Imponderables of the Holocaust

1981 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 90-113 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henry L. Mason
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
Recent Literature ◽  
Final Solution ◽  
Anti Semitism ◽  
Low Degree ◽  
The Holocaust ◽  
Entire Universe ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Jewish Councils

Recent literature, particularly in Germany and the Netherlands, has provided insights into some of the most perplexing imponderables of the Nazi annihilation of the Jews. These are, first, the development of consensus among the various German elites for the purposes of the Final Solution; second, an incremental kind of German decision making which led to the efficiently implemented mass annihilation of the Jews; and third, the passive mood toward the disasters befalling the Jews on the part of the entire universe of bystanders. (In the case of the Netherlands, this resulted, in spite of an unusually low degree of anti-Semitism, in an unusually high degree of Jewish victimization—in contrast to the so-called Danish reversal.) Fourth, because of the unimaginable predicament experienced by the victims and their “governments,” the Jewish Councils (such as the Amsterdam Joodsche Raad), they never had a chance to develop workable responses to such a catastrophe.

scholarly journals Permeabilidade da política comercial brasileira diante da participação da Coalizão Empresarial Brasileira durante as negociações do acordo Mercosul e União Europeia | Brazilian trade policy permeability in the face of Brazilian Business Coalition participation during the negotiations of the Mercosul and European Union agreement

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
pp. e57620
Author(s):  
Alexsandro Eugenio Pereira ◽  
Danniele Varella Rios
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
European Union ◽  
Trade Policy ◽  
Political Influence ◽  
Foreign Affairs ◽  
Process Tracing ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Low Degree ◽  
The Face ◽  
High Degree

Este artigo tem como objetivo investigar em que medida a política comercial brasileira esteve permeável às pressões domésticas exercidas pela Coalizão Empresarial Brasileira - CEB ao longo das negociações comerciais entre o Mercosul e a União Europeia. Sustenta-se a hipótese de que a participação desse grupo esteve condicionada à sua contribuição técnica, enquanto sua influência política foi limitada pela autonomia decisória do Ministério das Relações Exteriores. Para testar essa hipótese, foram analisadas 83 propostas presentes em documento publicado pela CEB, classificadas em técnicas ou “posicionais” e comparadas com o resultado do acordo, disponibilizado pelo Itamaraty. Os resultados apontam para alto grau de permeabilidade de propostas técnicas (X=0,75), frente ao baixo grau de permeabilidade de propostas “posicionais” (X=0,38). No entanto, para inferir sobre a relação desse resultado com a autonomia decisória do Ministério das Relações Exteriores, seria necessário um aprofundamento da investigação por meio de métodos qualitativos como o process tracing. Palavras-chave: Participação empresarial; permeabilidade; política comercial.ABSTRACT This article aims to investigate the extent to which Brazilian trade policy was permeable to domestic pressures conducted by the Brazilian Business Coalition - CEB during trade negotiations between Mercosur and the European Union. The hypothesis holds that this group's participation was conditioned to its technical contribution, while its political influence was limited by the decision-making autonomy of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. To test this hypothesis, 83 proposals present in a document published by CEB were classified as technical or “positional” and compared with the result of the agreement, published by Itamaraty. The results point to a high degree of permeability of technical proposals (X = 0.75), compared to the low degree of “positional” proposals (X = 0.38). However, to infer about the linkage between this result and decision-making autonomy of Ministry of Foreign Affairs, it would be necessary to deepen the investigation through qualitative methods such as process tracing.Keywords: Business participation; permeability; trade policy. Recebido em 07 fev. 2021 | Aceito em 30 ago. 2021 

scholarly journals Employers and Employers Associations in the Netherlands Industrial Relations Systems

2005 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-73
Author(s):  
John P. Windmuller
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
Industrial Relations ◽  
Current Trend ◽  
Economic Policies ◽  
Dutch Government ◽  
Social Organizations ◽  
High Degree ◽  
A Current

This article analyzes the organization of employers in the Netheriands for their industrial relations tasks. After first describing the role of individual employers and explaining why that role is a relatively small one, the article emphasizes the structure and functioning of employers associations in industrial relations. Special attention is given to the existence of pluralistic associations in a country where by tradition most if not all social organizations are pluralistically organized. The postwar wage and economic policies of the Dutch government have encouraged a high degree of centralized decision-making among employers as well as among labor organizations. The article concludes with some observations about the likely consequences of a current trend toward greater decentralization.

Review Essay War without End: The Popes and the Jews between Polemic and History

2012 ◽  
Vol 105 (4) ◽  
pp. 466-490
Author(s):  
Robert A. Ventresca
Keyword(s):  
Catholic Church ◽  
Significant Degree ◽  
Moral Authority ◽  
Final Solution ◽  
Anti Semitism ◽  
The Holocaust ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
Anti Jewish ◽  
Declarative Statement ◽  
The Catholic Church

The Popes against the Jews. This declarative statement certainly makes for a scintillating title, as David Kertzer no doubt appreciated when he chose it for his book on the papacy's role in the emergence of modern anti-Semitism. Published in 2001, Kertzer's The Popes against the Jews: The Vatican's Role in the Rise of Modern Anti-Semitism quickly emerged as one of the most critically acclaimed and contentious books of its genre and generation. It took direct aim at a thesis being proffered at the time by the Vatican positing a fundamental distinction between the traditional “religious” anti-Judaism of Christian provenance, and the modern, politicized racial anti-Semitism of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, which constituted the catalytic element of a noxious brew of ideas and resentments that led to the Final Solution. The anti-Judaism / anti-Semitism distinction, Kertzer argues, “will simply not survive historical scrutiny.”1 While acknowledging that the Catholic church could not be held responsible per se for the Holocaust, even less for having approved the exterminatory policies of the Hitler regime and its collaborators, Kertzer imputes to the modern popes—especially those of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries—a significant degree of responsibility for having contributed to the social and cultural milieu in which the Final Solution was conceived and attempted. Although the Vatican never sanctioned the campaign to eliminate European Jews, Kertzer writes, “the teachings and actions of the Church, including those of the popes themselves, helped make it possible.” In fact, Kertzer maintains that the Vatican was one of the major “architects” of a new and distinctly modern form of anti-Semitism that drew inspiration and moral authority from traditional religious apologetics to buttress a radical secular politics of anti-Jewish repression and exclusion. The Holocaust, he concludes, “came at the end of a long road…. [I]t was a road that the Catholic Church did a great deal to help build.”2

Comparative analysis of algorithms to generate adjacency constraints

1994 ◽  
Vol 24 (6) ◽  
pp. 1277-1288 ◽  
Author(s):  
Atsushi Yoshimoto ◽  
J. Douglas Brodie
Keyword(s):  
Heuristic Algorithms ◽  
Analysis Of Algorithms ◽  
Computational Effort ◽  
Planning Problem ◽  
Moderate Degree ◽  
Final Solution ◽  
Low Degree ◽  
Analytical Algorithm ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Conventional Algorithm

A mathematical programming formulation of the area-based forest planning problem can result in a large number of adjacency constraints with much potential for redundancy. Two heuristic algorithms have been proposed for reducing redundant adjacency constraints generated by the conventional algorithm. In this paper another analytical algorithm is proposed, and its efficiency and that of the conventional algorithm and the two heuristics are evaluated and compared. Comparison is based on the number of constraints, and on the computational effort needed both to derive the adjacency constraints and to solve the associated planning problem. Evaluation for several adjacency maps shows that the conventional algorithm has the largest number of constraints, with a low degree of effort in derivation of adjacency constraints and a small computational task to find a final solution. The first heuristic algorithm has the smallest number of constraints but involves a high degree of effort and a large computational task. The second heuristic has a small number of constraints with a moderate degree of effort and a large computational task, and the proposed algorithm has a small number of constraints with a low degree of effort and a moderate to large computational task.

Społeczeństwo holenderskie i los Żydów: skomplikowana historia

2016 ◽  
pp. 425-434
Author(s):  
Dan Michman
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
Southern Europe ◽  
Dutch Society ◽  
Nazi Occupation ◽  
The Holocaust ◽  
Western European ◽  
Post War ◽  
Of Greece

The percentage of victimization of Dutch Jewry during the Shoah is the highest of Western, Central and Southern Europe (except, perhaps of Greece), and close to the Polish one: 75%, more than 104.000 souls. The question of disproportion between the apparent favorable status of the Jews in society – they had acquired emancipation in 1796 - and the disastrous outcome of the Nazi occupation as compared to other countries in general and Western European in particular has haunted Dutch historiography of the Shoah. Who should be blamed for that outcome: the perpetrators, i.e. the Germans, the bystanders, i.e. the Dutch or the victims, i.e. the Dutch Jews? The article first surveys the answers given to this question since the beginnings of Dutch Holocaust historiography in the immediate post-war period until the debates of today and the factors that influenced the shaping of some basic perceptions on “Dutch society and the Jews”. It then proceeds to detailing several facts from the Holocaust period that are essential for an evaluation of gentile attitudes. The article concludes with the observation that – in spite of ongoing debates – the overall picture which has accumulated after decades of research will not essentially being altered. Although the Holocaust was initiated, planned and carried out from Berlin, and although a considerable number of Dutchmen helped and hid Jews and the majority definitely despised the Germans, considerable parts of Dutch society contributed to the disastrous outcome of the Jewish lot in the Netherlands – through a high amount of servility towards the German authorities, through indifference when Jewish fellow-citizens were persecuted, through economically benefiting from the persecution and from the disappearance of Jewish neighbors, and through actual collaboration (stemming from a variety of reasons). Consequently, the picture of the Holocaust in the Netherlands is multi-dimensional, but altogether puzzling and not favorable.

Perancangan aplikasi multi criteria decision making dalam penerimaan beasiswa kepada dosen studi lanjut STMIK Balikpapan menggunakan metode SAW

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-42
Author(s):  
Muslimin B ◽  
Sumardi Sumardi
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Learning Process ◽  
Teaching And Learning ◽  
Teaching Assistants ◽  
Multi Criteria Decision Making ◽  
Scholarship Recipients ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Application Decision ◽  
High Degree ◽  
New Student

 Interests and number of STMIK Balikpapan new student enrollments are increasing every year. The balance of the ratio of lecturers to students is one of the most important components in improving the quality and teaching and learning process of a university. Avoiding shortages in the number of lecturers can be realized by providing scholarship programs to alumni and teaching assistants. This study aims to build a multi criteria decision making application that can assist the Head of HRD in the process of receiving scholarships to advanced and effective study lecturers. The multi criteria decision making application developed in this study uses the SAW method. The implementation of the SAW method includes the process of evaluating the weighting of criteria, evaluating alternative weights, the matrix process, the results of decision making preferences, resulting in the weighting and ranking of each alternative candidate for the scholarship recipient. The results of the evaluation of multi-criteria application decision making in the study are expected to produce modeling with a high degree of accuracy. The results of the analysis carried out can provide alternative recommendations for prospective scholarship recipients to advanced study lecturers in STMIK Balikpapan.

Introduction

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Detlef Pollack ◽  
Gergely Rosta
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
West Germany ◽  
World Today ◽  
The World ◽  
Degree Of Stability ◽  
Important Exception ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Religious Landscape

In recantation of his earlier approach, Peter L. Berger now claims: ‘The world today, with some exceptions […], is as furiously religious as it ever was, and in some places more so than ever.’ The most important exception that Berger refers to is Western Europe. The introduction to Part II provides an overview of the religious landscape in Western Europe. The data show that the current religious situation in the countries of Western Europe is in fact subject to considerable variation. It would therefore be erroneous to describe Western Europe as secularized. At the same time, the data reveal that there have been clear secularization tendencies over the last few decades. To grasp the diversity of religious tendencies, Part II deals with three cases: West Germany with moderate downward tendencies, Italy with a considerably high degree of stability, and the Netherlands displaying disproportionately strong secularizing tendencies.

The Tropes of Jewish/Muslim Difference

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yulia Egorova
Keyword(s):  
Reference Point ◽  
Jewish Communities ◽  
Communal Violence ◽  
Anti Semitism ◽  
The Holocaust ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Way

The chapter explores how notions of Jewish and Muslim difference play out in the history of communal violence in independent India. In doing so it will first interrogate the way in which trajectories of anti-Muslim ideologies intersect in India with Nazi rhetoric that harks back to Hitler’s Germany, and the (lack of) the memory of the Holocaust on the subcontinent. It will then discuss how the experiences of contemporary Indian Jewish communities both mirror and contrast those of Indian Muslims and how Indian Jews and the alleged absence of anti-Semitism in India have become a reference point in the discourse of the Hindu right deployed to mask anti-Muslim and other forms of intolerance.

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