Comparative analysis of algorithms to generate adjacency constraints

1994 ◽  
Vol 24 (6) ◽  
pp. 1277-1288 ◽  
Author(s):  
Atsushi Yoshimoto ◽  
J. Douglas Brodie
Keyword(s):  
Heuristic Algorithms ◽  
Analysis Of Algorithms ◽  
Computational Effort ◽  
Planning Problem ◽  
Moderate Degree ◽  
Final Solution ◽  
Low Degree ◽  
Analytical Algorithm ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Conventional Algorithm

A mathematical programming formulation of the area-based forest planning problem can result in a large number of adjacency constraints with much potential for redundancy. Two heuristic algorithms have been proposed for reducing redundant adjacency constraints generated by the conventional algorithm. In this paper another analytical algorithm is proposed, and its efficiency and that of the conventional algorithm and the two heuristics are evaluated and compared. Comparison is based on the number of constraints, and on the computational effort needed both to derive the adjacency constraints and to solve the associated planning problem. Evaluation for several adjacency maps shows that the conventional algorithm has the largest number of constraints, with a low degree of effort in derivation of adjacency constraints and a small computational task to find a final solution. The first heuristic algorithm has the smallest number of constraints but involves a high degree of effort and a large computational task. The second heuristic has a small number of constraints with a moderate degree of effort and a large computational task, and the proposed algorithm has a small number of constraints with a low degree of effort and a moderate to large computational task.

scholarly journals Quantitative Assessment of Organic And Inorganic Contaminants In Charcoal Applied for Food Processing

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zbigniew Jelonek ◽  
Monika Fabiańska ◽  
Iwona Jelonek
Keyword(s):  
Toxic Elements ◽  
Prolonged Exposure ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Moderate Degree ◽  
Inorganic Contaminants ◽  
Low Degree ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Polycyclic Aromatic ◽  
Living Organisms ◽  
High Degree

Abstract Thirty-one batches of commercial charcoal from various regions of Poland and Germany were tested for the presence of twenty toxic elements and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) using gas chromatography - mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Elements that are toxic to living organisms were determined using atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). They were classified as elements representing a very high degree of hazard (As, Cd, Cu, Hg, and Pb), high degree of hazard (Zn, Ba, Cr, Mn, and Mo), moderate degree of hazard (Co, Ni, Sn, and Te), and a low degree of hazard for living organisms and the environment (Ag, Bi, Ce, Se, Sr, and Zr). When it comes to the most toxic elements, the highest concentration in the whole tested material was recorded for Cu. In addition, considerable amounts of Ba, Mn, and Sr, i.e., elements representing high or moderate degree of hazard, were found in the tested charcoals. Moreover, all charcoals contained a wide range of PAHs, from naphthalene to benzo(ghi)perylene, with concentrations in the range between 12.55 and 3554.11 ng/g of charcoal. In total, 25 unsubstituted PAHs were identified in the charcoal extracts. PAHs distributions were dominated by 5-ring PAHs. The results indicate the high carcinogenicity with ∑PAHcarc/∑PAHtot close to 1, as well as high TEQ and MEQ values. Thus, prolonged exposure to charcoal and charcoal dust might cause serious health problems. This applies to employees actively involved in the production and transport of charcoal, and, to a lesser extent, also to users of this fuel.

scholarly journals Key Issues in Global Technological Innovation Projects

2012 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 04-28
Author(s):  
Marcos Roberto Piscopo ◽  
Roberto Sbragia
Keyword(s):  
Technological Innovation ◽  
Multinational Enterprises ◽  
Moderate Degree ◽  
Business Results ◽  
Iron Triangle ◽  
Low Degree ◽  
Innovation Projects ◽  
Key Issues ◽  
Performance Dimensions ◽  
High Degree

This article aimed to identify those issues that were present in global technological innovation projects carried out by Brazilian multinational companies and which performance criterions these undertakings met. We investigated 36 global technological innovation projects from Brazilian multinational enterprises through a web-survey. Findings show that these companies went beyond the traditional iron triangle to evaluate their technological efforts and considered additional performance dimensions such as customer satisfaction, business results, and preparation for the future. Results also show high degree of presence for issues emerging from the industry, moderate degree of presence for issues emerging from both the project and R&D activities, and low degree of presence for issues emerging from the headquarters, the subsidiaries, and the external environment. Further research is needed to find out if and how these issues influenced the performance of the global technological innovation projects studied.DOI:10.5585/gep.v3i1.72

Imponderables of the Holocaust

1981 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 90-113 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henry L. Mason
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
Recent Literature ◽  
Final Solution ◽  
Anti Semitism ◽  
Low Degree ◽  
The Holocaust ◽  
Entire Universe ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Jewish Councils

Recent literature, particularly in Germany and the Netherlands, has provided insights into some of the most perplexing imponderables of the Nazi annihilation of the Jews. These are, first, the development of consensus among the various German elites for the purposes of the Final Solution; second, an incremental kind of German decision making which led to the efficiently implemented mass annihilation of the Jews; and third, the passive mood toward the disasters befalling the Jews on the part of the entire universe of bystanders. (In the case of the Netherlands, this resulted, in spite of an unusually low degree of anti-Semitism, in an unusually high degree of Jewish victimization—in contrast to the so-called Danish reversal.) Fourth, because of the unimaginable predicament experienced by the victims and their “governments,” the Jewish Councils (such as the Amsterdam Joodsche Raad), they never had a chance to develop workable responses to such a catastrophe.

scholarly journals Quantitative Assessment of Organic and Inorganic Contaminants in Charcoal

Resources ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 69
Author(s):  
Zbigniew Jelonek ◽  
Monika Fabiańska ◽  
Iwona Jelonek
Keyword(s):  
Toxic Elements ◽  
Prolonged Exposure ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Moderate Degree ◽  
Inorganic Contaminants ◽  
Low Degree ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Polycyclic Aromatic ◽  
Living Organisms ◽  
High Degree

Thirty-one batches of commercial charcoal from various regions of Poland and Germany were tested for the presence of 20 toxic elements and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Elements that are toxic to living organisms were determined using atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). They were classified as elements representing a very high degree of hazard (As, Cd, Cu, Hg, and Pb), high degree of hazard (Zn, Ba, Cr, Mn, and Mo), moderate degree of hazard (Co, Ni, Sn, and Te), and a low degree of hazard for living organisms and the environment (Ag, Bi, Ce, Se, Sr, and Zr). In regard to the most toxic elements, the highest concentration in the whole tested material was recorded for Cu. In addition, considerable amounts of Ba, Mn, and Sr, i.e., elements representing a high or moderate degree of hazard, were found in the tested charcoals. Moreover, all charcoals contained a wide range of PAHs, from naphthalene to benzo(ghi)perylene, with concentrations in a range between 12.55 and 3554.11 ng/g charcoal. In total, 25 unsubstituted PAHs were identified in the charcoal extracts. PAHs distributions were dominated by five-ring PAHs. The results indicate high carcinogenicity with ∑PAHcarc/∑PAHtot close to 1, as well as high TEQ and MEQ values. Thus, prolonged exposure to charcoal and charcoal dust might cause serious health problems. This applies to employees actively involved in the production and transport of charcoal and, to a lesser extent, users of this fuel.

scholarly journals Burnout Among Anesthesiologists and Intensive Care Physicians: Results From an Italian National Survey

2020 ◽  
Vol 57 ◽  
pp. 004695802091926
Author(s):  
Maria Vargas ◽  
Gianmario Spinelli ◽  
Pasquale Buonanno ◽  
Carmine Iacovazzo ◽  
Giuseppe Servillo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intensive Care ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Maslach Burnout Inventory ◽  
Personal Accomplishment ◽  
Moderate Degree ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Low Degree ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Chronic Health Problems ◽  
Psychological Dimensions

Burnout is one of the main chronic health problems with negative consequences on caregivers but also on the quality of care. This is a multidimensional occupational syndrome, characterized by three main criteria: emotional exhaustion (EE), depersonalization (DP), and low personal accomplishment (PA). Burnout is particularly identified in professionals working in caregiving and human services, especially the ones who are interpersonally stressed and emotionally vulnerable. Intensive care professionals seem to face a critical risk of burnout. This study aiming to evaluate the occurrence and the risk factors of burnout among Italian anesthesiologists and intensive care physicians. All members included in the mailing list of the Italian Society of Anesthesia, Analgesia, and Intensive Care were invited to participate in an online survey. An anonymous questionnaire was distributed via a specific website. Burnout was measured using the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) questionnaire. All responses were evaluated through univariate and multivariable logistic regression. A total of 859 physicians out of 3,654 (23.5%) participated in this online survey. According to the MBI criteria for a high degree of burnout, 10.2% (88) of the respondents reported high EE, high DP, and low PA together; 79.9% (686) exhibited a moderate degree of burnout; and 9.9% (85) reported a low degree of burnout, with normal values in all three of the explored psychological dimensions. This study reported mostly a moderate level of burnout among Italian anesthesiologist and intensive care physicians since we found 10.2% incidence for high degree of burnout according to the MBI criteria.

scholarly journals The Effective Healing Strategy against Localized Attacks on Interdependent Spatially Embedded Networks

Complexity ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kai Gong ◽  
Jia-Jian Wu ◽  
Ying Liu ◽  
Qing Li ◽  
Run-Ran Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Communication Networks ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Power Grids ◽  
Moderate Degree ◽  
Embedded Networks ◽  
Low Degree ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Functional Components ◽  
Failed Node

Many real-world infrastructure networks, such as power grids and communication networks, always depend on each other by their functional components that share geographic proximity. A lot of works were devoted to revealing the vulnerability of interdependent spatially embedded networks (ISENs) when facing node failures and showed that the ISENs are susceptible to geographically localized attacks caused by natural disasters or terrorist attacks. How to take emergency methods to prevent large scale of cascading failures on interdependent infrastructures is a longstanding problem. Here, we propose an effective strategy for the healing of local structures using the connection profile of a failed node, called the healing strategy by prioritizing minimum degrees (HPMD), in which a new link between two active low-degree neighbors of a failed node is established during the cascading process. Afterwards, comparisons are made between HPMD and three healing strategies based on three metrics: random choice, degree centrality, and local centrality, respectively. Simulations are performed on the ISENs composed of two diluted square lattices with the same size under localized attacks. Results show that HPMD can significantly improve the robustness of the system by enhancing the connectivity of low-degree nodes, which prevent the diffusion of failures from low-degree nodes to moderate-degree nodes. In particular, HPMD can outperform other three strategies in the size of the giant component of networks, critical attack radius, and the number of iterative cascade steps for a given quota of newly added links, which means HPMD is more effective, more timely, and less costly. The high performance of HPMD indicates low-degree nodes should be placed on the top priority for effective healing to resist the cascading of failures in the ISENs, which is totally different from the traditional methods that usually take high-degree nodes as critical nodes in a single network. Furthermore, HPMD considers the distance between a pair of nodes to control the variation in the network structures, which is more applicable to spatial networks than previous methods.

scholarly journals Social Support and Hope among Egyptian Women with Breast Cancer after Mastectomy

2011 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. BCBCR.S6655 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adel Denewer ◽  
Omar Farouk ◽  
We'am Mostafa ◽  
Karima Elshamy
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Social Support ◽  
Demographic Data ◽  
Demographic Variables ◽  
Moderate Degree ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Educational Levels ◽  
Low Degree ◽  
Egyptian Women ◽  
High Degree

Introduction Breast cancer is the most common cancer among Egyptian women. We report the unique assessment of hope and social support outcomes of women with breast cancer after mastectomy in Egyptian community. Patients and methods Between July 2009 and June 2010, three hundred and one women with newly diagnosed breast cancer joined this study. Socio-demographic data including patient's age, level of education, occupation, social status, and residence were collected by means of structured interviews based on special questionnaires. These questionnaires were designed to measure hope and social support. Results Age ranged from 21 to 88 years (median = 45.8 years and SD ± 13.3). A low degree of hope was reported in 103 patients (34.2%), a moderate degree in 109 patients (36.2%), and a high degree in 89 patients (29.6%). A low degree of social support was reported in 119 patients (39.5%), a moderate degree in 101 patients (33.6%), and a high degree in 81 patients (26.9%). Conclusions Social support is related to many psychological factors, which can be quantitatively analyzed and it can predict hope. However, there were no significant differences between the socio-demographic variables (age, educational levels, residence and martial status) and social support, hope, and their sub-components among Egyptian women with breast cancer.

Assessment of safety of slaughter products in cattle fasciolosis

Vsyo o myase ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 30-32
Author(s):  
A.V. Andreeva ◽  
◽  
O.N. Nikolaeva ◽  
I.R. Magadeeva ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Safety Assessment ◽  
Physicochemical Characteristics ◽  
Microbiological Analysis ◽  
Moderate Degree ◽  
Industrial Processing ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Low Degree ◽  
Microbiological Examination ◽  
Cattle Meat ◽  
High Degree

The aim of the study was a veterinary and sanitary assessment of meat and slaughter products in cattle fasciosis. To achieve the goal, depending on the intensity and extensiveness of fasciolous invasion, meat carcasses received by the laboratory of veterinary and sanitary examination of the market were divided into four groups: with a low degree of invasion; with a moderate degree of invasion; with a high degree of invasion and no signs of invasion. Safety assessment of slaughter products was carried out using organoleptic, physicochemical indices, bacterioscopic examination of smears and microbiological analysis of meat. As a result of the studies, it was found that the infection of cattle with fasciosis leads to changes in the organoleptic and physicochemical characteristics of meat. The strongest deviations in physicochemical indicators were recorded in the group with a strong degree of invasion: the reaction with copper sulfate and the formal reaction turned out to be slightly positive. In sanitary microbiological examination, no bacteria of the E. coli group, bacteria of the genus Proteus, bacteria of the genera Salmonella and Listeria monocytogenes were found in all the studied samples, indicating the safety of meat. However, the total bacterial obscurity in samples from carcasses of the group with a strong degree of invasion exceeded the normative indicators (3,0 103±0,18 KOE/g).Therefore, cattle meat with a high degree of contamination should be sent for industrial processing within five days after slaughter.

Stimulation of β-(l → 6)-glucanase production by oxidized pustulan

1972 ◽  
Vol 18 (10) ◽  
pp. 1543-1550 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert G. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Activity ◽  
Isoelectric Focusing ◽  
Gel Filtration ◽  
Tween 80 ◽  
Sole Source ◽  
Cellulase Production ◽  
Low Degree ◽  
Degree Of Oxidation ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Stimulation Of

A strain of Penicillium lilacinum, isolated from soil, produced pustulanase, β-(1 → 3)-glucanase, (EC. 3.2.1.6) and cellulase (EC.3.2.1.4) when cultivated on a medium containing pustulan as the sole source of carbon. If pustulan was replaced by ketopustulan, the production of pustulanase was stimulated about 10-fold although the amount of stimulation was dependent on the degree of oxidation of pustulan. β-(1 → 3)-Glucanase production was stimulated slightly by ketopustulan; however, the degree of oxidation did not affect significantly the yield of this enzyme. Cellulase production was either unaffected by the oxidized polymer, or at higher degrees of oxidation, decreased. Tween 80 stimulated the production of the three enzymes in media containing ketopustulan with a low degree of oxidation but was inhibitory to pustulanase and cellulase production in media containing ketopustulan with a high degree of oxidation. A combination of gel filtration and isoelectric focusing revealed that each enzyme activity was attributable to at least two proteins.

scholarly journals Interactions Between Chill-Hours and Degree-Days Affect Carpogenic Germination in Monilinia vaccinii-corymbosi

2001 ◽  
Vol 91 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Scherm ◽  
A. T. Savelle ◽  
P. L. Pusey
Keyword(s):  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Degree Days ◽  
Carpogenic Germination ◽  
Conditioning Period ◽  
Low Degree ◽  
Heating Degree Days ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
High Degree ◽  
The Relationship

The relationship of cumulative chill-hours (hours with a mean temperature <7.2°C) and heating degree-days (base 7.2°C) to carpogenic germination of pseudosclerotia of Monilinia vaccinii-corymbosi, which causes mummy berry disease of blueberry, was investigated. In two laboratory experiments, pseudosclerotia collected from rabbiteye blueberry in Georgia were conditioned at 5 to 6°C for 26 to 1,378 h prior to placement in conditions favorable for germination and apothecium development. The number of chill-hours accumulated during the conditioning period affected the subsequent proportion of pseudosclerotia that germinated and produced apothecia, with the greatest incidence of carpogenic germination occurring after intermediate levels of chilling (≈700 chill-hours). The minimum chilling requirement for germination and apothecium production was considerably lower than that reported previously for pseudo-sclerotia from highbush blueberry in northern production regions. The rate of carpogenic germination was strongly affected by interactions between the accumulation of chill-hours and degree-days during the conditioning and germination periods; pseudosclerotia exposed to prolonged chilling periods, once transferred to suitable conditions, germinated and produced apothecia more rapidly (after fewer degree-days had accumulated) than those exposed to shorter chilling periods. Thus, pseudosclerotia of M. vaccinii-corymbosi are adapted to germinate carpogenically following cold winters (high chill-hours, low degree-days) as well as warm winters (low chill-hours, high degree-days). Results were validated in a combined field-laboratory experiment in which pseudosclerotia that had received various levels of natural chilling were allowed to germinate in controlled conditions in the laboratory, and in two field experiments in which pseudosclerotia were exposed to natural chilling and germination conditions. A simple model describing the timing of apothecium emergence in relation to cumulative chill-hours and degree-days was developed based on the experiments. The model should be useful for better timing of field scouting programs for apothecia to aid in management of primary infection by M. vaccinii-corymbosi.

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