scholarly journals Mycobiota and aflatoxin B1 in poultry feeds

2019 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-69
Author(s):  
Vesna Krnjaja ◽  
Tanja Petrovic ◽  
Slavica Stankovic ◽  
Milos Lukic ◽  
Zdenka Skrbic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aflatoxin B1 ◽  
Laying Hens ◽  
Aflatoxin Contamination ◽  
Poultry Feed ◽  
Assay Method ◽  
Plate Count ◽  
Natural Occurrence ◽  
Fungal Contamination ◽  
Penicillium Species ◽  
Feed Samples

In this study, a total of 30 poultry (chicken and laying hens) feed samples collected from different poultry farms in Serbia in 2016 were tested for fungal and aflatoxin contamination. Using the plate count and standard mycological methods, total fungal counts and potentially toxigenic fungal genera were determined. Natural occurrence of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) was detected by ELISA (enzyme-linked immune sorbent assay) method. The total fungal count was in the range from 1 x 102 (2 log CFU g-1) to 1.83 x 105 CFU g-1 (5.26 log CFU g-1). The majority of the chicken feeds (78.57%) had the total fungal count in the ranged from 1 x 102 to 4.8 x 104 CFU g-1, whereas in 68.75% of the laying hens feeds it was ranged from 5.3 x 104 to 1.83 x 105 CFU g-1. In 21.43% of the chicken feeds fungal contamination reached the level above the regulation limits. Three potentially toxigenic fungal genera, Aspergillus, Fusarium, and Penicillium, have been identified. In the tested poultry feed samples, more samples contaminated with Aspergillus were determined compared to samples contaminated by Fusarium and Penicillium species. The AFB1 was detected in concentrations from 1.34 to 18.29?g kg-1, with an average of 4.47 and 4.56?g kg-1 in the chicken and laying hens feed samples, respectively. In 14.29% of the chicken feeds, the level of AFB1 was above the regulation limits. The obtained results confirmed the importance of continuous mycological and mycotoxicological control of poultry feed, as well as need to improve risk assessments of such contaminants along the food chain.

scholarly journals Fungal contamination and natural occurrence of ochratoxin A (OTA) in poultry feed

2014 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 481-488 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Krnjaja ◽  
Z. Pavlovski ◽  
M. Lukic ◽  
Z. Skrbic ◽  
Lj. Stojanovic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ochratoxin A ◽  
Laying Hens ◽  
Enzymatic Assay ◽  
Poultry Feed ◽  
Natural Occurrence ◽  
Fungal Contamination ◽  
Penicillium Species ◽  
Toxigenic Fungi ◽  
Feed Samples

Total fungal count, the presence of potentially toxigenic fungi and natural occurrence of ochratoxin A (OTA) were studied in 30 poultry feed samples (14 samples of feed for chickens and 16 samples of feed for laying hens), which were collected from different farms in Serbia at the beginning of year 2014. The total number of fungi was determined by the method of dilution and OTA was detected using the imunoadsorption enzymatic assay (ELISA). In most of the samples of chickens feed (50%) the total number of fungi was 1 - 3 x 102 CFU g-1, and in feed for laying hens the highest number of samples (37.50%) had the total fungal count from 1.4 to 4.8 x 104 CFU g -1. The species of genera Aspergillus and Penicillium were identified as producers of OTA in 21.43% and 42.86% of chickens feed samples and in 68.75% and 25% of samples of feed for laying hens. The presence of OTA was detected in 100% of samples of feed for chickens and laying hens, with average concentrations of 34.40 ?g kg-1 (feed for chickens) and 43.89 ?g kg-1 (feed for laying hens). The total fungal count and content of OTA were not above the maximum allowed quantities, even though the presence of Aspergillus and Penicillium species was found in a large number of samples (up to 68.75%). These results indicate that the tested samples of poultry feed were mycologically and mycotoxicologically correct.

scholarly journals Fungal contamination and natural occurrence of T-2 toxin in poultry feed

2014 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 321-328 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Krnjaja ◽  
Z. Pavlovski ◽  
M. Lukic ◽  
Z. Skrbic ◽  
Lj. Stojanovic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Poultry Feed ◽  
Plate Count ◽  
Natural Occurrence ◽  
Fungal Contamination ◽  
Elisa Method ◽  
Toxigenic Fungi ◽  
Plate Count Method ◽  
Total Fungi ◽  
In The Beginning ◽  
Feed Samples

In this study, a total of 41 poultry (chicken and laying hens) feed samples collected from different farms in Serbia in the beginning of 2014 were investigated for total fungal count, presence of potential toxigenic fungi and natural occurrence of T-2 toxin. The number of total fungi was determined using the plate count method whereas T-2 toxin was detected by enzyme-linked immune sorbent assay (ELISA) method. Relative high percent of investigated poultry feed samples (43.90%) had the total fungal count 1 - 7 x 102 CFU g-1, while in 29.27% of the samples that number was 1.4 - 14 x 104 CFU g-1. In regard to potentially toxigenic fungi, species of Fusarium genus were isolated in most of poultry feed samples (58.54%), while species from genus Alternaria were isolated in least of samples (9.76%). The presence of T-2 toxin was detected in 75.61% of the samples, with concentration of 25.07 - 426.08 ?g kg-1 (in average, 55.34 ?g kg-1). The statistical insignificant negative correlation (r = - 0.05) was obtained between total fungal count and concentrations of T-2 toxin. In addition, a total fungal count and content of T-2 toxin in the samples were not above the maximum allowed levels, although the presence of species from genus Fusarium was found in 58.54% samples. These results indicated that the sanitary and hygienic conditions during the production of poultry feed in Serbia have been at satisfactory level.

scholarly journals Aflatoxin B1 risk management in Parmigiano Reggiano dairy cow feed

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Giorgia Canestrari ◽  
Barbara Ricci ◽  
Valentina Pizzamiglio ◽  
Alberto Biancardi ◽  
Pierluigi Piazza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Management ◽  
Aflatoxin B1 ◽  
Dairy Cow ◽  
Control Program ◽  
Aflatoxin Contamination ◽  
Quality Control Program ◽  
Control Procedures ◽  
Feed Samples ◽  
Parmigiano Reggiano ◽  
The Eu

This study investigated aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) contamination in dairy cow feed and the risk management of AFB1 content in concentrates undertaken by feed industries in the Parmigiano Reggiano area. Data on aflatoxin contamination risk management applied in 29 feed industries were collected and the AFB1 content of 70 feed samples was analyzed. Data were collected within the framework of a quality control program promoted by the Parmigiano Reggiano Consortium in 2013 and 2014. Audit results showed that the control procedures to prevent AFB1 contamination mainly focused on maize and its by-products. AFB1 concentration resulted lower than 5 ppb (legal EU limit) in all samples; in one out of 70 samples, AFB1 content was 3.8 ppb and in all the other samples it was lower than 3 ppb. Results showed that AFB1 risk management applied by Italian feed industries effectively monitors AFB1 levels in feed below the EU legal limit.

scholarly journals Fungal contamination of pig farm feeds

2021 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 139-147
Author(s):  
Vesna Krnjaja ◽  
Aleksandar Stanojkovic ◽  
Tanja Petrovic ◽  
Violeta Mandic ◽  
Zorica Bijelic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Species ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Fungal Contamination ◽  
Penicillium Species ◽  
Important Indicator ◽  
Identification Of Fungi ◽  
Pig Farm ◽  
Feed Safety ◽  
Fattening Pigs ◽  
Feed Samples

The aim of this study was to establish the total fungal (mould) count in 79 commercial pig farm feed samples (42 samples for piglets, 29 samples for fattening pigs and 8 samples for sows) collected from the Serbian feed producers during the three-year period (2017-2019), as well as to evaluate the percentage of contamination samples by fungi, especially species from Aspergillus, Fusarium and Penicillium genera. Using standard mycological methods, the total count and identification of fungi were determined. Total fungal count was ranging from 1 ? 102 to 1.41 ? 105 cfu g-1 in the feed samples for piglets. Furthermore, in the feed samples for fattening pigs it ranged from1 ? 102 to 2.54 ? 105 cfu g-1, and from 1 ? 102 to 1.93 ? 105 cfu g-1 in the feed samples for sows. It has established the impermissible limit of total fungal count in 3.45% and 4.76% of a feed for fattening pigs and feed for piglets, respectively. Statistical analysis of the total number of fungi did not establish significant differences between the examined feed groups. Fusarium species were present in the most feed samples for fattening pigs (65.52%), followed by the feed for sows (62.50%) and piglets (47.62%). Aspergillus species were determined in 59.52, 58.62 and 37.50% feed samples for piglets, fattening pigs and sows, respectively. Penicillium species contaminated the lowest percentage of feed samples for fattening pigs (27.59%) and the highest percentage of feed samples for sows (37.50%). In a small number of samples Alternaria, Mucor, and Rhizopus species were identified. Based on these results, it can be concluded that the investigation of fungal contamination is an important indicator of a hygienic condition of feed intended for the nutrition of farm pigs. In addition, the percentage of fungal contamination of the examined samples indicates a potentially high risk to animal health. Due to that, a regular mycological evaluation is necessary to assess nutritional quality as one of the fundamental criteria for feed safety.

scholarly journals Evaluation of microbial quality and pathogenic potentiality of enterobacteria in poultry feeds

2019 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 59-68
Author(s):  
S Islam ◽  
N Tanjila ◽  
MF Begum
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Coliform Bacteria ◽  
Poultry Feed ◽  
Plate Count ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Poultry Feeds ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Aerobic Plate Count ◽  
Feed Samples

The present investigation has been carried out to assess the microbial safety and pathogenic potentialities of enterobacteria in poultry feeds. From the results it was observed that total aerobic plate count of poultry feeds samples were recorded as 2.8 × 105 to 5.8 × 109 cfu/g and 100% samples contained ≥106 cfu/g while the highest mean of cfu was counted as log10 8.797/gm. Large number of coliforms were recorded in different poultry feed samples and the ranges of cfu were counted as 1.2 × 104 to 5.2 × 107/g while average 75% samples were contaminated with coliform bacteria with ≥104 cfu/g and the highest mean of cfu was counted as log10 6.103/g. The ranges of cfu of Escherichia coli were 1.03 × 102 to 1.09 × 105/g and 70% samples contained ≥102 cfu/g while the highest mean of cfu was counted as log10 4.493/gm. But the ranges of cfu of total Salmonella sp. were recorded as 1.02 × 101 to 5.25 × 104/g and 50% samples contained ≥102 cfu/g and the highest mean of cfu was counted as log10 3.665/g. Total 29 enterobacterial isolates were isolated from the feed by using selected media. On the basis of morphological characteristics and biochemical test results the isolates were identified as Salmonella sp., Shigella sp., Klebsiella sp., Citrobacter sp., Proteus sp., Enterobacter sp. and Escherichia coli. These isolates were tested on blood agar medium and only seven isolates showed positive β-hemolytic activity.In virulence efficacy test, only hemolytic positive isolates were ingested to chicken and observed that E. coli (SGE-1), Klebsiella sp. (SSE-6) and Salmonella sp. (JSS-9) isolates were highly toxic because the experimental chickens were died after 3 days of ingestion of the bacteria, two isolates showed loose motion symptom after 15 days while other isolates showed little sickness. All the selected isolates showed positive hem-agglutination reactivity in poultry RBC. The results indicate that the poultry feeds were highly contaminated with pathogenic enterobacteria which are risk to public health. J. bio-sci. 28: 59-68, 2020

scholarly journals Magnitude of Aflatoxigenic Aspergillus Species, Level of Aflatoxin B1, and Associated Factors in Stored Feed at Poultry Farms in Dire Dawa, Ethiopia

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Ambachew Motbaynor ◽  
Dawit Kassaye ◽  
Migbaru Keffale ◽  
Pawlos Wasihun
Keyword(s):  
Aspergillus Flavus ◽  
Aflatoxin B1 ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Aspergillus Species ◽  
Poultry Feed ◽  
Toxic Metabolite ◽  
Fungal Contamination ◽  
High Moisture ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Dire Dawa

Aflatoxin, the secondary toxic metabolite of Aspergillus species, particularly aflatoxigenic Aspergillus flavus and parasiticus, has a detrimental effect on poultry health and production. There exists some information gap about the magnitudes of aflatoxigenic Aspergillus species and aflatoxin in poultry feeds in the study area. Thus, the study was conducted to estimate the magnitude and assess the related potential factors of aflatoxigenic Aspergillus species with evaluations of the level of aflatoxin B1 in stored poultry feed at selected farms in Dire Dawa, Ethiopia. A cross-sectional study design was carried out on 374 poultry feed samples recruited by using a stratified simple random sampling technique. A pretested structured questionnaire was used to assess the level of knowledge and prevention practices associated with aflatoxin in poultry feed. The isolation of aflatoxigenic Aspergillus species was made by Aspergillus flavus parasiticus media, and aflatoxin B1 was estimated by aflatoxin B1 enzyme-linked immune sorbent assay. Results showed that the magnitude of aflatoxigenic Aspergillus species was 72.5% (95% CI: 67.6–76.9). The odds at which the species isolated were higher ( p < 0.05 ) in feeds stored more than two months (AOR = 2.69), the presence of rodents in the storing room (AOR = 2.67), feeds having high moisture content (AOR = 1.5), and feed ingredient types (AOR = 4.3) compared to their counter parts. Only 34.4 and 32.8 percent of the respondents have better knowledge and apply prevention practice about fungal contamination and aflatoxin production in poultry feed, respectively. The occurrence of aflatoxigenic Aspergillus species in poultry feed was associated with the presence of rodents in the feed storing room with long storing period and high moisture contents of the feed. The knowledge and prevention practices employed by farm managers and workers about fungal contamination and aflatoxin in poultry feed are found low.

scholarly journals The presence of potentially toxigenic fungi in poultry feed

2008 ◽  
Vol 24 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 87-93 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vesna Krnjaja ◽  
Lj. Stojanovic ◽  
R. Cmiljanic ◽  
S. Trenkovski ◽  
D. Tomasevic
Keyword(s):  
Animal Husbandry ◽  
Poultry Feed ◽  
Fungal Contamination ◽  
Poultry Feeds ◽  
Toxigenic Fungi ◽  
Total Fungi ◽  
Feed Samples

In Serbia, commercial feedstuffs are an important component in modern animal husbandry, but there is no information available about fungal contamination. Because of that the aim of this study was to determine the mycoflora incidence in poultry feeds. A total of 230 samples of poultry feeds were examined for total fungi count and the presence of potential toxigenic fungi genera. Total fungi count were 1-9 x 104 CFU g-1 in the most of investigated poultry feed samples (38.26%). The most prevalent fungi genera were Fusarium (56.09%) and Aspergillus (54.35%), followed by Rhizopus (40%), Penicillium (30.87%), Mucor (30.04%) and the least frequency species were from genus Alternaria (3.48%).

scholarly journals Prevalence of Aflatoxin B1 and B2 in Poultary Feed

2014 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 109-112
Author(s):  
Sita R. Aryal ◽  
Durga Karki
Keyword(s):  
Thin Layer ◽  
Thin Layer Chromatography ◽  
Aflatoxin B1 ◽  
Rainy Season ◽  
Winter Season ◽  
Poultry Feed ◽  
Permissible Level ◽  
Aflatoxin B2 ◽  
Layer Chromatography ◽  
Feed Samples

A total of 65 poultry feed samples were examined for the detection of aflatoxin (aflatoxin B1 and aflatoxin B2) using thin layer chromatography (TLC). Samples were collected from Chitwan and Kavrepalanchock districts. Out of those samples examined a total of 49 (75.38%) samples were found positive. Out of 49 (75.38%) samples positive, 42 (85.71%) samples were found positive both with aflatoxin B1 and B2 where as five (10.20%) samples were positive only with aflatoxin B1 and two (4.08%) samples were positive only with aflatoxin B2. Among them 13 (20%) samples were found positive having aflatoxin above permissible level. The concentration of aflatoxin in positive samples ranged from trace to 366 ppb (366 μg/kg). Likewise, out of 52 samples examined in rainy season, 40 samples (76.92%) were found positive where as out of 13 samples examined in winter season 9 (69.23%) were found positive.Nepal Agric. Res. J. Vol. 9, 2009, pp. 109-112DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/narj.v9i0.11648

Natural Occurrence of Aflatoxins in Peanuts and Peanut Butter from Bulawayo, Zimbabwe

2014 ◽  
Vol 77 (10) ◽  
pp. 1814-1818 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. MUPUNGA ◽  
S. L. LEBELO ◽  
P. MNGQAWA ◽  
J. P. RHEEDER ◽  
D. R. KATERERE
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Peanut Butter ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Significant Risk Factor ◽  
Aflatoxin Contamination ◽  
Natural Occurrence ◽  
Informal Markets ◽  
Fungal Contamination ◽  
Culture Methods ◽  
Liver And Kidney

Mycotoxins are toxic secondary metabolites produced by filamentous fungi that may contaminate food and pose a health risk, especially in developing countries, where there is a lack of food security and quality is subsumed by food insufficiency. Aflatoxins are the most toxic known mycotoxins and are a significant risk factor for liver and kidney cancer, teratogenicity, undernutrition, and micronutrient malabsorption in both humans and animals. The main aim of the study was to determine the extent of fungal and aflatoxin contamination in peanuts and peanut butter being sold in both the formal and informal markets in Bulawayo, Zimbabwe. Eighteen peanut samples and 11 peanut butter samples were purchased from retail shops and the informal market. Fungal contamination was determined using standard mycology culture methods, while aflatoxin contamination was determined using high-performance liquid chromatography–fluorescence detection. Four of the six peanut samples tested for fungal contamination were infected with Aspergillus flavus/parasiticus, ranging from 3 to 20% of the kernels examined, while 27% (3 of 11) of the peanut butter samples were infected with A. flavus/parasiticus. Ninety-one percent (10 of 11) of the peanut butter samples were contaminated with aflatoxins (mean, 75.66 ng/g, and range, 6.1 to 247 ng/g), and aflatoxin B1 was the most prevalent (mean, 51.0 ng/g, and range, 3.7 to 191 ng/g). Three of the 18 peanut samples were contaminated with aflatoxins (range, 6.6 to 622 ng/g). The commercial peanut butter samples had very high aflatoxin levels, and manufacturers should be sensitized to the detrimental effects of aflatoxins and measures to reduce contamination.

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