scholarly journals Investigation on microbial inactivation and urea decomposition in human urine during thermal storage

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 378-386 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoqin Zhou ◽  
Yajie Li ◽  
Zifu Li ◽  
Yue Xi ◽  
Sayed Mohammad Nazim Uddin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Urine ◽  
Storage Condition ◽  
Microbial Inactivation ◽  
Fecal Coliforms ◽  
World Health ◽  
Large Space ◽  
Potential Health ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Urea Decomposition ◽  
Storage Temperatures

The World Health Organization suggests storing human urine for at least 6 months at 20 °C prior to application as fertilizer to reduce the potential health risks from pathogenic organisms. Such a storage condition for human urine, however, not only requires a long period of time and large space but also ignores the risk of nitrogen losses. In this study, human urine underwent thermal treatment during storage to improve disinfection and to inhibit urea hydrolysis. Microbial indicators such as Escherichia coli and fecal coliforms and the concentration of ammonia/ammonium were investigated in urine samples that were stored at 60 °C and 70 °C. Both the inactivation of indicators and decomposition of urea improved under storage temperatures of 60 °C and 70 °C compared with storage under ambient temperature. Therefore, human urine is recommended to be stored at 70 °C for 7 days for hygienic and stabilization purposes. Under this storage condition, pH is maintained below 8.0 and ammonia/ammonium content is maintained at approximately 800 mg/L.

Physico-chemical and Biological Properties of Groundwater Quality in Rural Settlement, Nadi, Fiji

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Roselyn Naidu ◽  
Lionel Joseph ◽  
Syed Sauban Ghani
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
Drinking Water Quality ◽  
World Health ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Potential Health ◽  
Drinking Water Contamination ◽  
Contamination Levels ◽  
Health Organization

The current study investigated drinking water quality of samples taken from Arolevu village, a locality situated in Nadi, Fiji. The groundwater samples were collected and subjected to a comprehensive physicochemical and biological analysis. The analysis for the drinking water sample was conducted seasonally, six times a year, that is, three for the dry season and three for the wet season. The results retrieved from the analysis were compared to its maximum contamination levels (MCLs) based on the health-based guidelines provided by the World Health Organization (WHO). The WHO standards were used as an attribute to determine the sources of contaminants likely to be present at the study site. A degradation trend in drinking water quality in the context of climate change may lead to potential health impacts. Hence, it is important to understand seasonal variations in drinking water quality. A proper understanding of the drinking water quality through seasonal water analysis for nitrate, nitrite, potassium, calcium, magnesium and chlorine content as well as its microbiological presence to reduce preventable risks such as using calculated amounts of fertilisers and upgrading the sewerage system to alleviate drinking water contamination is devised through this study.

scholarly journals Microbiological and Physicochemical Characterization of Hospital Effluents before and after Treatment with Two Types of Sawdust

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rabea Elmountassir ◽  
Bahia Bennani ◽  
Youssef Miyah ◽  
Ahlam Fegousse ◽  
Ghita El Mouhri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physicochemical Characterization ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Fecal Coliforms ◽  
World Health ◽  
Hospital Effluents ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Filter Bed ◽  
Microbiological Analyses

Physicochemical and microbiological analyses of liquid hospital effluents have demonstrated that they are loaded with organic and inorganic pollutants then discharged into the sewerage networks without treatment. The aim of this study is to suggest an effective solution for their treatment. Column filtration is an adequate method to reduce the pollutant load which makes it possible to have a rate of abatement of 97% and 79% by filtering the pollutant material using sawdust of catia and red sawdust, respectively, with a filter bed height equal to 13 cm. Physicochemical parameters such as chemical oxygen demand, biological oxygen demand, nitrate, ammonia, phosphorus, electrical conductivity and the bacteriological parameters like fecal coliforms, Streptococci, and Staphylococci have been measured. The analysis of heavy metals displays compliance with the World Health Organization standards. The red sawdust and catia sawdust have been characterized by scanning electron microscopy and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy.

scholarly journals Which Are the Main Surface Disinfection Approaches at the Time of SARS-CoV-2?

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena Ghedini ◽  
Marco Pizzolato ◽  
Lilia Longo ◽  
Federica Menegazzo ◽  
Danny Zanardo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Hazard ◽  
Added Value ◽  
World Health ◽  
Personal Hygiene ◽  
Respiratory Pathogens ◽  
Potential Health ◽  
Surface Disinfection ◽  
Critical Issues ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Health Organization

Among many guidelines issued by the World Health Organization to prevent contagion from novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), disinfection of animate and inanimate surfaces has emerged as a key issue. One effective approach to prevent its propagation can be achieved by disinfecting air, skin, or surfaces. A thorough and rational application of an Environmental Protection Agent for disinfection of surfaces, as well as a good personal hygiene, including cleaning hands with appropriate products (e.g., 60–90% alcohol-based product) should minimize transmission of viral respiratory pathogens such as SARS-CoV-2. Critical issues, associated with the potential health hazard of chemical disinfectants and the ineffective duration of most of the treatments, have fostered the introduction of innovative and alternative disinfection approaches. The present review aims to provide an outline of methods currently used for inanimate surface disinfection with a look to the future and a focus on the development of innovative and effective disinfection approaches (e.g., metal nanoparticles, photocatalysis, self-cleaning, and self-disinfection) with particular focus on SARS-CoV-2. The research reviews are, usually, focused on a specific category of disinfection methods, and therefore they are limited. On the contrary, a panoramic review with a wider focus, as the one here proposed, can be an added value for operators in the sector and generally for the scientific community.

Enhancing boron rejection in seawater reverse osmosis facilities

2008 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 519-525 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. P. Huehmer ◽  
F. Wang ◽  
J. Lozier ◽  
L. Henthorne
Keyword(s):  
Reverse Osmosis ◽  
World Health ◽  
Feed Water ◽  
Natural Seawater ◽  
Potential Health ◽  
Pass System ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Seawater Reverse Osmosis ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
High Rejection

Linked to potential health problems and toxicity to crops, boron is present in seawater at concentrations of ranging from 4 to 7 mg/L, and not readily removed by reverse osmosis technology. Commercially available seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO) membranes possess a wide range of rejection characteristics for boron in seawater under ambient temperature and pH, ranging from approximately 50% for low-energy membranes to greater than 90% for the newest high rejection membranes. This level of rejection is typically insufficient to reduce boron concentrations in natural seawater to less than recommended levels. Current World Health Organization (WHO) drinking water concentrations for boron are limited to 0.5-mg/L. Two techniques utilized to mitigate boron concentrations are (1) increasing the dissociation of boric acid by increasing pH prior to SWRO; and, (2) utilizing a second pass reverse osmosis system, potentially coupled with pH adjustment. Utilizing these techniques, the authors tested commercially available SWRO membranes from three different manufacturers utilizing feed water alkalization, coupled with a second pass system. Utilizing feed water alkalization alone, the authors found that all three SWRO membranes were able to produce permeate complying with WHO regulations. Using second pass RO, a boron concentration of less than 0.5 mg/L was achieved for feed pH greater than 6, and less than 0.1-mg/L for pH of 10.

The Development of Health Guidelines for Wastewater Reclamation

1991 ◽  
Vol 24 (7) ◽  
pp. 149-155 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hillel I. Shuval
Keyword(s):  
Water Conservation ◽  
Wastewater Reuse ◽  
Development Program ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Fecal Coliforms ◽  
World Health ◽  
Wastewater Reclamation ◽  
United Nations Development Program ◽  
Potential Health ◽  
The World

Wastewater reclamation has multiple benefits including water conservation and supplementing available water resources, while providing valuable nutrients to the soil. It also contributes to the reduction of environmental pollution, by reducing wastewater discharges to surface and underground water sources. However, potential health problems associated with reuse of wastewater must be carefully assessed and health guidelines developed which effectively reduce health risks and allow for the full social and economic benefits of wastewater reuse to be achieved. This paper reviews the major findings of a World Bank/United Nations Development Program study aimed at evaluating health guidelines for wastewater reuse in agricultural irrigation. This study concludes that early guidelines were often unjustifiably conservative and recommends for unrestricted irrigation of all crops including edible vegetable crops, a microbial quality of the effluent of 1000 fecal coliforms/100 ml and l or less helminth eggs/litre. This microbial standard can be achieved in well designed multi-celled stabilization pond systems which are low cost, robust and simple to operate and are particularly suited to developing countries in warm climates. Alternative advanced treatment technologies can also meet these guidelines. The World Health Organization has recently provided a new impetus to wastewater reclamation in agriculture throughout the world with its official approval of these guidelines.

Wastewater reclamation using discarded reverse osmosis membranes for reuse in irrigation in Djibouti, an arid country

2013 ◽  
Vol 67 (6) ◽  
pp. 1362-1369 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohamed Osman Awaleh ◽  
Moussa Mahdi Ahmed ◽  
Youssouf Djibril Soubaneh ◽  
Farhan Bouraleh Hoch ◽  
Samatar Mohamed Bouh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reverse Osmosis ◽  
Wastewater Reuse ◽  
Fecal Coliforms ◽  
World Health ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Wastewater Reclamation ◽  
Mineralized Water ◽  
Treated Wastewater Reuse ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization

The purpose of this paper is to establish the feasibility of recovering discarded reverse osmosis (RO) membranes in order to reduce the salinity of domestic treated wastewater. This study shows that the reuse of RO membranes is of particular interest for arid countries having naturally high mineralized water such as Djibouti. The pilot desalination unit reduces the electrical conductivity, the turbidity and the total dissolved salt respectively at 75–85, 96.7 and 95.4%. The water produced with this desalination unit contains an average of 254 cfu/100 mL total coliforms and 87 cfu/100 mL fecal coliforms. This effluent meets the World Health Organization standards for treated wastewater reuse for agricultural purposes. The annual cost of the desalination unit was evaluated as US $/m3 0.82, indicating the relatively high cost of this process. Nevertheless, such processes are required to produce an effluent, with a high reuse potential.

scholarly journals Pharmacological Properties and Health Benefits of Eugenol: A Comprehensive Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Muhammad Farrukh Nisar ◽  
Mahnoor Khadim ◽  
Muhammad Rafiq ◽  
Jinyin Chen ◽  
Yali Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Health Benefits ◽  
Antimicrobial Properties ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
World Health ◽  
Potential Health ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Health Organization

The biologically active phytochemicals are sourced from edible and medicinally important plants and are important molecules being used for the formulation of thousands of drugs. These phytochemicals have great benefits against many ailments particularly the inflammatory diseases or oxidative stress-mediated chronic diseases. Eugenol (EUG) is a versatile naturally occurring molecule as phenolic monoterpenoid and frequently found in essential oils in a wide range of plant species. EUG bears huge industrial applications particularly in pharmaceutics, dentistry, flavoring of foods, agriculture, and cosmeceutics. It is being focused recently due to its great potential in preventing several chronic conditions. The World Health Organization (WHO) has declared EUG as a nonmutant and generally recognized as safe (GRAS) molecule. The available literature about pharmacological activities of EUG shows remarkable anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, analgesic, and antimicrobial properties and has a significant effect on human health. The current manuscript summarizes the pharmacological characteristics of EUG and its potential health benefits.

Survival of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium bovis in human urine

2011 ◽  
Vol 63 (6) ◽  
pp. 1075-1080 ◽  
Author(s):  
Björn Vinnerås ◽  
Göran Bölske ◽  
Helene Wahlström ◽  
Ann Albihn
Keyword(s):  
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis ◽  
World Health Organization ◽  
Respiratory Infection ◽  
Mycobacterium Bovis ◽  
Human Urine ◽  
Storage Time ◽  
Storage Period ◽  
World Health ◽  
Urine Diversion ◽  
Health Organization

Tuberculosis is a zoonotic disease that mainly causes respiratory infection. However, it can also infect other organs such as the kidneys and bladder, which can lead to high counts of the organisms in the urine. Introducing urine diversion systems and reuse of the urine in agriculture may introduce new transmission routes for infection, increasing the risk of spread. This study evaluated the inactivation rate of mycobacteria in human urine for ensuring safe reuse in agriculture and examined whether current World Health Organization recommendations on storage time are sufficient for inactivating Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium bovis. In this study, a decimal reduction in M. tuberculosis and M. bovis in human urine containing 7 and 3 g NH3-N L−1, respectively, was obtained in just over 10 days at 4°C and below three days at 22°C. This is considerably faster than previously reported reduction rates of mycobacteria in animal slurry at similar temperatures. Based on the present results, a storage time of five weeks at temperatures below 20°C or of two weeks at temperatures above 20°C is sufficient to prevent transmission of mycobacteria when recycling human urine. These values lie within the WHO recommended storage period.

scholarly journals The level of risk, effects response to potential health emergencies, prevention and control method of COVID-19: A systematic review

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-20
Author(s):  
Addis Adera Gebru ◽  
Tadesse Birhanu ◽  
Eshetu Wendimu ◽  
Agumas Fentahun Ayalew ◽  
Selamawit Mulat ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prevention And Control ◽  
World Health ◽  
Potential Health ◽  
Risk Effects ◽  
Online Databases ◽  
The World ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
And Control ◽  
Level Of Risk

BACKGROUND: The novel Coronavirus Disease 2019 is the major public health burden in the world. The disease and death of the global community from corona virus disaes 19 rapidly increasing from time to time worldwide. However, there was a lack of well-organized information about the level of risk, effects, prevention and control methods of the disease. Therefore the aim of this study was to identify and review a published level of risk, effects response to potential health emergencies, prevention, and control methods of Coronavirus Disease 2019 at the global level. METHODS: A systematic review was performed after literatures were identified by searching the following online databases: medRxiv, Google scholar, PubMed, MEDLINE, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library with supplementary hand searching of conferences. The online databases contain archives of most English biomedical journals. Scientific papers published online by the Center for Disease Control and the World Health Organization were also included for this analysis. The scientific publications from 1 December, 2019 to 13 April 2020. were included. The ‘COVID-19’, ‘2019 novel coronavirus’, ‘2019-nCoV’, ‘novel coronavirus’, and ‘Pneumonia’ key search terms were used in this review. RESULTS: Twenty published articles with reputable journals met the inclusion criteria, representing 20 articles analyses. From these, 11 (55%) in China and 3 (15%) in United State of America. All the 20 were statistical analyses of individual patient data, while 33 used decision-analytic modeling. The overall structures were most commonly described as being Markov (n= 27) but, the methods were heterogeneous. The World Health Organization was reported that most frequently world communities including health care providers were ‘alive’ or ‘dead’, with COVID-19 related outcomes such as hospitalization and other enclosed

scholarly journals Debunking the Fabricated Myths Around 5G

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Usman Hadi ◽  
Mareya Khurshid Ali
Keyword(s):  
Radio Frequency ◽  
World Health Organization ◽  
Health Risks ◽  
Scientific Work ◽  
Health Hazards ◽  
World Health ◽  
Potential Health ◽  
Future Direction ◽  
Health Organization

Recently there is a growing concern regarding potential health hazards linked with 5G deployment and radio frequency emitted by these stations. It becomes fundamentally important to scientifically address these concerns. In this paper, the health risks incorporated with 5G are discussed critically in the light of scientific work and debunk these tittle-tattles where required. We confute scientifically the “5G appeal”, discuss effects of 5G on health, its implications on privacy, pandemics, ecosystem and role of world health organization in fighting these narratives. Finally, we provide future direction to negate these false claims linked with 5G.

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