Manpower, Labor Absorption, and Employment in Colombia

1976 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 237-242
Author(s):  
David T. Geithman
Keyword(s):  
Modern Sector ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
Policy Responses ◽  
Land Redistribution ◽  
Production Processes ◽  
Employment Situation ◽  
Traditional Sector ◽  
Active Policy ◽  
Additional Labor ◽  
Unemployment Problem

The Zudak paper (1976) restates in the Colombian context, without adding much that is new, some of the difficulties inherent in defining for practical applications the capital, labor, and output variables. He decides that the output-to-capital ratio in the case of Colombia is about .6 rather than .5 as suggested by Geithman and Landers in an earlier article in this journal (1973). Zudak concludes that the Colombian unemployment problem might best be managed by (1) improving the operation of the labor market, which Geithman-Landers advocated earlier, and (2) reducing the length of the work week. The latter suggestion, he apparently argues, is preferable to other possible policy responses to the employment situation recommended by Geithman-Landers. These consist primarily of (a) the development of additional labor-using production processes in the modern sector to expand the range of technical substitutability in that sector; (b) an active policy of income redistributton in the direction of greater equality in order to spur the demand for traditional sector output and dampen the demand for modern sector goods; and (c) a serious move toward land redistribution and reform as one available means of loosening the country's capital constraint.

scholarly journals Complementarity and transition to modern economic growth

2015 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hyeok Jeong ◽  
Yong Kim
Keyword(s):  
Productivity Growth ◽  
Work Experience ◽  
Specific Work ◽  
Modern Sector ◽  
Modern Economic Growth ◽  
Traditional Sector ◽  
Modern Economic ◽  
Economic Survey ◽  
Initial Choice ◽  
Two Sectors

AbstractThe Thai Socio-Economic Survey suggests that new labor market entrants increasingly enter activities with high and positive productivity growth (modern sector), but continue to enter activities with low productivity growth (traditional sector). Workers appear to stick to their initial choice of entry between these two sectors throughout their work careers. We postulate that the transition from the traditional to modern sector is gradual because sector-specific work experience complements labor. We measure the technology

scholarly journals Ultrafast Deep-Ultraviolet Laser-Induced Voltage Response of Pyrite

Micromachines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 1555
Author(s):  
Xuecong Liu ◽  
Yudong Li ◽  
Haoqiang Wu ◽  
Yawen Yu ◽  
Honglei Zhan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Laser Energy ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Response Speed ◽  
Voltage Response ◽  
Induced Voltage ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Uv Photodetectors ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
Production Processes ◽  
Deep Ultraviolet

Ultrafast, high-sensitivity deep-ultraviolet (UV) photodetectors are crucial for practical applications, including optical communication, ozone layer monitoring, flame detection, etc. However, fast-response UV photodetectors based on traditional materials suffer from issues of expensive production processes. Here, we focused on pyrite with simultaneously cheap production processes and ultrafast response speed. Nanoseconds photovoltaic response was observed under UV pulsed laser irradiation without an applied bias at room temperature. In addition, the response time of the laser-induced voltage (LIV) signals was ~20 ns, which was the same as the UV laser pulse width. The maximum value of the responsivity is 0.52 V/mJ and the minimum value of detectivity was about to ~1.4 × 1013 Jones. When there exists nonuniform illumination, a process of diffusion occurs by which the carriers migrate from the region of high concentration toward the region of low concentration. The response speed is limited by a factor of the diffusion of the carriers. With an increment in laser energy, the response speed of LIV is greatly improved. The high response speed combined with low-cost fabrication makes these UV photodetectors highly attractive for applications in ultrafast detection.

scholarly journals Production processes and statistical analysis of ceramic liner-hole parameters for sustainability and improved thermal efficiency of clean biomass stoves

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 23
Author(s):  
Kenneth Donkor ◽  
George Yaw Obeng ◽  
Richard Opoku ◽  
Anthony Agyei-Agyemang
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Efficiency ◽  
Hole Diameter ◽  
Material Composition ◽  
Distribution Analysis ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
Engineering Ceramic ◽  
Production Processes ◽  
Ceramic Liner ◽  
Industrial Operations ◽  
Biomass Stoves

In engineering, ceramic liners are used as heat retention, insulation, and wear-resistant components for industrial and domestic applications. However, due to lack of production standards, particularly under small industrial operations, there is variation in liner-hole diameter and inter-hole spacing of liners used in clean biomass stoves. This study assessed the production processes and analysed ceramic liner-hole diameters and inter-hole spacings for standardisation. Standardising liner-hole parameters is a major process towards sustainability and improved efficiency. Methods employed were − material composition, particle size distribution analysis, study of production processes, and 51 liner-hole diameters and 66 inter-holes spacing were randomly sampled and analysed. The results indicated material composition of clay (70%), sand (23%), and sawdust (7%) of various particle sizes. A flow chart diagram of 7 production processes was created for standardisation. At 95% C.I, liner-hole diameter of Ø20.8 ± 2(0.66) mm and inter-hole spacing of 27.5 ± 2(1.06) mm were determined. Mean liner-hole diameter of Ø21.03 mm resulted in a relatively high thermal efficiency, ηT =37%. For practical applications, liner-hole diameter of Ø21 mm and inter-hole spacing of 30 mm are recommended. Standardising the production processes and the liner-hole parameters will contribute to sustainable production and thermal efficiency improvement.

scholarly journals TINGKAT PENDAPATAN DALAM HUBUNGAN DENGAN DISTRIBUSINYA DIANTARA RUMAHTANGGA PEDESAAN

Agro Ekonomi ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 17
Author(s):  
A. Rozana Nurmanaf
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Income Distribution ◽  
Gini Coefficient ◽  
Modern Sector ◽  
Relationship Analysis ◽  
Traditional Sector ◽  
Welfare Society ◽  
Result Show ◽  
Stage Development ◽  
Using Data

Level of income is usually used as the indicator of economic development successful. But, increasing in income is not always followed by the improvement of its distribution. The purpose of this paper is to examine interrelationship between level of income and skewed level of its distribution among households. By using data Patanas ( National Panel of Farmer Study) done by Puslitbang Sosek Pertanian 2004, relationship analysis has been done between income per head and Gini Coefficient as the measurement of skewed level of income distribution. The result show a complete stage of economic development, these are first stage and next stage. In the first stage, income and welfare society distribution tend to skewer together with increasing level of income and economic development successful. Modern sector of economy with just a few actors contributes larger income to society. Whie, traditional sector of economy contributes ust small income yet a lot of actors involve. In the next stage , development successful increase income level and society welfare skewed level. The improvement of traditional sector contributes larger income than modern sector that also improves especially in the number of its actors.

Economic Dualism: The Case of China 1840–1937

1963 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 277-297 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chi-Ming Hou
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Investment ◽  
Modern Sector ◽  
External Trade ◽  
Traditional Sector ◽  
Gains And Losses ◽  
Investment In China ◽  
Two Sectors

A persistent argument in condemning foreign economic intrusion in China (1840–1937) is that the “traditional” or the “indigenous” sector of the economy was “hampered,” “disrupted,” or even “ruined.” It is maintained that the handicrafts, small mines, native banks, junks, and coolie carriers were all helplessly depressed because of competition from their counterparts in the modern sector of the economy, which was an outgrowth of external trade and foreign investment in China. Some have argued that the supposed decline in the traditional sector was a net loss to China, since the limited development in the modern sector was not large enough to offset losses in the traditional sector, or that gains in the modern sector were primarily reaped by countries which traded with or invested in China. Others have taken a more moderate view: that the net effect of foreign economic penetration in China cannot be ascertained, because gains and losses in the two sectors cannot be compared quantitatively. But in either case there is the assertion that there was a decline in the traditional sector.

scholarly journals SECTORAL SHIFT, WEALTH DISTRIBUTION, AND DEVELOPMENT

2008 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 527-559 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kazuhiro Yuki
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Structural Change ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Capital Accumulation ◽  
Wealth Distribution ◽  
Initial Distribution ◽  
Modern Sector ◽  
Equal Distribution ◽  
Traditional Sector ◽  
Sectoral Shift

Two phenomena are widely observed when an economy departs from an underdeveloped state and starts rapid economic growth. One is the shift of production, employment, and consumption from the traditional sector to the modern sector, and the other is a large increase in educational levels of the population. The question is why some economies have succeeded in such structural change, but others do not. To examine the question, an overlapping generations (OLG) model that explicitly takes into account the sectoral shift and human capital accumulation as sources of development is constructed. It is shown that, for a successful structural change, an economy must start with a wealth distribution that gives rise to an adequate size of the “middle class.” Once the economy initiates the “take-off,” the sectoral shift and human capital growth continue until it reaches the steady state with high income and equal distribution. However, when the productivity of the traditional sector is low, irrespective of the initial distribution and the productivity of the modern sector, it fails in the sectoral shift and ends up in one of steady states with low income and high inequality. Thus, sufficient productivity of the traditional sector is a prerequisite for development.

Fiscal and Financial Responses to the Economic Downturn

2010 ◽  
Vol 211 ◽  
pp. R51-R62 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ray Barrell ◽  
Dawn Holland
Keyword(s):  
Output Growth ◽  
Economic Downturn ◽  
Quantitative Easing ◽  
Potential Output ◽  
Policy Responses ◽  
The Us ◽  
Potential Gdp ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Output Gaps ◽  
Active Policy

The financial crisis that started in the summer of 2007 and worsened in the autumn of 2008 has involved a repricing of risk and a reduction in the level of potential output in the OECD of between 3 and 5 per cent. In addition it has caused a major recession, leaving output gaps in the UK, the US and the Euro Area currently standing at 3 to 5 per cent of potential GDP despite active policy responses. We show that monetary policy (and especially quantitative easing) has increased output growth in the US and the UK by half a per cent in 2009, and will do the same in 2010Q1. Fiscal policy is also shown to have been effective, but we argue that more could have been done if unfounded worries about excess borrowing had not arisen.

scholarly journals The origins of informality: the ILO at the limit of the concept of unemployment

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 107-125 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aaron Benanav
Keyword(s):  
Informal Sector ◽  
Social Norm ◽  
Developing World ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
International Labour Organization ◽  
Modern Sector ◽  
Traditional Sector ◽  
Post War ◽  
Operational Concept

AbstractOfficial histories suggest that the International Labour Organization (ILO) adopted the term ‘informal sector’ as a replacement for ‘traditional sector’, which, in its pairing with the ‘modern sector’, had fallen out of favour. This article argues that the adoption of the informal sector concept is better understood as arising out of a different context: the ILO’s post-war efforts to generate a globally operational concept of unemployment for use in the ‘developing world’. ILO officials abandoned this project in the late 1960s when they realized that, where work for wages did not constitute a widespread social norm, an accurate measure of what they called ‘disguised unemployment’ was impossible to construct. That led the ILO to develop alternative constructs, including ‘employment in the informal sector’. However, it proved difficult for the agency to operationalize those, too, and it soon found itself losing control of the policy implications of the measures that it was producing.

Ion Beam Induced Interfacial Reactions in Molybdenum Thin Films on Silicon

1981 ◽  
Vol 39 ◽  
pp. 162-163
Author(s):  
L. J. Chen ◽  
L. S. Hung ◽  
J. W. Mayer
Keyword(s):  
Ion Beam ◽  
Chemical Vapor ◽  
Interfacial Reactions ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
Microelectronic Devices ◽  
Recent Emergence ◽  
Chemical Vapor Deposited ◽  
Atomic Mixing ◽  
Silicon Interface ◽  
Kinetics Of

When an energetic ion penetrates through an interface between a thin film (of species A) and a substrate (of species B), ion induced atomic mixing may result in an intermixed region (which contains A and B) near the interface. Most ion beam mixing experiments have been directed toward metal-silicon systems, silicide phases are generally obtained, and they are the same as those formed by thermal treatment.Recent emergence of silicide compound as contact material in silicon microelectronic devices is mainly due to the superiority of the silicide-silicon interface in terms of uniformity and thermal stability. It is of great interest to understand the kinetics of the interfacial reactions to provide insights into the nature of ion beam-solid interactions as well as to explore its practical applications in device technology.About 500 Å thick molybdenum was chemical vapor deposited in hydrogen ambient on (001) n-type silicon wafer with substrate temperature maintained at 650-700°C. Samples were supplied by D. M. Brown of General Electric Research & Development Laboratory, Schenectady, NY.

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