Sixteenth Century

1957 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 275-288 ◽  
Author(s):  
George H. Tavard
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Subject Matter ◽  
Council Of Trent ◽  
The Reformation ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Many ◽  
Catholic Reform

The many aspects of Catholic activity during the sixteenth century make it difficult to present a systematic bibliography for that period. Interest in the Reformation era has considerably increased among Catholic scholars during the last decades. We must therefore proceed to a severe selection. Only studies that deal with the most significant topics will be included. No breakdown of the material can be completely satifactory. As the main point, however, is to give as clear a picture as possible, one must distinguish three broad periods: before, during and after the Council of Trent. Subdivisions of the subject matter in each period will necessarily overlap. But we will reduce this to a minimum.

Religious State

1995 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-90
Author(s):  
Gary Waite
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Comparative Study ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Religious Leaders ◽  
Reform Movements ◽  
Religious Reform ◽  
Geographical Regions ◽  
Similar Survey ◽  
Historical Periods

This article provides a tentative comparative study between the nature and persecution of Anabaptists in sixteenth-century Europe and the nature of opposition to the early Bábí movement in nineteenth-century Iran. In spite of the major differences in historical context, the study shows that charismatic religious reform movements even from such distinctly different historical periods and geographical regions could undergo similar developments, evoke similar responses from rulers and orthodox religious leaders, attract a devoted following willing alternately to fight to the death or suffer martyrdom, and construct an apocalyptical ideology. The article is divided into three part: First, it presents a brief overview of the nature of and opposition to the Dutch and North German Anabaptist movement of the sixteenth century. Second, it provides a similar survey for the nineteenth-century Bábís. Third, it tenders several conclusions regarding important parallels noted between these movements.

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