scholarly journals Human viruses and viral indicators in marine water at two recreational beaches in Southern California, USA

2013 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 136-150 ◽  
Author(s):  
David C. Love ◽  
Roberto A. Rodriguez ◽  
Christopher D. Gibbons ◽  
John F. Griffith ◽  
Qilu Yu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Southern California ◽  
Enteric Viruses ◽  
Water Quality Monitoring ◽  
Fecal Coliforms ◽  
Detection Methods ◽  
Potential Health ◽  
Human Virus ◽  
Recreational Beaches ◽  
Viral Indicators ◽  
Human Viruses

Waterborne enteric viruses may pose disease risks to bather health but occurrence of these viruses has been difficult to characterize at recreational beaches. The aim of this study was to evaluate water for human virus occurrence at two Southern California recreational beaches with a history of beach closures. Human enteric viruses (adenovirus and norovirus) and viral indicators (F+ and somatic coliphages) were measured in water samples over a 4-month period from Avalon Beach, Catalina Island (n = 324) and Doheny Beach, Orange County (n = 112). Human viruses were concentrated from 40 L samples and detected by nested reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Detection frequencies at Doheny Beach were 25.5% (adenovirus) and 22.3% (norovirus), and at Avalon Beach were 9.3% (adenovirus) and 0.7% (norovirus). Positive associations between adenoviruses and fecal coliforms were observed at Doheny (p = 0.02) and Avalon (p = 0.01) Beaches. Human viruses were present at both beaches at higher frequencies than previously detected in the region, suggesting that the virus detection methods presented here may better measure potential health risks to bathers. These virus recovery, concentration, and molecular detection methods are advancing practices so that analysis of enteric viruses can become more effective and routine for recreational water quality monitoring.

scholarly journals Development of decision support system for managing and using recreational beaches

2013 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 447-457 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhiqiang Deng ◽  
Fulbert Namwamba ◽  
Zaihong Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
Decision Support ◽  
Decision Support System ◽  
Support System ◽  
Water Quality Monitoring ◽  
Potential Health ◽  
Recreational Beaches ◽  
Mlr Model ◽  
Gis Platform

The paper presents a decision support system (DSS) for managing and using recreational beaches. The DSS consists of (1) a sensor-assisted water quality monitoring system, (2) a multiple linear regression (MLR) model, developed with the Virtual Beach (VB) program, for predicting enterococci levels, and (3) a web-enabled Geographic Information System (GIS) platform for displaying beach water quality conditions. The MLR model was tested using a total of 945 sets of environmental and bacteriological data collected over 6 swimming seasons. It is found that the MLR model is capable of correctly predicting over 88% of beach advisories and over 80% of no advisory events. The web-enabled GIS platform has nowcasting and forecasting functions. The nowcasting function reduces the decision-making time from current 2–3 days to near real-time while the forecasting function changes the decision-making time from current 2–3 days behind to 1–3 days ahead of actual use of beaches, greatly improving the decision-making in beach management and reducing potential health risks of fecal pollution to beachgoers. While the DSS was specifically developed for the Holly Beach, USA, the methods used in this paper are generally applicable to other coastal beaches.

scholarly journals Quantitative PCR Detection of Enteric Viruses in Wastewater and Environmental Water Sources by the Lisbon Municipality: A Case Study

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 544 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pedro Teixeira ◽  
Sílvia Costa ◽  
Bárbara Brown ◽  
Susana Silva ◽  
Raquel Rodrigues ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Reuse ◽  
Enteric Viruses ◽  
Water Quality Monitoring ◽  
Environmental Water ◽  
Underground Water ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Pcr Detection ◽  
Fecal Coliforms ◽  
Untreated Wastewater ◽  
Treated Effluent

Current regulations and legislation require critical revision to determine safety for alternative water sources and water reuse as part of the solution to global water crisis. In order to fulfill those demands, Lisbon municipality decided to start water reuse as part of a sustainable hydric resources management, and there was a need to confirm safety and safeguard for public health for its use in this context. For this purpose, a study was designed that included a total of 88 samples collected from drinking, superficial, underground water, and wastewater at three different treatment stages. Quantitative Polimerase Chain Reaction (PCR) detection (qPCR) of enteric viruses Norovirus (NoV) genogroups I (GI) and II (GII) and Hepatitis A (HepA) was performed, and also FIB (E. coli, enterococci and fecal coliforms) concentrations were assessed. HepA virus was only detected in one untreated influent sample, whereas NoV GI/ NoV GI were detected in untreated wastewater (100/100%), secondary treated effluent (47/73%), and tertiary treated effluent (33/20%). Our study proposes that NoV GI and GII should be further studied to provide the support that they may be suitable indicators for water quality monitoring targeting wastewater treatment efficiency, regardless of the level of treatment.

Hygienic risk assessment by monitoring pathogens in municipal sewage

2002 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 23-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.-H. von Bonsdorff ◽  
L. Maunula ◽  
R.M. Niemi ◽  
R. Rimhanen-Finne ◽  
M.-L. Hänninen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Enteric Viruses ◽  
Detection Methods ◽  
Municipal Sewage ◽  
Small Community ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Cryptosporidium Oocysts ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
One Year ◽  
Enteric Protozoa ◽  
Day Care Centre

The purpose of this study was to monitor the levels of human enteric viruses and enteric protozoa and to relate their presence to the microbes used as hygienic quality indicators in domestic sewage from a small community in Finland during a period of one year. Genome-based sensitive detection methods for the pathogens selected (astro- and Norwalk-like viruses, Giardia and Cryptosporidium) have become available only recently and thus no earlier data was available. The effluent sewage is delivered into a river that serves as raw water for a larger town and the pathogens therefore constitute a health risk. The results showed that all the monitored pathogens could be detected, and that enteric viruses were present at considerable concentrations in sewage. High concentrations of astrovirus in raw sewage were observed during a diarrhea epidemic in the local day-care centre. The presence of viruses did not correlate with the monitored bacterial indicators of faecal contamination (coliforms, E. coli and enterococci) or with bacteriophages (somatic coliphages, F-specific RNA phages and B. fragilis phages). Giardia cysts and Cryptosporidium oocysts were detected from one sample (1/10) each.

Virus occurrence in municipal groundwater sources in Quebec, Canada

2007 ◽  
Vol 53 (6) ◽  
pp. 688-694 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annie Locas ◽  
Christine Barthe ◽  
Benoit Barbeau ◽  
Annie Carrière ◽  
Pierre Payment
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Sampling Site ◽  
Enteric Viruses ◽  
Fecal Coliforms ◽  
Coliform Bacteria ◽  
Raw Water ◽  
Total Coliforms ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
Historic Data ◽  
Human Enteric Viruses

A 1 year study was undertaken on groundwater that was a source of drinking water in the province of Quebec, Canada. Twelve municipal wells (raw water) were sampled monthly during a 1 year period, for a total of 160 samples. Using historic data, the 12 sites were categorized into 3 groups: group A (no known contamination), group B (sporadically contaminated by total coliforms), and group C (historic and continuous contamination by total coliforms and (or) fecal coliforms). Bacterial indicators (total coliform, Escherichia coli , enteroccoci), viral indicators (somatic and male-specific coliphages), total culturable human enteric viruses, and noroviruses were analyzed at every sampling site. Total coliforms were the best indicator of microbial degradation, and coliform bacteria were always present at the same time as human enteric viruses. Two samples contained human enteric viruses but no fecal pollution indicators (E. coli, enterococci, or coliphages), suggesting the limited value of these microorganisms in predicting the presence of human enteric viruses in groundwater. Our results underline the value of historic data in assessing the vulnerability of a well on the basis of raw water quality and in detecting degradation of the source. This project allowed us to characterize the microbiologic and virologic quality of groundwater used as municipal drinking water sources in Quebec.

scholarly journals Investigation on microbial inactivation and urea decomposition in human urine during thermal storage

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 378-386 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoqin Zhou ◽  
Yajie Li ◽  
Zifu Li ◽  
Yue Xi ◽  
Sayed Mohammad Nazim Uddin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Urine ◽  
Storage Condition ◽  
Microbial Inactivation ◽  
Fecal Coliforms ◽  
World Health ◽  
Large Space ◽  
Potential Health ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Urea Decomposition ◽  
Storage Temperatures

The World Health Organization suggests storing human urine for at least 6 months at 20 °C prior to application as fertilizer to reduce the potential health risks from pathogenic organisms. Such a storage condition for human urine, however, not only requires a long period of time and large space but also ignores the risk of nitrogen losses. In this study, human urine underwent thermal treatment during storage to improve disinfection and to inhibit urea hydrolysis. Microbial indicators such as Escherichia coli and fecal coliforms and the concentration of ammonia/ammonium were investigated in urine samples that were stored at 60 °C and 70 °C. Both the inactivation of indicators and decomposition of urea improved under storage temperatures of 60 °C and 70 °C compared with storage under ambient temperature. Therefore, human urine is recommended to be stored at 70 °C for 7 days for hygienic and stabilization purposes. Under this storage condition, pH is maintained below 8.0 and ammonia/ammonium content is maintained at approximately 800 mg/L.

scholarly journals Physicochemical and Microbiological Water Quality Assessment of Aba Waterside River, Aba, Nigeria

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 142-148
Author(s):  
L. O. Bobor ◽  
C. M. Umeh
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Water Quality Monitoring ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Fecal Coliforms ◽  
Water Quality Control ◽  
Inorganic Substances ◽  
The Impact

The indiscriminate disposal of industrial effluents and solid wastes in surface water bodies is detrimental to humans and aquatic organisms. Water quality monitoring is critical to identify pollutants of concern and develop effective management strategies. Hence, this study was conducted to assess the impact of waste disposal on the water quality of Aba Waterside River, Ogbor hill, Aba. Grab samples were collected upstream, midstream and downstream and some physicochemical and microbiological parameters were analyzed in accordance with standard methods for the analysis of water and wastewater. The results were compared with the Nigerian standard for drinking water quality and the national environmental effluent limitation regulations. Turbidity levels (10 -31mg/l) exceeded the maximum permissible levels for drinking water (5mg/l) and may be associated with higher levels of embedded disease-causing microbes and potentially harmful organic and inorganic substances. The biological oxygen demand midstream (1960mg/l) was remarkably high due to the effluent discharged from the abattoirs at that point. Fecal coliforms (3-198MPN/100ml) were detected in all samples, indicating the presence of other potentially harmful microorganisms. The findings of this study indicate that the water is unsuitable for direct drinking water purposes and stringent water quality control measures should be implemented.

scholarly journals New techniques for real-time monitoring of reverse osmosis membrane integrity for virus removal

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 947-957 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. S. Frenkel ◽  
Y. Cohen
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Reverse Osmosis ◽  
Health Hazard ◽  
Membrane Damage ◽  
Membrane Integrity ◽  
Enteric Viruses ◽  
Water Stream ◽  
Potential Health ◽  
Integrity Monitoring ◽  
Virus Removal

Abstract This paper presents methodology, concept and results of the WateReuse Foundation project WFR – 09 – 06b when developing a high pressure membrane, reverse osmosis (RO) and nanofiltration (NF) online membrane integrity testing (MIT) technique. The use of pressure-driven membrane processes, particularly RO, has grown significantly over the past few decades in water treatment and reuse applications to safeguard water supplies against harmful pathogens and impurities. In principle, RO membranes should provide a complete physical barrier to the passage of nanosize pathogens (e.g., enteric viruses). However, in the presence of imperfections and/or membrane damage, membrane breaches as small as 20 to 30 nm can allow enteric viruses to pass through the membrane and contaminate the product water stream, thereby posing a potential health hazard that is of particular concern for potable water production. This project was focused on evaluating a pulsed-marker membrane integrity monitoring (PM-MIMo) approach for RO processes on the basis of the use of a fluorescent marker. The monitoring approach employs pulsed dosing (via a precision metering pump) of a marker into the RO feed stream coupled with online marker concentration monitoring in the RO permeate by an inline spectrofluorometer. Membrane integrity is then inferred on the basis of real-time analysis of the marker permeate time − profile concentration in response. The basic concept of the PM-MIMo approach for detecting membrane breaches was successfully demonstrated, by comparing intact and damaged membranes, in a series of experiments using a diagnostic plate-and-frame RO system and spiral-wound RO pilot system. Results of the developed technique are presented in the project report to allow the industry to consider adopting this technique for RO/NF online integrity monitoring.

scholarly journals Can a one-sampling campaign produce robust results for water quality monitoring? A case of study in Itupararanga reservoir, SP, Brazil

2016 ◽  
Vol 28 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Frederico Guilherme de Souza Beghelli ◽  
Marcelo Luiz Martins Pompêo ◽  
Mônica Páscoli ◽  
Vivian Silva Lira ◽  
Renata de Lima ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Benthic Macroinvertebrates ◽  
Water Quality Monitoring ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Fecal Coliforms ◽  
Toxic Substances ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Biological Variables ◽  
Sampling Campaign ◽  
Sampling Points ◽  
High Concentrations

Abstract Aim: The aim of this study was to conduct a rapid and comprehensive analysis of the reservoir using physical, chemical and biological variables comprising water and sediment as also to verify if a one-sampling campaign can produce information that is robust enough for monitoring purposes. Methods One-sampling campaign was performed along the central body of Itupararanga reservoir comprising five sampling points. The following physico-chemical and biological variables were measured in each of them from water samples: temperature, pH, concentration of dissolved oxygen, electric conductivity, suspended matter, total nitrogen and phosphorus and fecal coliforms. A genotoxicity assay with Allium cepa was also performed with water from each one of the five sampling points. As a complement, the phytoplankton and benthic macroinvertebrates communities were also analyzed in the two most distant sampling points (P1 and P5). Results Results indicate a scenario with eutrophication and toxicity. High concentrations of fecal coliforms were recorded and there is a worrying prevalence of cyanobacteria - potential toxin producers - in phytoplankton community. Benthic macroinvertebrates analysis suggests poor quality of the water and sediments. Genotoxicity tests suggest the presence of toxic substances along the waterbody. Conclusions It is concluded that Itupararanga reservoir has water with poor quality that could be related to the land uses around the reservoir. The comprehensive approach performed here - where distinct sources of monitoring variables was considered - despite the rapid protocol (one campaign), was enough to respond to the distinct anthropic impacts received by the reservoir. Considering it, this approach is recommended as a rapid diagnostic tool.

scholarly journals Detection of Viral Pathogens by Reverse Transcriptase PCR and of Microbial Indicators by Standard Methods in the Canals of the Florida Keys

1999 ◽  
Vol 65 (9) ◽  
pp. 4118-4125 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dale W. Griffin ◽  
Charles J. Gibson ◽  
Erin K. Lipp ◽  
Kelley Riley ◽  
John H. Paul ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Reverse Transcriptase ◽  
Hepatitis A ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Enteric Viruses ◽  
Florida Keys ◽  
Fecal Coliforms ◽  
Microbial Water Quality ◽  
Reverse Transcriptase Pcr ◽  
Human Enteric Viruses

ABSTRACT In order to assess the microbial water quality in canal waters throughout the Florida Keys, a survey was conducted to determine the concentration of microbial fecal indicators and the presence of human pathogenic microorganisms. A total of 19 sites, including 17 canal sites and 2 nearshore water sites, were assayed for total coliforms, fecal coliforms, Escherichia coli, Clostridium perfringens, enterococci, coliphages, F-specific (F+) RNA coliphages, Giardia lamblia, Cryptosporidium parvum, and human enteric viruses (polioviruses, coxsackie A and B viruses, echoviruses, hepatitis A viruses, Norwalk viruses, and small round-structured viruses). Numbers of coliforms ranged from <1 to 1,410, E. coli organisms from <1 to 130,Clostridium spp. from <1 to 520, and enterococci from <1 to 800 CFU/100 ml of sample. Two sites were positive for coliphages, but no F+ phages were identified. The sites were ranked according to microbial water quality and compared to various water quality standards and guidelines. Seventy-nine percent of the sites were positive for the presence of enteroviruses by reverse transcriptase PCR (polioviruses, coxsackie A and B viruses, and echoviruses). Sixty-three percent of the sites were positive for the presence of hepatitis A viruses. Ten percent of the sites were positive for the presence of Norwalk viruses. Ninety-five percent of the sites were positive for at least one of the virus groups. These results indicate that the canals and nearshore waters throughout the Florida Keys are being impacted by human fecal material carrying human enteric viruses through current wastewater treatment strategies such as septic tanks. Exposure to canal waters through recreation and work may be contributing to human health risks.

scholarly journals Link of a ubiquitous human coronavirus to dromedary camels

2016 ◽  
Vol 113 (35) ◽  
pp. 9864-9869 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victor M. Corman ◽  
Isabella Eckerle ◽  
Ziad A. Memish ◽  
Anne M. Liljander ◽  
Ronald Dijkman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Infection ◽  
Interferon Response ◽  
Type I ◽  
Respiratory Pathogens ◽  
Airway Epithelial ◽  
Dromedary Camels ◽  
Human Hepatoma Cells ◽  
Human Virus ◽  
Epithelial Cultures ◽  
Human Viruses

The four human coronaviruses (HCoVs) are globally endemic respiratory pathogens. The Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) coronavirus (CoV) is an emerging CoV with a known zoonotic source in dromedary camels. Little is known about the origins of endemic HCoVs. Studying these viruses’ evolutionary history could provide important insight into CoV emergence. In tests of MERS-CoV–infected dromedaries, we found viruses related to an HCoV, known as HCoV-229E, in 5.6% of 1,033 animals. Human- and dromedary-derived viruses are each monophyletic, suggesting ecological isolation. One gene of dromedary viruses exists in two versions in camels, full length and deleted, whereas only the deleted version exists in humans. The deletion increased in size over a succession starting from camelid viruses via old human viruses to contemporary human viruses. Live isolates of dromedary 229E viruses were obtained and studied to assess human infection risks. The viruses used the human entry receptor aminopeptidase N and replicated in human hepatoma cells, suggesting a principal ability to cause human infections. However, inefficient replication in several mucosa-derived cell lines and airway epithelial cultures suggested lack of adaptation to the human host. Dromedary viruses were as sensitive to the human type I interferon response as HCoV-229E. Antibodies in human sera neutralized dromedary-derived viruses, suggesting population immunity against dromedary viruses. Although no current epidemic risk seems to emanate from these viruses, evolutionary inference suggests that the endemic human virus HCoV-229E may constitute a descendant of camelid-associated viruses. HCoV-229E evolution provides a scenario for MERS-CoV emergence.

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