Culture and the Spanish Civil War - A Fascist View: 1936-1939

1965 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 557-577 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kessel Schwartz
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Spanish Civil War ◽  
Status Quo ◽  
Scientific Investigation ◽  
Intellectual Freedom ◽  
Council Of Trent ◽  
Spanish Inquisition ◽  
Counter Reformation ◽  
Foreign Ideas ◽  
The Church

Almost from the inception of the Spanish Inquisition which sought to stifle scientific investigation and philosophical speculation while rejecting foreign ideologies, contrary currents existed in Spain. The liberal humanistic movement headed by Erasmus preached intellectual freedom and a defense of interior religión. This ideology never disappeared in Spain in spite of the formation of the Company of Jesus by Ignacio de Loyola and the efforts of Spanish theologians who promoted the Counter Reformation at the Council of Trent. Under Felipe II foreign ideas were forbidden as heretical and interpretations independent of the Church were stifled. Nevertheless, criticism of the status quo continued. Reginaldo González Montano wrote the first attack on the Inquisition, Sanctae Inquisitioms Hispanicae in 1567.

Argentine Neutrality, Mediation, and Asylum During the Spanish Civil War

1963 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 383-403
Author(s):  
Joe Robert Juárez
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Spanish Civil War ◽  
Popular Front ◽  
Left Wing ◽  
Francisco Franco ◽  
Constituent Assembly ◽  
Vested Interests ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Church

Civil War broke out in Spain in 1936. Following eight years of dictatorship by General Primo de Rivera, who had acted with the approval of King Alfonso XIII, elections were held in June, 1931, for a constituent assembly. The election returns brought in a republican-socialist majority, which forbade the king’s return, confiscated his property, and proclaimed Spain a republic. The republic had enemies on both the right and the left. The large landholders, the army, and the Church had vested interests which the republic proceeded to attack. On the left, the anarchists and socialists became more /radical, competing for the loyalty of the Spanish workers. The republic’s problems were compounded by the traditional separatist movements of Catalans, Basques, and Gallegans. Power shifted from the left in 1931 to the right in 1933, and, finally, in February, 1936, to a “popular front “government. The Popular Front, however, proved to be a coalition for election purposes only. Largo Caballero, the leader of the left wing of the socialists, declined to serve in the moderate Azaña cabinet. In July, 1936, army, monarchist, clerical, and Carlist groups joined with the Falange to bring about a counter-revolutionary coup under the leadership of General Francisco Franco. The Civil War had started. It was to last for three brutality-filled years.

Revolutionary Exhumations in Spain, July 1936

1985 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 241-260 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruce Lincoln
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Catholic Church ◽  
Spanish Civil War ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Church ◽  
The Catholic Church

In the first weeks of the Spanish civil war, there occurred massive popular assaults against the Catholic Church in those cities which did not fall to the Nationalists rising, the Church having been widely (and correctly) perceived as hostile to the Republic and sympathetic to the generals who sought its overthrow. As rumors of priests firing on the populace from church towers circulated wildly, churches and convents were rapidly sacked and burnt. Supporters of the Republic killed religious personnel in large numbers—certainly well into the thousands—while desecrating and destroying church paraphernalia and cultic objects en masse.

scholarly journals Les memòries del pare Andreu Ivars i Cardona (Diari 1936). Estudi i edició

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 34
Author(s):  
Alaitz Zalbidea Bdrenguer
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Spanish Civil War ◽  
Franciscan Order ◽  
In The Beginning ◽  
The Church

Resum: Aquesta troballa recent conta les vivències a Madrid d’un conegut personatge valencianistavinculat a l’Església, durant l’inici de la Guerra Civil Espanyola. Es tracta de les memòries de fra AndreuIvars i Cardona, oriünd de Benissa, que ingressà en l’orde franciscà al convent de Sant Esperit (Gilet,Camp de Morvedre) el 1900. Fou un dels fundadors de la revista Archivo Ibero-Americano,amb seu a Madrid, on va residir de 1920 a 1936 i va escriure, a més, nombrosos articles històrics iculturals relacionats amb la cultura valenciana i de més enllà. Val a dir també que aquest personatge vaser un dels qui més investigacions va dedicar a Francesc Eiximenis, el conegut franciscà gironí del segleXIV. El dietari es conserva en el Convent dels Àngels, que pertany a l’orde dels franciscans, al barri deRussafa, a València, i ara i ací ens encarreguem de fer-ne l’estudi i l’edició. Paraules clau: Andreu Ivars, memòries, memorialística, dietaris, valencianisme. Abstract: This recent finding narrates the experiences of a well-known Valencian figure in Madridlinked to the Church, in the beginning of the Spanish Civil War. These are the memoirs ofAndreu Ivars i Cardona, who was born in Benissa and entered the Franciscan order convent ofSant Esperit (Gilet, Camp de Morvedre) in 1900. He was one of the founders of the ArchivoIbero-Americano journal, based in Madrid, where he resided from 1920 to 1936, and wrotenumerous historical and cultural articles related to Valencian culture and beyond. It is also worthmentioning that he was one of those who devoted the most research to Francesc Eiximenis, thewell-known medieval Franciscan from Girona. The diary is kept in the Convent dels Àngels, whichbelongs to the Franciscan order, in Russafa, València, and now we present its study and edition. Keywords: Andreu Ivars, memoirs, diaries, valencianism.

Notes On Persons's “Memorial for the Reformation Of England” (1596)

1959 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
T.H Clancy
Keyword(s):  
Council Of Trent ◽  
Counter Reformation ◽  
The Reformation ◽  
The Face ◽  
Imperfect Knowledge ◽  
The Church ◽  
Insight Into

The late Harold Laski, in a letter to O. W. Holmes, characterized Persons’s Jesuit’s Memorial as “the most cold-blooded plot for exterminating opponents known outside St. Bartholomew.” On the face of it, this tends to confirm the suspicion which was expressed by Holmes in this very correspondence, and which reviewers have voiced since the letters were published, that Laski often wrote about books of which he had a very imperfect knowledge. And yet there is a sense in which the Jesuit’s Memorial is cold blooded, iust as the whole Counter-Reformation was in a certain sense cold-blooded. Whenever the Church is faced with a new challenge she must tighten up her lines of discipline and ruthlessly prune certain: venerable practices and customs or at least establish an order of priority among them. Many view with distaste the mentality engendered by the Council of Trent. It would be well, however, to try and see what the Counter-Reformation was trying to do before we condemn it. And for a real insight into the Counter Reformation spirit few books can equal the Jesuit’s Memorial.

scholarly journals THE CATHOLIC CHURCH IN CATALONIA. FROM CATACLYSM IN THE CIVIL WAR TO THE “EUPHORIA” OF THE 1950S

2006 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-100
Author(s):  
Andrew Dowling
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Civil War ◽  
Catholic Church ◽  
Spanish Civil War ◽  
Cultural Activity ◽  
Language And Culture ◽  
National Catholicism ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The Church ◽  
The Catholic Church

In the summer of 1936, with the beginning of the Spanish Civil War, the Catalan Church underwent a ferocious assault, without precedent in modern European history. Catalan society in the early decades of the twentieth century had been divided over its relationship to the Catholic Church, with some sectors being profoundly anti-clerical. Yet by the early 1960s, attitudes towards the Catholic Church had changed. This article is concerned with reconstructing Catalan and Catalanist Catholicism from one of profound crisis during the Civil War to its re-emergence from the confines of Spanish National Catholicism. Francoist victory in the Spanish Civil War meant the ending of indigenous Catholic traditions. However, from the mid-1940s we can trace the slow reconstruction of Catalan traditions, language and culture. All of the major expressions of Catalan identity until the 1960s were enabled due to this Catholic patronage. Whilst the Church was unable to reverse secularization trends, this involvement in cultural activity would transform its place within wider Catalan society. By the end of the period examined in this article, historic and deep rooted anti-clericalism in Catalonia was ending.

The Council of Trent

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bryan Cussen
Keyword(s):  
General Council ◽  
Council Of Trent ◽  
Counter Reformation ◽  
Core Part ◽  
The Church

From the late 1530s, Paul III quietly moved away from reform. Nevertheless, as a matter of honour, he continued to pursue his long-standing commitment to hold a General Council. But the pope’s priorities for it were limited to the achievement of peace between Christian princes, unity in the Church and defeat of the infidel. Despite many obstacles, Paul managed finally to convene the Council at Trent in 1545. The first years of the Council had minimal success in achieving its goals and little impact on reform which Paul largely contained. However, both Paul and the Council did sow the seeds of episcopal residence in single dioceses, a reform that would eventually become a core part of the Counter-Reformation.

Negotiating Sanctity: Holy Women in Sixteenth-Century Spain

1995 ◽  
Vol 64 (3) ◽  
pp. 373-388 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gillian T. W. Ahlgren
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Religious Leaders ◽  
Council Of Trent ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Religious Reform ◽  
Spanish Inquisition ◽  
The Past ◽  
Counter Reformation ◽  
The Many ◽  
Religious Landscape

The past ten years have seen great strides in our understanding of the many forces at work in Counter-Reformation Spain. Historians and hispanists have demonstrated clearly that the Spanish religious landscape was complex and have elucidated several problems of interpretation. How readily did Spanish monarchs, religious leaders, and laity follow the decrees of the Council of Trent? How influential was the Spanish Inquisition in enforcing religious beliefs and behaviors? In what ways did religious reform involve assumptions about gender and differing religious roles for men and women? Finally, and more to my point, how did men and women respond to such assumptions and roles?

Quo Vadis? Catholic Perceptions of Flight and the Revolt of the Low Countries, 1566–1609*

2011 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
pp. 472-499 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geert H. Janssen
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Catholic Identity ◽  
Dutch Republic ◽  
Low Countries ◽  
Dutch Revolt ◽  
Counter Reformation ◽  
Southern Netherlands ◽  
Quo Vadis ◽  
The Church

AbstractThis article examines Catholic views of flight, exile, and displacement during the Dutch Revolt. It argues that the civil war in the sixteenth-century Low Countries generated a new imagery of exile among Catholics, a process that was to some extent similar to what had happened to Protestant refugees a few decades earlier. Yet the Dutch case also demonstrates that the contrasting outcomes of the revolts in the Northern and Southern Netherlands led to very different appreciations of exile in Catholic communities in both areas. Habsburg triumph and Tridentine militancy sparked a Counter-Reformation movement in the Southern Netherlands that glorified exile and presented refugees as exemplary forces of an international militant church. In the northern Dutch Republic the revolt created a more ambiguous Catholic identity, in which loyalty to an officially Protestant state could coincide with commitment to the Church of Rome.

Through the prism of Spain. Socio-economic causes of different outcomes of Russian and Spanish civil wars

2017 ◽  
pp. 142-155
Author(s):  
I. Rozinskiy ◽  
N. Rozinskaya
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
World War I ◽  
Civil Wars ◽  
Spanish Civil War ◽  
Statistical Data ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Russian Civil War ◽  
World War ◽  
Common Features ◽  
Economic Well Being

The article examines the socio-economic causes of the outcome of the Spanish Civil War (1936-1936), which, as opposed to the Russian Civil War, resulted in the victory of the “Whites”. Choice of Spain as the object of comparison with Russia is justified not only by similarity of civil wars occurred in the two countries in the XX century, but also by a large number of common features in their history. Based on statistical data on the changes in economic well-being of different strata of Spanish population during several decades before the civil war, the authors formulate the hypothesis according to which the increase of real incomes of Spaniards engaged in agriculture is “responsible” for their conservative political sympathies. As a result, contrary to the situation in Russia, where the peasantry did not support the Whites, in Spain the peasants’ position predetermined the outcome of the confrontation resulting in the victory of the Spanish analogue of the Whites. According to the authors, the possibility of stable increase of Spanish peasants’ incomes was caused by the nation’s non-involvement in World War I and also by more limited, compared to Russia and some other countries, spending on creation of heavy (primarily military-related) industry in Spain.

The Spanish Reception of Le Sacre du Printemps (1913–1936)

2018 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 48-66
Author(s):  
Idoia Murga Castro
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Civil War ◽  
Spanish Civil War ◽  
Original Work ◽  
Silver Age ◽  
Avant Garde ◽  
Ballets Russes ◽  
Rite Of Spring ◽  
Le Sacre Du Printemps ◽  
Cultural Expansion

Centenary celebrations are being held between 2016 and 2018 to mark the first consecutive tours of Diaghilev's Ballets Russes in Spain. This study analyses the Spanish reception of Le Sacre du Printemps (The Rite of Spring) (1913), one of its most avant-garde pieces. Although the original work was never performed in Spain as a complete ballet, its influence was felt deeply in the work of certain Spanish choreographers, composers, painters and intellectuals during the so-called Silver Age, the period of modernisation and cultural expansion which extended from the end of the nineteenth century to the beginning of the Spanish Civil War.

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