Land Banks' Impact on Agrarian Reform and Equitable Land Redistribution

<p>Agrarian Reform and Land Redistribution have been pursued by the government in various ways. Still, the key question is whether establishing a Land Bank will result in a fair redistribution of land. The purpose of this study is to examine the impact of land banks on agrarian reform and equitable land redistribution following the passage of the Job Creation Act. The findings revealed that the land bank only has a few abandoned lands that are not held by the state, which will be used by the form based on public interest and subsequently handed to the community. The existence of a land bank is a government endeavor to offer land for the public good and for persons who require it.</p>

Menyoal Praktik Kebijakan Reforma Agraria di Kawasan Hutan

The Agrarian Reform (RA) policy, especially land redistribution from the release forest areas, is considered slow. This was caused by several problems in the field, namely: leadership, institutions, regulations, and RA subjects-objects. Effective strategies to implement RA at central and regional levels has not been found, particularly on leadership and coordination between sectors at site level. This study is presented in the form of a policy forum by closely reviewing findings and solutions to RA practices in forest areas. Analysis, reduction, and interpretation of qualitative data were carried out to draw conclusions on real practices of RA at site level in the last three years. At macro level, the authors' findings confirm that the practice of RA experiences a fairly systematic problem due to the weakness of key actors controlling the implementation of RA, the ineffectiveness of the established institutions, and different interpretations of regulations impacted on the differences in understanding RA objects in the field. These findings emphasized that, resoundingly, strategic program of RA has not yet become a common agenda to be implemented in the framework of creating justice and welfare for the entitled people. Keyword: Agrarian reform policy, PPTKH, GTRA, TORA, release of forest area Abstrak: Kebijakan Reforma Agraria (RA) khususnya redistribusi tanah dari objek pelepasan kawasan hutan dianggap lambat. Pelambatan tersebut disebabkan karena beberapa problem di lapangan, yakni: kepemimpinan, kelembagaan, regulasi, dan objek-subjek RA. Sampai saat ini, belum ditemukan cara yang efektif untuk menjalankan tata kelola RA di level pusat dan daerah, khususnya kepemimpinan dan koordinasi antarsektor di level tapak. Kajian ini dimaksudkan untuk memetakan problem dan menawarkan solusi dengan basis observasi dan studi di lapangan selama tiga tahun terakhir (2018-2020). Studi ini disajikan dalam bentuk policy forum dengan me-review secara padat temuan-temuan dan solusi atas praktik RA di kawasan hutan. Analisis, reduksi, dan tafsir atas data-data kualitatif dilakukan untuk menarik kesimpulan, bagaimana sesungguhnya praktik RA di level tapak dalam tiga tahun terakhir. Secara makro, temuan penulis mengkonfirmasi bahwa praktik RA mengalami problem yang cukup sistematis akibat lemahnya aktor-aktor kunci pemegang kendali RA, tidak efektifnya kelembagaan yang dibentuk, dan perbedaan tafsir atas regulasi yang berdampak pada perbedaan pemahaman atas objek RA di lapangan. Berbekal temuan tersebut, secara meyakinkan program strategis RA belum menjadi agenda bersama untuk dijalankan dalam kerangka menciptakan keadilan dan kesejahteraan untuk masyarakat yang berhak. Kata Kunci: Kebijakan RA, PPTKH, GTRA, TORA, Pelepasan Kawasan Hutan

Reforma Agraria sebagai Jalan menuju Perdamaian yang Berkelanjutan di Aceh

The signing of the Helsinki Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) in 2005 marked the end of the Indonesian government's decades-long conflict with the Free Aceh Movement. One of the deals in the Helsinki MoU is to provide farming land to former combatants, amnestied political prisoners, and conflict victims as a form of reintegration and livelihood restoration. However, this activity did not run effectively for a dozen years after the peace deal due to the absence of regulations and authorities in its implementation. Based on this background, this paper examines the role of Agrarian Reform on the policy of agricultural land provision to the people related to the Aceh conflict. This research used a qualitative approach, and relied on observational data and literature review. Agrarian Reform can be an alternative strategy for post-conflict peacebuilding. The concept of asset reform and access reform offered in the Agrarian Reform can be adopted to realize the allocation of agricultural land by the mandate of the Helsinki MoU. The main problems found so far are that there is no regulation regarding the granting of land rights in the law, authority, and several obstacles in its implementation. This paper also provides a crucial lesson that proper agrarian policy contributes to the prevention of recurring conflicts that have the potential to cause national disintegration. Keywords: Agrarian Reform, Free Aceh Movement, Helsinki MoU, Land Redistribution, Peacebuilding Intisari : Penandatanganan Momerandum of Understanding (MoU) Helsinki pada tahun 2005 menandai berakhirnya konflik pemerintah Indonesia dengan Gerakan Aceh Merdeka selama beberapa dekade. Salah satu kesepakatan di dalam MoU Helsinki adalah menyediakan tanah pertanian kepada mantan kombatan, tahanan politik yang memperoleh amnesti, dan korban konflik sebagai bentuk reintegrasi dan pemulihan penghidupan. Namun, kegiatan ini tidak berjalan secara efektif selama belasan tahun setelah perjanjian damai karena belum adanya regulasi dan kewenangan dalam pelaksanaannya. Berdasarkan latar belakang tersebut, tulisan ini mengkaji peran Reforma Agraria terhadap kebijakan penyediaan tanah pertanian untuk masyarakat yang berkaitan dengan konflik Aceh. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif, serta mengandalkan data observasi dan tinjauan literatur. Reforma Agraria dapat menjadi strategi alternatif pembangunan perdamaian pasca-konflik. Konsep penataan aset dan penataan akses yang ditawarkan di dalam Reforma Agraria dapat diadopsi untuk merealisasikan alokasi tanah pertanian sesuai amanah MoU Helsinki. Permasalahan-permasalahan utama yang ditemukan selama ini adalah belum adanya pengaturan mengenai pemberian hak atas tanah tersebut di dalam peraturan perundang-undangan, kewenangan, dan sejumlah hambatan dalam pelaksanaannya. Tulisan ini juga memberikan pelajaran penting bahwa kebijakan agraria yang tepat dapat berkontribusi terhadap pencegahan konflik berulang yang dapat berpotensi menyebabkan disintegrasi bangsa. Kata Kunci: Gerakan Aceh Merdeka, MoU Helsinki, Pembangunan Perdamaian, Redistribusi Tanah, Reforma Agraria

Implementation Challenges of Land Redistribution Programme in South Africa

Upon assuming political office, the ANC government instituted a land redistribution programme to address the land ownership injustice perpetrated during the apartheid regime whereby the non-white citizens owned only 7% of land in South Africa. However, the programme has not achieved the set target; thus, this study sought to understand the challenges curtailing the successful implementation of the programme. The study used a qualitative research approach. An in-depth interview was conducted with three purposefully selected senior officials from three Departments in Greater Kokstad Municipality involved in the land redistribution programme’s implementation. The findings indicate that the major issues curtailing the programme's implementation are land claim disputes and mediation process, reliance on the willing-seller-willing-buyer model, lack of institutional capacity, cumbersome beneficiary selection process, land beneficiary resettlement support, and inadequate programme’s monitoring and evaluation. There is an urgent need for the government to institute measures to address the challenges preventing the smooth implementation of the land redistribution programme in South Africa. These challenges prevent the programme’s beneficiaries from accessing the land, thus preventing them from experiencing socio-economic emancipation as promised.

Analisa Stakeholder dalam Program Konsolidasi Tanah di Desa Gadingsari Kecamatan Sanden Kabupaten Bantul

Land reform is an activity to provide a sense of justice in the control, ownership, use and utilization of land in the context of the welfare of the people who work in agriculture, but in fact the goals to be achieved are not realized because before the success of the land redistribution object has been transferred to other parties, it is necessary to knowing and solving efforts so that premature transfers can be avoided, while the method used in this writing is descriptive normative, meaning to see social problems that occur in the community related to transfers for further analysis based on the results of existing research and regulatory provisions through literature study. The results show that institutionally the implementation of land reform is better than at present, because the implementing organization reaches the village level, in contrast to now only at the district level, including the prevention of the transfer of the object of redistribution, which is regulated in detail so that it is difficult to transfer rights to the land of the object of redistribution. On the other hand, the existence of cooperatives is needed as a form of prevention of diversion.

Pelaksanaan Landreform pada Tataran Implementasi atas Pengalihan Objek Redistribusi sebelum Waktunya

Land reform is an activity to provide a sense of justice in the control, ownership, use and utilization of land in the context of the welfare of the people who work in agriculture, but in fact the goals to be achieved are not realized because before the success of the land redistribution object has been transferred to other parties, it is necessary to knowing and solving efforts so that premature transfers can be avoided, while the method used in this writing is descriptive normative, meaning to see social problems that occur in the community related to transfers for further analysis based on the results of existing research and regulatory provisions through literature study. The results show that institutionally the implementation of land reform is better than at present, because the implementing organization reaches the village level, in contrast to now only at the district level, including the prevention of the transfer of the object of redistribution, which is regulated in detail so that it is difficult to transfer rights to the land of the object of redistribution. On the other hand, the existence of cooperatives is needed as a form of prevention of diversion.

THE AIMS AND TRENDS OF THE SUSTAINABLE LAND TENURE FORMATION IN UKRAINE: THE SPATIAL ASPECT

The spatial aspect of the challenge of the sustainable land tenure formation has been scrutinized in the article. There is a set of unresolved issues at the point where interests of land owners, land users and the government clash, that witnesses the absence of effective mechanisms of the formed land tenure system improvement. At the transition to the market relations, with the private land property environment, new effective approaches to land redistribution and rational land use support are necessary. The research objective is the development of a complex approach to the land tenure spatial improvement for the sustainable development. Substantiation is carried out for the transition economy with Ukraine as an example. Land redistribution aiming at urban settlement area optimization and agricultural land tenure in the context of the social environment and economic benefit has been substantiated. The effectiveness of the spatial land improvement in the context of the national and local budget land fee revenues has been substantiated.

INSTILLING VALUE-SIGNIFICANCE IN LAND OWNERSHIP IN THE NORTHERN CAPE PROVINCE

The concept of value-significance in landownership has been viewed from only one dimension – the economic dimension. This study focused on the intrinsic dimension, sometimes theoretically called “place attachment” to determine how this component could be infused in land reform support and maintenance programmes directed towards beneficiaries of the land redistribution programme in the Northern Cape province of South Africa. The current state of post-land redistribution programme is characterized with a plethora of problems that lead to discouraged beneficiaries, unproductive land use and ultimate land degradation. This study sought to answer the question, “How to instill value-significance in land ownership to beneficiaries of the land redistribution programme in the Northern Cape Province”. An interpretivist phenomenological approach was selected as method of inquiry, purposively selecting ten study participants from different cohorts of the land redistribution programme between the period 1994 to 2018. Semi-structured interviews were conducted to obtain in-depth insights, to describe the lived experiences of participants. Aligned with ethical standards, interviews were conducted and recorded on an audio recording device, with the permission of participants. Recorded data was transcribed and analyzed using both thematic analysis benchmarked to the COSTA QDA Technique and the webQDA software. Findings of the study culminated into thematic expressions, namely: land redistribution programme needs to be underpinned by a structured maintenance programme; lives of beneficiaries are transformed; beneficiaries aspire full ownership of the land for productive use. The study concluded in a rigorous synthesis of these thematic expressions and culminated in development of the INSTIL Framework for instilling value-significance in land ownership. It is recommended that the framework for instilling value-significance in land ownership be implemented to enhance the success of the land redistribution programme in the Northern Cape province.Key words: Identity, Instil, Land ownership, Place attachment, Value-significance

Horizontalism in the implementation of land redistribution program in Cipari Cilacap Indonesia

This study explains the dynamics of non-state actors’ involvement in implementing a land redistribution program in Cipari, Cilacap, Indonesia. The urgency of this study is the massive involvement of non-state actors in the implementation of land redistribution programs while lacking analysis found for the dimension of horizontalism in the implementation of public policies, especially related to the land redistribution program as a part of land reform policy programs in Indonesia. This study focuses on the involvement of non-state actors, the role of Street-Level Bureaucrats (SLBs), and the relationship between SLBs and Local Farmers Organizations (LFO). This study implemented a qualitative approach with a case study strategy. The key informants consisted of village heads, village officials, LFO administrators, and administrators of LFO advocate organizations. We performed observation, in-depth interviews, and documentation reviews for data collection and implemented thematic data analysis. Three main findings include the non-state actors’ involvements since the colonial era (pre-independence), the old order, the new order, to post-reformation, the role of SLBs as state actors dominating the implementation of the land redistribution program, and the negotiation relationship between SLBs and LFO showing the SLBs as the winner.