scholarly journals Trepanation and the “Catlin Mark”

1945 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 348-352 ◽  
Author(s):  
William M. Goldsmith
Keyword(s):  
Central America ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Human Skull ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
Parietal Bones ◽  
Anomalous Condition

This paper deals with the confusion of a certain anomalous condition of the human skull with one type of trepanation. Evidence is presented to show that many specimens exhibited as examples of a certain type of trepanning are clear-cut cases of this congenital bilateral fenestra in the parietal bones. As is generally known, trephining was performed by ancient man to relieve certain maladies such as headaches caused by “demons kicking up a fuss” inside the skull. The excruciatingly painful operation was performed with a crude knife, piece of glass, or sharp-edged stone. Trephining probably flourished in Neolithic times, especially in Bohemia and western Europe. Trephined skulls have been, reported from Bolivia,, Central America, Mexico, Peru, and various other localities.

Structural analysis of the frontal and parietal bones of the human skull

2019 ◽  
Vol 90 ◽  
pp. 689-701 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen L. Alexander ◽  
Karin Rafaels ◽  
C. Allan Gunnarsson ◽  
Tusit Weerasooriya
Keyword(s):  
Structural Analysis ◽  
Human Skull ◽  
Parietal Bones

scholarly journals Chiefdom as a Concept of Sociology: The Complexity of Interpretation

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 8-26
Author(s):  
Sergey A. Davydov
Keyword(s):  
Social Organization ◽  
Central America ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Social Institutions ◽  
Eastern European ◽  
Subject Field ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Analytical Tools ◽  
Unambiguous Interpretation

The purpose of this article is to identify the reasons which limit the conceptualization of the concept of chiefdom, and to find analytical means to overcome it. The author notes that at the present time sociology has developed criteria which facilitate the understanding of chiefdom as a type of social organization and historical stage in the development of society. However, the process of developing an unambiguous interpretation of the concept of chiefdom has not yet been completed. The article suggests that this is a consequence of two main limitations. The first of these lies outside the field of science and is associated with the diversity of the morphology of chiefdoms, with them having accumulated signs of “higher” and “lower” forms of social organization, and with chiefdom being characterized by ambiguity of data. The second limitation is brought forth by science itself, which happened to attach different conceptual grids to various types of chiefdom and had been unable to solve the problem of polysemia of the concepts which underlie the methodological analysis of archaic societies. The author focuses on the problem of “semantic twins” of chiefdom, the existence of which is due to the established tradition of word usage. The problem of identifying such “twins” is solved based on analyzing the social institutions and structures of ancient societies, while relying on the results of archaeological and anthropological studies, texts of literary artifacts. As a result, the author argues that in many cases the barbaric “kingdom” of Western Europe, Asia and Africa, the Eastern European “principalities” and the “empires” of Central Asia and Central America should be called chiefdoms. It is concluded that managing conceptual space allows for expanding the subject field of analysis, enriching the analytical tools of research and as a result discovering new facets of chiefdom as a form of social organization.

scholarly journals Perfect for the Job? Overqualification of Immigrants and their Descendants in the Norwegian Labor Market

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 78-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edvard N. Larsen ◽  
Adrian F. Rogne ◽  
Gunn E. Birkelund
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Central America ◽  
North Africa ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Population Studies ◽  
Methodological Innovation ◽  
Mena Countries ◽  
Industry Sector ◽  
Majority Population ◽  
Definition Of

Compared to the majority population, studies have shown that non-western immigrants are more likely to work in jobs for which they are overqualified. These findings are based on coarse measures of jobs, and an important question is how sensitive these findings are to the definition of jobs. By using detailed information from Norwegian register data 2014, we provide a methodological innovation in comparing individuals working in the same occupation, industry, sector, firm, and municipality. In this way, we measure the degree of overqualification among workers within more than 653,000 jobs. We differentiate between immigrants and their descendants originating from Western Europe, the New EU countries, other Western countries, the Middle East and North Africa (MENA), Africa and Asia (except MENA countries), and South and Central America, and compare their outcomes with the majority population holding the same jobs. We find that immigrants from all country of origin groups are more likely to be overqualified compared to the majority population and to descendants of immigrants. However, the prevalence of overqualification decreases with time since immigration.

U-Pb zircon age of 548 Ma for the leptynites (high-grade felsic rocks) of the central part of the Maures Massif. Geodynamic significance of the so-called leptyno-amphibolitic complexes of the Variscan belt of western Europe

2003 ◽  
Vol 174 (6) ◽  
pp. 585-594 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christophe Innocent ◽  
Annie Michard ◽  
Catherine Guerrot ◽  
Bruno Hamelin
Keyword(s):  
Western Europe ◽  
Alkali Basalts ◽  
Massif Central ◽  
Zircon Age ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
Lower Ordovician ◽  
Isotopic Studies ◽  
Crustal Contribution ◽  
Maures Massif ◽  
End Members

Abstract U-Pb zircon and Rb-Sr geochronological, and Sm-Nd isotopic studies have been carried out on the so-called leptyno-amphibolitic complex of the central part of the Maures Massif. The emplacement of the protolith of the felsic end-member (« leptynites ») has been dated at 548 Ma, an age much older than those (lower Ordovician) previously obtained on other leptyno-amphibolitic complexes. Rb-Sr data obtained on whole rocks and on mineral separates give an age of 348 Ma for the amphibolite-facies metamorphism. Nd isotopes indicate that the amphibolites display clear-cut mantle-derived signatures, whereas a significant crustal contribution is recorded in the three analyzed felsic facies. One of these acidic terms can be interpreted in terms of a simple mixing between two components, respectively similar to the amphibolites and to the two other felsic samples. These latter involve another mantle source, distinct from that of the amphibolites, and comparable to that of continental alkali basalts. These data indicate that the central part of the Maures Massif and the southern Massif Central were possibly part of the same pre-Variscan structural unit. The lack of evidence for a clear genetic relationship between the respective protoliths of the two end-members of the leptyno-amphibolitic complex raises once again the problem of the geodynamic significance of these formations.

II. The Cultural Influence of English Medieval Monasticism

1943 ◽  
Vol 7 (03) ◽  
pp. 146-159 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Knowles
Keyword(s):  
Western Europe ◽  
Social Economic ◽  
Religious Life ◽  
Cultural Influence ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Medieval Philosophy ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
Greco Roman ◽  
Nation States ◽  
The Social

Students of history are well aware of the ambiguity of the term medieval. Although it may be true that for some thousand years, betweenc. 500 andc. 1500 A.D., the social, economic, political and religious life of Western Europe had characteristics easily distinguishable on a broad view from the ancient Greco-Roman civilization that preceded, and from what we call the modern world of nation-states that followed, yet within that millennium the developments are so great, and the changes and declines so numerous, that the careful historian distrusts anything approaching to a general judgment which might confuse century with century, and region with region. Yet in spite of this, many, whose knowledge of the social or artistic life of past ages is very wide, forget such distinctions, and speak readily of the medieval papacy, the medieval village, the medieval craftsman or medieval philosophy, as if each of these expressions denoted a single clear-cut system or institution.

Don Kalb, Marco van der Land, Richard Staring, Bart van Steenbergen, and Nico Wilterdink, eds. The Ends of Globalization: Bringing Society Back In. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2000. vii + 403 pp.

2001 ◽  
Vol 60 ◽  
pp. 229-232
Author(s):  
Charles Tilly
Keyword(s):  
Western Europe ◽  
German Law ◽  
European Population ◽  
Agricultural Products ◽  
Individual Freedom ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
Whole Process ◽  
Developmental States ◽  
Intensive Farming ◽  
German Speaking

As the European population grew after 1100 CE, bishops and princes in the thinly settled regions northeast of what we now call Germany took to generating revenue and labor power by recruiting qualified migrants to newly chartered cities and villages. Often the charters granted access to German law rather than the Slavic or Scandinavian codes and practices that had previously prevailed. German law afforded both merchants and peasants greater individual freedom and more secure claims to property than did earlier legal arrangements. Soon German-speaking cities such as Danzig and Riga were booming as crossroads in the exchange of northern goods for the manufactures of Central and Western Europe. In their hinterlands, German-speaking farmers intensified cultivation and shipped agricultural products to centers of international trade. Fairly soon, however, strengthened coercive monarchies and mercantile federations such as the Hanse extracted revenues and exerted top-down controls that increased inequality between insiders and outsiders of the newly expanding political economy. We might call the whole process Europeanization. Within Europeanization, however, what caused what? How did German law, semi-autonomous cities, intensive farming, exclusive trading federations, developmental states, and proliferating markets interact? Decades of vigorous, often vitriolic, debate among historians have not yet produced a clear-cut victory for the view that well- articulated markets did the crucial work, for the riposte that new forms of force-backed exploitation caused the transformation, or for any alternative to those competing explanations.

A political sociology of the Nordic countries

2000 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 129-141 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erik Allardt
Keyword(s):  
Western Europe ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Nordic Countries ◽  
National Interests ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
Nation States ◽  
The Reformation ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Parliamentary Politics ◽  
Second World

The Nordic countries of Europe have many common traits. They are small countries in Northern Europe, they have been Lutheran since the Reformation, and they had, for centuries, a strong landholding peasantry but a weak aristocracy. They developed a comprehensive welfare state after the Second World War, and they are more sceptical about European integration than people from other countries in Western Europe. Despite attempts to create a Nordic union and the existence of a Nordic Council, their joint Nordic orientation has been subordinated to the national interests of the individual Nordic countries. They are clear-cut nation states with a nationalism that is not fierce, but represents a kind of official, controlled and uniform national spirit. With respect to parliamentary politics and social policy the main features of the countries have been called the Nordic Model. The model still exists, but rests on shakier ground than before.

Does the Iron Curtain Still Exist? The Convergence in Electoral Volatility between Eastern and Western Europe

2018 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 308-326 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vincenzo Emanuele ◽  
Alessandro Chiaramonte ◽  
Sorina Soare
Keyword(s):  
Party System ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Party Systems ◽  
Original Data ◽  
Eastern European ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Electoral Volatility ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
Eastern And Western Europe ◽  
Do So

AbstractThe literature on party system change and electoral volatility in post-communist Europe tends to make a clear-cut distinction between Central and Eastern European (CEE) party systems and Western European (WE) ones. The former are unstable and unpredictable and electoral volatility is driven by the continuous emergence of new political parties. Conversely, electoral stability is the rule in the latter, and volatility is associated with electoral shifts among established parties. This conventional wisdom suffers from three potential sources of bias: case selection, time coverage and method. By correcting these biases, this article investigates whether the traditional division between CEE and WE party systems has been levelled as regards volatility. To do so, it presents evidence based on an original data set of electoral volatility and its internal components covering 31 WE and CEE party systems since 1990. It finds that a process of asymmetric convergence in the levels of electoral volatility is taking place between the two regions, with Western Europe approaching Central and Eastern Europe with increasing electoral instability.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document