scholarly journals Demographic situation and perspectives of Budzak

2006 ◽  
pp. 479-486
Author(s):  
Olica Radovanovic ◽  
Miodrag Todorovic
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Accelerated Ageing ◽  
Demographic Situation ◽  
Historical Monuments ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Long Term Trend ◽  
Harsh Conditions ◽  
Single Birth

One of the oldest populated areas in East Serbia is Budzak. There is an assumption and archeological finds that people had lived in Budzak already during the bronze age (1400-800 years BC). Turbulent historical, cultural and economic factors brought changes to the demographic picture of this area. From the end of the 19th century (1879) till the beginning of the 21st century, the population decreased for more than 3 times, and the number of members per household for 5 times. Faced with harsh conditions of mountain life and lack of perspective, the population intensively emigrated to the lowland areas around the Beli Timok river and to the surrounding towns. For slightly more than half a century (from 1948 to 2002), the population of Budzak deceased for 84,32%, and the number of households for 39,04% with the basic index from -80 to -90, only in Kalna about -60. This decrease also caused the decline in the average number of members in one household from 5,26 in 1948 to 1,35 in 2002. In 6 of 14 settlements, there was not a single birth in the period from 1999 to 2003. Annually, 3-4 children are born, and more than 70 inhabitants dies. Today, the rural population of the Knjazevac Municipality is very old and in the phase of the deepest demographic old age (average age is 47,3 years). In the Budzak area, few settlements have the average population younger than 60 years. Judging by the long-term trend of birthrate decrease and the accelerated ageing of the population from this area, the question has to be asked: in 30-50 years in Stara Planina Mountain in the Budzak area, would there be human life at all, or there would remain historical monuments as the evidence that generations and generations of people had lived there and had their culture and customs.

scholarly journals Demographic characteristics and life satisfaction in settlements of Fruska Gora mountain region: Besenovo case study

2014 ◽  
pp. 559-570
Author(s):  
Bojan Djercan ◽  
Milka Bubalo-Zivkovic ◽  
Tamara Lukic ◽  
Milica Solarevic
Keyword(s):  
Birth Rate ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Living Standard ◽  
Young Population ◽  
Demographic Situation ◽  
Life Expectancy Increase ◽  
Long Term Trend ◽  
Low Birth Rate

Serbia has been facing an economic crisis for the last two decades, which is one of the causes of poor demographic situation in the country. Along with low or negative rates of population growth and ageing of population, the majority of municipalities in Vojvodina have a negative migration balance. Vojvodina is characterized by long-term trend in the decrease of young population and the increase of old population. These two processes are affected by low birth rate and life expectancy increase. The bad economic situation and the ageing of population are especially apparent in mountainous areas and peripherally located settlements. This situation has not bypassed Besenovo, mountainous village of Fruska Gora. Field research and conduction of the questionnaire have found out that the population of this village is not satisfied with the basic living standard.

Urban Scale Shifts since the Bronze Age: Upsweeps, Collapses, and Semiperipheral Development

2015 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 175-200 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiroko Inoue ◽  
Alexis Álvarez ◽  
Eugene N. Anderson ◽  
Andrew Owen ◽  
Rebecca Álvarez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
World Systems ◽  
Central System ◽  
Quantitative Estimates ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Western City ◽  
City System ◽  
Long Term Trend ◽  
The Bronze Age

This is a study of the growth and decline of cities for the purpose of identifying those events in which they significantly increased in size. Significant changes in the scale of cities are important for understanding the long-term trend toward more complex and hierarchical human societies. We report the results of an inventory of cycles, upsweeps, and collapses of settlements in five separate interpolity systems. Upsweeps are instances in which the largest settlement in a world system significantly increases in size. Collapses occur when the size of the largest settlement greatly decreases and stays down for a significant period of time rather than rebounding. We use regional interpolity systems (world systems) rather than single polities or settlements as our unit of analysis. Because the accurate designation of sweeps requires interval scale measures, we are limited to those regions and time periods for which quantitative estimates of largest settlement sizes are regularly available. We find a total of 18 upsweeps and five downsweeps, and only two instances of prolonged systemwide settlement collapse. We also investigate whether or not the rate of cycles has increased over the long run, and we find that cycles of city growth and decline have not accelerated. We also find a greater rate of urban cycles in the Western (Central) System than in the East Asian System, which supports the usual notion that the Western city system was less stable than the Eastern city system.

NAEP Trends: Main NAEP vs. Long-Term Trend

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Albert E. Beaton ◽  
James R. Chromy
Keyword(s):  
Term Trend ◽  
Long Term Trend

Defining the Environment

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cymie R. Payne
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Fundamental Aspect ◽  
Environmental Damage ◽  
Jus Post Bellum ◽  
Complex Concept ◽  
Scientific Analysis ◽  
Environmental Integrity ◽  
Healthy Functioning

The principle of ‘environmental integrity’ is a fundamental aspect of jus post bellum. Human life, economy, and culture depend on a healthy, functioning environment. However, environmental integrity is a complex concept to describe. Doctrinal thresholds for legally material environmental damage (significant, long-term, widespread) do not capture it. This chapter interrogates the jus post bellum literature and then turns to scholarship on wilderness management in the Anthropocene era, which also engages with the meaning of ‘environmental integrity’, ‘naturalness’, ‘unimpaired’, or, in the words of the Factory at Chorzów case which sets the international law standard for reparations of damage, ‘the situation which would, in all probability, have existed if that act had not been committed’. Recognition that pristine or historical conditions are often impossible to recover or maintain leads to the legal, ethical, and scientific analysis of evolving environmental norms that this chapter offers.

Institutionalizing the Liberal Creed

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronen Mandelkern
Keyword(s):  
Political Influence ◽  
Institutional Entrepreneurship ◽  
Political Decision ◽  
Economic Liberalism ◽  
Market Economic ◽  
Ministry Of Finance ◽  
Political Entrepreneurs ◽  
Long Term Trend ◽  
Political Decision Making

This chapter analyzes the role Israeli economists have played as purveyors of pro-market economic ideas and political entrepreneurs of economic liberalization in Israel. Israeli economists were strongly committed to economic liberalism already in the 1950s, but they were lacking decisive political influence. Two mechanisms increased their power over policy. First, long-term institutional changes gradually eroded “political” decision-making mechanism and opened the way to greater involvement of professional economists. This long-term trend was joined and reinforced by economists’ institutional entrepreneurship at the height of the 1980s economic crisis, when they initiated changes of macroeconomic governance. These changes enhanced the political power of the Ministry of Finance and the Bank of Israel and supported the institutionalization of neoliberalism in Israel.

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