II. The Inter-American Regional System

1945 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 490-500
Author(s):  
Charles G. Fenwick
Keyword(s):  
Political Science ◽  
Mexico City ◽  
Western Hemisphere ◽  
International Organization ◽  
Regional Organization ◽  
American System ◽  
American States ◽  
Regional System ◽  
The Status ◽  
Foreign Ministers

For more than half a century, the states of the Western hemisphere have coöperated for the promotion of their mutual interests by means of a loose form of organization which is unique in the categories of political science. Step by step, the organization has proclaimed its principles and strengthened the machinery of its conferences and its consultative meetings of Foreign Ministers; step by step it has enlarged its functions and developed new agencies for their administration. But at no time have the American states sought to draw up a formal charter defining the status of their collective membership as constituting a corporate international person. Rather they have preferred to coöperate along practical lines and to develop their organization progressively as the circumstances of the time appeared to demand. In consequence, while the inter-American system exists as a fact, while it functions as an association or “union” of twentyone American states, its precise juridical character as a regional organization has never been defined. Whether the establishment of the new international organization contemplated by the Dumbarton Oaks Proposals will call for such a definition, in order to establish more accurately the relations between the two systems, is a question for speculation, now that the Conference at Mexico City is in progress.

Inter-American System

1947 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 541-544
Keyword(s):  
Mexico City ◽  
Rio De Janeiro ◽  
Western Hemisphere ◽  
The Other ◽  
War And Peace ◽  
Coup D'etat ◽  
American System ◽  
Foreign Ministers

Fifth Meeting of American Foreign Ministers: The Foreign Ministers of the American Republics met at Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, on August 15 to begin the adoption of a formal treaty for the defense of the western hemisphere in accordance with a resolution adopted by the Inter-American Conference on Problems of War and Peace held at Mexico City in March 1945. Nicaragua was not invited to attend the conference since her government, established by a coup d'etat in May, 1947, had not been recognized by the other American republics.

The Ninth International Conference of American States

1948 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 553-567 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles G. Fenwick
Keyword(s):  
Mexico City ◽  
San Francisco ◽  
The United States ◽  
Western Hemisphere ◽  
Diplomatic Relations ◽  
International Conference ◽  
American States ◽  
Foreign Ministers ◽  
Defensive Measures ◽  
American State

When the Eighth International Conference of American States met at Lima in 1938 it was planned that the Ninth Conference should meet at Bogotá, Colombia, in 1943. The outbreak of the war in 1939, however, called for emergency measures in the form of three consultative meetings of Foreign Ministers and a special conference held at Mexico City in 1945. The First Meeting of Foreign Ministers at Panama in 1939 laid the basis for the maintenance of continental neutrality in accordance with standards of neutral conduct formally set forth in the Declaration of Panama. The Second Meeting of Foreign Ministers, held at Habana in 1940, proclaimed the principle of mutual defense against an attack by a non-American State and adopted measures to prevent the transfer of territory in the Western Hemisphere from one non-American State to another. The Third Meeting of Foreign Ministers, called in January 1942 after the entrance of the United States into the war, called for the breaking of diplomatic relations with the Axis Powers and for other measures of continental defense against the subversive activities of agents of tbp Axis Powers. In 1945, a special conference assembled in Mexico City to consolidate the defensive measures of the American States and to make pla is in anticipation of the conference to be held at San Francisco for the establishment of a general international organization for the maintenance of peace. This was followed by another special conference held at Rio de Janeiro in 1947 in which the collective security provisions adopted at Mexico City were given permanent form in the Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance.

Organization of American States

1962 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 653-659 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Latin American ◽  
Soviet Bloc ◽  
Organization Of American States ◽  
American System ◽  
American States ◽  
Cuban Government ◽  
The Government ◽  
Principles And Standards ◽  
The Right ◽  
Foreign Ministers

The Eighth Meeting of Consultation of Ministers of Foreign Affairs of the Organization of American States (OAS) took place from January 22–31, 1962, at Punta del Este, Uruguay, to consider the threat posed to the western hemisphere's security by Cuba. Before the meeting, the Inter-American Peace Committee, a standing committee of OAS, after investigating charges made by the representative of Peru that Cuba was engaged in promoting subversive movements in other Latin American countries, unanimously approved a report to be put before the meeting of the foreign ministers. This report included the following points: 1) that the identification of the government of Cuba with the Marxist-Leninist ideology and socialism of the Soviet type presupposed positions that were basically antagonistic to the principle established in the OAS charter that the solidarity and high aims of OAS were based on the effective exercise of representative democracy; 2) that the present government of Cuba impeded the exercise of the right of self-determination, as it was conceived in the inter-American system; 3) that the serious and systematic violation of human rights by the government of Cuba not only constituted one of the principal causes of the international tensions affecting the peace of the hemisphere but was also in open contradiction to various instruments of the inter-American system. Also, it stated 4) that the connections of the government of Cuba with the Sino-Soviet bloc of countries were incompatible with the principles and standards that governed the regional system, and particularly with the collective security established by the OAS charter and the Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance; and 5) that the intense subversive activity in which the countries of the Sino Soviet bloc were engaged in America and the activities of the Cuban government that had been pointed out in the report represented attacks upon inter-Amercian peace and security as well as on the sovereignty and political independence of the American states, and therefore a serious violation of fundamental principles of the inter-American system.

Organization of American States

1960 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 685-688 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Costa Rica ◽  
Democratic Institutions ◽  
San Jose ◽  
Organization Of American States ◽  
American System ◽  
American States ◽  
Foreign Ministers

A conference of the foreign ministers of the Organization of American States (OAS) opened in San José, Costa Rica, on August 16, 1960, to discuss an agenda reportedly headed by the following items: 1) “strengthening of continental solidarity and of the inter-American system, especially before the threats of extracontinental intervention”; and 2) “inter-American cooperation … for the defense of American democratic institutions against subversive activities of any organization, government, or its agents, directed against these institutions.” The Council had rejected a Cuban substitute agenda centering on charges of United States aggression against Cuba.

Reform of the OAS

1968 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
William Manger
Keyword(s):  
Buenos Aires ◽  
International Organization ◽  
Organization Of American States ◽  
American States ◽  
Regional System ◽  
Current Mood

On February 27, 1967, representatives of the member nations of the Organization of American States, meeting in Buenos Aires, Argentina, signed the Protocol of Amendment to the 1948 Charter of Bogotá. It will become effective when ratified by two-thirds of the signatory states.The Protocol reflects the current mood toward the inter-American regional system, and perhaps toward international organization in general. Contrasted with the 1948 Charter, the Protocol has its elements of strength and of weakness. The spirit of internationalism today, however, is much weaker than it was in 1948, and from the standpoint of the Organization the elements of weakness within the Protocol are much greater than the elements of strength.

Issue for the Americas: Non-Intervention v. Human Rights and the Preservation of Democratic Institutions

1961 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Margaret Ball
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Latin America ◽  
Western Hemisphere ◽  
The Political ◽  
Democratic Institutions ◽  
American States ◽  
Political Unrest ◽  
Protection Of Human Rights ◽  
Foreign Ministers ◽  
Similar Task

The problem of squaring the circle is not confined to mathematics. A somewhat similar task confronts the members of the Organization of American States (OAS) as they seek to enlarge respect for human rights and to create a firmer basis for democratic institutions in the life of the western hemisphere while maintaining the treasured principle of non-intervention. Not a new problem, it has increased in urgency in the last few years with the mounting opposition to dictatorships throughout the continent, with the increasingly communist orientation of Castro's government in Cuba, and with the political unrest elsewhere in Latin America to which Castro's victory appears to have contributed. Faced somewhat obliquely at the Sixth and Seventh Meetings of Foreign Ministers in Costa Rica in August 1960, it will have to be confronted more directly at the Eleventh International Conference of American States to be held in Ecuador in May 1961. The agenda for the Eleventh Conference contains items relating both to the protection of human rights and to the preservation of representative democracy.

The Inter-American System and the Conference of Chapultepec

1945 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 504-517 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manuel S. Canyes
Keyword(s):  
International Organization ◽  
International Conference ◽  
American System ◽  
Steady Growth ◽  
American States ◽  
The World ◽  
Gradual Development ◽  
Continuous Progress ◽  
Similar Record

The inter-American system, initiated in 1826 at Panama with the First Congress of American States called by Sim6n Bolivar, the Liberator, and definitely established in 1899 by the First International Conference of American States at Washington, has experienced throughout its long history a sound, steady growth. No system of international organization in the world can claim a similar record. In spite of great obstacles encountered at various times, the inter-American system has made continuous progress and has emerged with greater strength after passing through each of its many stages of gradual development.

An Assessment of Simulations on an : International Organization

1985 ◽  
Vol 47 ◽  
pp. 4-5
Author(s):  
Paul F. Diehl ◽  
Michael J. Montgomery
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
United Nations ◽  
Political Science ◽  
International Organizations ◽  
Recent Literature ◽  
The United States ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
International Organization ◽  
Potential Value ◽  
Existing Structure

Simulation is an increasingly popular pedagogical device; much of the recent literature on the theory and practice of political science instruction attests to this. Probably the most popular simulation device is called model United Nations. In recent articles in Teaching Political Science and NEWS for Teachers of Political Science, William Hazelton and James Jacob have described Model United Nations in glowing terms, focusing on one particular conference and completely ignoring the rest of the 200 or more conferences held annually across the United States.Like Jacob and Hazelton, we recognize the great potential value of United Nations simulations in trying to illuminate the often confusing politics of international organizations. As former participants and directors of these programs, however, we are keenly aware of the shortcomings and difficulties associated with the existing structure of model U.N. programs.

The Primacy of Politics

1951 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
James K. Pollock
Keyword(s):  
Political Science ◽  
Presidential Address ◽  
Active Participation ◽  
Political Life ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Important Work ◽  
The Past ◽  
Generous Time ◽  
The Status ◽  
Do So

In presenting my valedictory to this distinguished Association which has honored me by selecting me as its President, I should like to point out by way of introduction what has happened to this office, and therefore to me, during the past year. I have heard of one of my distinguished predecessors some twenty-five years ago who had little else to do as President of this Association than work all year on his presidential address. This was important work and I have no word of criticism of it. But the Association has changed, and today it leaves to the harried wearer of its presidential toga little time to reflect about the status of political science and his own impact, if any, upon it. An active Association life, now happily centered in our new Washington office, is enough to occupy the full time of your President, and universities as well as this Association might well take note. Therefore, in presenting my own reflections to you this evening in accordance with the custom of our Association, I do so without the benefit of the generous time and scholarly leisure which were the privileges of some of my distinguished predecessors.Nevertheless I do base my presidential address today upon my own active participation in the problems of government, as well as upon my scholarly experience. I have extracted it in part from the dynamics of pulsating political life. It has whatever authority I may possess after having been exposed these twenty-five years to the cross-fire of politics, domestic and foreign, as well as to the benign and corrective influences of eager students and charitable colleagues.

Participation by Women in Annual Meetings, 1970-78

1979 ◽  
Vol 12 (03) ◽  
pp. 318-324 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Gruberg ◽  
Virginia Sapiro
Keyword(s):  
Political Science ◽  
The United States ◽  
Moderate Increase ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Part Time Faculty ◽  
Faculty Teaching ◽  
Previous Decade ◽  
The Status ◽  
Part Time ◽  
Time Faculty

In the late sixties, women in the United States became sensitized to their second-class status and organized to raise their consciousness and change their conditions. At the same time women in academia began to organize within their disciplines to address the problems they faced there. Political science was no exception; in 1969, when women constituted 5 percent of the membership of the APSA and 8 percent of all political science faculty teaching in colleges and universities, the APSA Committee on the Status of Women in the Profession and the Women's Caucus for Political Science formed. Numerous reports have revealed a moderate increase in the presence of women in the profession in recent years. As Table 1 shows, the percentage of degrees in political science awarded to women has increased since 1970. By the academic year 1976–77 women constituted 11 percent of full-time faculty and 18 percent of part-time faculty. Twenty-three percent of the students entering Ph.D. programs in 1977 were women, a downturn of 3 percent from the previous year, although an overall rise from the previous decade.

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