scholarly journals Nutrient removal from septic effluents as affected by soil thickness and texture

2006 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 177-195 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. D. Karathanasis ◽  
T. G. Mueller ◽  
B. Boone ◽  
Y. L. Thompson
Keyword(s):  
Soil Depth ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Domestic Wastewater ◽  
Health Department ◽  
Separation Distance ◽  
Treatment Efficiency ◽  
Undisturbed Soil ◽  
Soil Thickness ◽  
Total N ◽  
Total P

This study evaluated the effectiveness of soils with different textures and thickness to treat BOD, N and P eluted from household septic effluent. The assessments were accomplished by leaching undisturbed soil monoliths of 30, 45 and 60 cm thickness and 25 cm in diameter, representing the four different textural groups and hydraulic loadings recommended by the Kentucky Health Department, with domestic wastewater effluent collected regularly from a household septic system. Effluent concentrations were monitored daily over a 15 d period for biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), total-N, NH4–N, NO3–N and total-P concentrations. The results of the study indicate an alarming frequency of failure to comply with EPA criteria for BOD, total-N and NH4–N concentrations when using a 30 cm vertical separation distance between the bottom of the drain field and a limiting soil interface. The treatment performance was particularly poor in coarse-textured soils, apparently due to insufficient reactive surface area. Although biomat development over time is expected to improve the treatment for some of these parameters, the high influent levels of BOD pose great concerns for surface and groundwater contamination during the early stages of operation. Fine-textured soils generally provided better treatment efficiency and more consistent compliance with EPA standards for BOD, total-N, NH4–N and total-P, as well as greater nitrification/denitrification potential. Treatment efficiency and compliance usually improved with increasing soil depth, with the 60 cm thickness providing the most consistent performance and compliance with MDL requirements. Considering that increasing soil thickness requirements may be impractical in many marginal soils, complementary or alternative treatment technologies should be adopted to improve treatment efficiency and prevent further deterioration of the quality of water resources.

scholarly journals Effect of soil depth and texture on fecal bacteria removal from septic effluents

2006 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 395-404 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. D. Karathanasis ◽  
T. G. Mueller ◽  
B. Boone ◽  
Y. L. Thompson
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Domestic Wastewater ◽  
Health Department ◽  
Separation Distance ◽  
Fecal Bacteria ◽  
Vertical Separation ◽  
Treatment Efficiency ◽  
Undisturbed Soil ◽  
Improve Treatment

This study evaluated the effectiveness of soils with different texture and depth to treat fecal bacteria eluted from a house-hold septic effluent. The assessments were accomplished by leaching undisturbed soil monoliths of 30, 45, and 60 cm thickness and 25 cm in diameter, representing the four different textural groups and hydraulic loadings recommended by the Kentucky Health Department, with domestic wastewater effluent collected regularly from a house-hold septic system. Eluent concentrations were monitored daily over a 15 day period for fecal coliform and fecal streptococci concentrations. The results of the study indicate an alarming frequency of failure to comply with United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) criteria for depth to groundwater, when using a 30 cm vertical separation distance between the bottom of the drain-field and a limiting soil interface. The treatment performance was especially poor in coarse-textured soils. Although biomat development over time is expected to improve treatment, the high influent levels of fecal bacteria pose great concerns for surface and groundwater contamination. Fine-textured soils generally provided better treatment efficiency and more consistent compliance with EPA standards. Treatment efficiency and compliance usually improved with increasing soil depth, with the 60 cm thickness providing the most consistent performance and compliance with maximum discharge limit (MDL) requirements. The findings of this study document a general inadequacy of the 30 cm vertical separation distance to provide effective treatment of septic effluents in Kentucky soils, particularly in coarse-textured soils. Considering that increasing the soil depth thickness may be impractical in many marginal soils, complementary or alternative treatment technologies should be adopted to improve treatment efficiency and prevent further deterioration of the quality of water resources.

Efficiency of removal of nitrogen, phosphorus, and zinc from domestic wastewater by a constructed wetland system in rural areas: a case study

2008 ◽  
Vol 58 (12) ◽  
pp. 2427-2433 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kaoru Abe ◽  
Michio Komada ◽  
Akihito Ookuma
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Constructed Wetland ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Removal Rate ◽  
Domestic Wastewater ◽  
Removal Rates ◽  
Total N ◽  
Household Wastewater ◽  
Percentage Removal ◽  
Total P

The effluent from the combined household wastewater treatment facilities used in unsewered areas of Japan is generally high in nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P). In Japan, environmental quality standards for zinc (Zn) pollution were enacted recently because of the toxicity of Zn to aquatic ecosystems. In 2004 a fallow paddy field at the Koibuchi College of Agriculture and Nutrition was converted into a surface-water-flow constructed wetland (500 m2) to clean the effluent from the combined household wastewater treatment facility of a dormitory (100 residents) before discharge to a pond. We evaluated N and P removal efficiencies and the fate of soluble Zn in the wetland from April 2006 to March 2007. Wetland influent contained an average of 18.3 mg L−1 total N and 1.86 mg L−1 total P. In the effluent from the wetland, average total N concentration was 10.3 mg L−1 and average total P was 0.90 mg L−1. Average removal rates were 0.37 g m−2 d−1 for total N and 0.050 g m−2 d−1 for total P (percentage removal rates of 40% and 48%, respectively). Soluble Zn concentration decreased from 0.041 in the influent to 0.023 mg L−1 after passing through the wetland. The average Zn removal rate during the year was 0.0007 g m−2 d−1 (percentage removal rate 37%).

Performance of slow rate systems for treatment of domestic wastewater

2007 ◽  
Vol 55 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 139-147 ◽  
Author(s):  
V.E. Tzanakakis ◽  
N.V. Paranychianakis ◽  
A.N. Angelakis
Keyword(s):  
Soil Solution ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Slow Rate ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Domestic Wastewater ◽  
Septic Tank ◽  
Treatment Efficiency ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
N Removal ◽  
Acacia Cyanophylla

The performance of slow rate (SR) systems in terms of treatment efficiency, environmental and health risks, and land sustainability was investigated over a three-year period in a rural community close to Iraklio, Greece. Four plant species (Acacia cyanophylla, Eucalyptus camandulensis, Populus nigra and Arundo donax) were used in order to investigate the role of vegetation in the treatment of wastewater and in biomass production. Wastewater effluent was pre-treated in a septic tank before its application to land. Applied hydraulic loading rates were based on crop water requirements which were determined separately for each plant species. The evaluation of treatment performance was accomplished by measuring COD, TKN, NH3-N, NO3-N, total and reactive P, TC and FC in soil solution samples taken at different depths (15, 30 and 60 cm). SR systems showed great potential for COD, TKN and NH4-N removal which reached 89, 90 and 94%, respectively at a depth of 15 cm. An outstanding removal was also observed for TC and FC which reached 99.99%. The concentration of both P and NO3-N in soil solution increased with the passage of time, but it was lower in winter. Despite the differences in the application rates among the SR systems planted with different plant species, the treatment efficiency was not affected. Moreover, increasing the soil depth from 15 to 60 cm had no effect on the treatment efficiency of the SR systems.

scholarly journals Assessing the wastewater generation in the south of Binh Duong province

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 176-183
Author(s):  
Tuan Ngoc Le ◽  
Thuy Thi Tran ◽  
Quan Manh Tao
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Water Quality Management ◽  
Domestic Wastewater ◽  
Current Status ◽  
The South ◽  
Total N ◽  
Domestic Industry ◽  
Pollutant Load ◽  
Total P ◽  
Wastewater Generation

This study aimed to evaluate the wastewater generation in the south of Binh Duong province (including Di An, Thuan An, Tan Uyen, Ben Cat districts and Thu Dau Mot city) where is many development activities were undertaken as well as the risk of water pollution. By survey, data collection, and GIS, main pollutant loads (BOD, COD, SS, total N and total P) generated from main waste sources (domestic, industry, and livestock) were estimated and forecasted until 2030. The results showed that the amount of pollutant load in 2016 was about 105,273.6 ton/year, most of which came from domestic wastewater (about 60%). Di An and Thuan An districts generated the highest pollutant load in the study area, corresponding to 5.4 ton/ha.year and 2.8 ton/ ha.year. COD and BOD occupied a high proportion of pollutant parameters, which were 0.5 ton/ha.year and 0.26 ton/ha.year, respectively. To estimate the pollutant load in the future, two wastewater treatment scenarios were taken into the consideration: as similar as the current status (KB H) and according to A standard (KB A). By 2025, the total pollutant load would increase 2.1 times for KB H and 1.2 times for KB A. The corresponding figures for 2030 would be 3.1 and 2.0 times, respectively, indicating many pressures on the water quality. Accordingly, it is necessary to continue studying and evaluating the capacity of water sources for receiving wastewater, to the create basis for water quality management in particular and environmental management in general.

scholarly journals Potassium Ferrate (VI) as the Multifunctional Agent in the Treatment of Landfill Leachate

Materials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (21) ◽  
pp. 5017
Author(s):  
Maciej Thomas ◽  
Violetta Kozik ◽  
Krzysztof Barbusiński ◽  
Aleksander Sochanik ◽  
Josef Jampilek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Landfill Leachate ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Potassium Ferrate ◽  
Leachate Treatment ◽  
Total N ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
Colony Forming Unit ◽  
Central Composite ◽  
Total P

Possible use of potassium ferrate (VI) (K2FeO4) for the treatment of landfill leachate (pH = 8.9, Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) 770 mg O2/L, Total Organic Carbon (TOC) 230 mg/L, Total Nitrogen (Total N) 120 mg/L, Total Phosphorus (Total P) 12 mg/L, Total Coli Count (TCC) 6.8 log CFU/mL (Colony-Forming Unit/mL), Most Probable Number (MPN) of fecal enterococci 4.0 log/100 mL, Total Proteolytic Count (TPC) 4.4 log CFU/mL) to remove COD was investigated. Central Composite Design (CCD) and Response Surface Methodology (RSM) were applied for modelling and optimizing the purification process. Conformity of experimental and predicted data (R2 = 0.8477, Radj2 = 0.7462) were verified using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). Application of K2FeO4 using CCD/RSM allowed to decrease COD, TOC, Total N, Total P, TCC, MPN of fecal enterococci and TPC by 76.2%, 82.6%, 68.3%, 91.6%, 99.0%, 95.8% and 99.3%, respectively, by using K2FeO4 0.390 g/L, at pH = 2.3 within 25 min. Application of equivalent amount of iron (as FeSO4 × 7H2O and FeCl3 × 6H2O) under the same conditions allowed to diminish COD, TOC, Total N, Total P, TCC, MPN of fecal enterococci and TPC only by 38.1%, 37.0%, 20.8%, 95.8%, 94.4%, 58.2%, 90.8% and 41.6%, 45.7%, 29.2%, 95.8%, 92.1%, 58.2%, 90.0%, respectively. Thus, K2FeO4 could be applied as an environmentally friendly reagent for landfill leachate treatment.

Condition assessment survey of onsite sewage disposal systems (OSDSs) in Hawaii

2014 ◽  
Vol 70 (6) ◽  
pp. 1083-1089 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger W. Babcock ◽  
Krishna M. Lamichhane ◽  
Michael J. Cummings ◽  
Gloria H. Cheong
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Management Program ◽  
The State ◽  
Sewage Disposal ◽  
Total N ◽  
Capture Zones ◽  
Water Wells ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Potential Failure ◽  
Total P

Onsite sewage disposal systems (OSDSs) are the third leading cause of groundwater contamination in the USA. The existing condition of OSDSs in the State of Hawaii was investigated to determine whether a mandatory management program should be implemented. Based on observed conditions, OSDSs were differentiated into four categories: ‘pass’, ‘sludge scum’, ‘potential failure’ and ‘fail’. Of all OSDSs inspected, approximately 68% appear to be in good working condition while the remaining 32% are failing or are in danger of failing. Homeowner interviews found that 80% of OSDSs were not being serviced in any way. About 70% of effluent samples had values of total-N and total-P greater than typical values and 40% had total suspended solids (TSS) and 5-day biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5) greater than typical values. The performance of aerobic treatment units (ATUs) was no better than septic tanks and cesspools indicating that the State's approach of requiring but not enforcing maintenance contracts for ATUs is not working. In addition, effluent samples from OSDSs located in drinking water wells estimated 2-year capture zones had higher average concentrations of TSS, BOD5, and total-P than units outside of these zones, indicating the potential for contamination. These findings suggest the need to introduce a proactive, life-cycle OSDS management program in the State of Hawaii.

scholarly journals Adaption of Different Operation Strategies for a Sequencing Batch Reactor Plant Working at Seasonal Load Variations

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 12-16
Author(s):  
Alexandra Bercoff ◽  
Stig Morling
Keyword(s):  
Removal Efficiency ◽  
Suspended Solids ◽  
Sequencing Batch Reactor ◽  
Batch Reactor ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Total N ◽  
Load Variations ◽  
Treatment Stage ◽  
Total P

A small SBR-plant (Sequencing Batch Reactor) operating at substantial load variations has been examined with respect to performance at changing load conditions. The plant serves a ski resort area about 200 km north of Stockholm. The plant has a capacity equivalent to 700 pe and a daily flow of 100 m3/d. The results have been examined closely both by a one year follow-up study of the plant performance and also by a Master Thesis. The analysis of the performance study demonstrates how flexible an intermittently operated biological reactor is in treating varying loads, but also indicates possible operational strategies. It is important to keep in mind that the inlet concentrations of the main pollutants far exceed the “normal” values in untreated municipal wastewater. This circumstance is mainly attributed to a new and concentrated sewer system. Thus the amounts of diluting water are very limited.The treatment chain is built up by a pre-treatment stage, a biological and chemical treatment stage in an SBR-reactor and a final polishing stage where the water passes a fine grade screening filter.The requirements set for effluent water by the Environmental Protection Division on the Environmental Testing Advisory Board at the Swedish Environmental Agency are:• BOD7 < 10 ppm;• Total P < 0.3 ppm;No formal requirements have been addressed for COD, suspended solids (SS) or nitrogen. However, these pollution indicators have also been examined during the follow-up session. Typical performance results during the intense period (ski season) were as follows: • BOD7 < 3 ppm, equivalent to a removal efficiency of around 99%;•COD < 40 ppm, equivalent to a removal efficiency of around 96 %;• SS < 5 ppm, equivalent to a removal efficiency of around 99 %;• Total P < 0.3 ppm, equivalent to a removal efficiency of around 98 %; and• Total N < 40 ppm, equivalent to a removal efficiency of around 77 %.Abbreviations: BOD7 means Biochemical Oxygen Demand measured during 7 days; COD means Chemical Oxygen Demand; SS means Suspended Solids, as captured on a filter with 0,45mm; SRT means Solids Residence Time.

LAND USE TYPES AND SOIL CHARACTERISTICTS: A CASE STUDY IN HUONG VINH COMMUNE, HUONG TRA TOWN, THUA THIEN HUE PROVINCE

2017 ◽  
Vol 126 (4B) ◽  
Author(s):  
Trần Thanh Đức
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Sweet Potato ◽  
Soil Analysis ◽  
Soil Characteristics ◽  
Low Ph ◽  
Clay Loam ◽  
Total N ◽  
Land Use Types ◽  
Total P

This research carried out in Huong Vinh commune, Huong Tra town, Thua Thien Hue province aimed to identify types of land use and soil characteristics. Results showed that five crops are found in Huong Vinh commune including rice, peanut, sweet potato, cassava and vegetable. There are two major soil orders with four soil suborders classified by FAO in Huong Vinh commune including Fluvisols (Dystric Fluvisols<em>, </em>Gleyic Fluvisols and Cambic Fluvisols) and Arenosols (Haplic Arenosols). The results from soil analysis showed that three soil suborders including Dystric Fluvisols<em>, </em>Gleyic Fluvisols and Cambic Fluvisols belonging to Fluvisols were clay loam in texture, low pH, low in OC, total N, total P<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub> and total K<sub>2</sub>O. Meanwhile, the Haplic Arenosols was loamy sand in texture, poor capacity to hold OC, total N, total P<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub> and total K<sub>2</sub>O

scholarly journals Anaerobic hydrolysis of complex substrates in full-scale aerobic granular sludge: enzymatic activity determined in different sludge fractions

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara Toja Ortega ◽  
Mario Pronk ◽  
Merle K. de Kreuk
Keyword(s):  
Hydrolytic Enzymes ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Domestic Wastewater ◽  
Granular Sludge ◽  
Hydrolytic Activity ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Aerobic Granular Sludge ◽  
Bulk Liquid ◽  
Granule Formation ◽  
Hydrolysis Of

Abstract Complex substrates, like proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids, are major components of domestic wastewater, and yet their degradation in biofilm-based wastewater treatment technologies, such as aerobic granular sludge (AGS), is not well understood. Hydrolysis is considered the rate-limiting step in the bioconversion of complex substrates, and as such, it will impact the utilization of a large wastewater COD (chemical oxygen demand) fraction by the biofilms or granules. To study the hydrolysis of complex substrates within these types of biomass, this paper investigates the anaerobic activity of major hydrolytic enzymes in the different sludge fractions of a full-scale AGS reactor. Chromogenic substrates were used under fully mixed anaerobic conditions to determine lipase, protease, α-glucosidase, and β-glucosidase activities in large granules (>1 mm in diameter), small granules (0.2–1 mm), flocculent sludge (0.045–0.2 mm), and bulk liquid. Furthermore, composition and hydrolytic activity of influent wastewater samples were determined. Our results showed an overcapacity of the sludge to hydrolyze wastewater soluble and colloidal polymeric substrates. The highest specific hydrolytic activity was associated with the flocculent sludge fraction (1.5–7.5 times that of large and smaller granules), in agreement with its large available surface area. However, the biomass in the full-scale reactor consisted of 84% large granules, making the large granules account for 55–68% of the total hydrolytic activity potential in the reactor. These observations shine a new light on the contribution of large granules to the conversion of polymeric COD and suggest that large granules can hydrolyze a significant amount of this influent fraction. The anaerobic removal of polymeric soluble and colloidal substrates could clarify the stable granule formation that is observed in full-scale installations, even when those are fed with complex wastewaters. Key points • Large and small granules contain >70% of the hydrolysis potential in an AGS reactor. • Flocculent sludge has high hydrolytic activity but constitutes <10% VS in AGS. • AGS has an overcapacity to hydrolyze complex substrates in domestic wastewater. Graphical abstract

scholarly journals A Preliminary Study on the Use of Xylit as Filter Material for Domestic Wastewater Treatment

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 5281
Author(s):  
Marcin Spychała ◽  
Tadeusz Nawrot ◽  
Radosław Matz
Keyword(s):  
Quality Indicators ◽  
Initial Period ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Domestic Wastewater ◽  
Filter Material ◽  
Stage I ◽  
Stage Ii ◽  
Septic Tank ◽  
Preliminary Stage ◽  
Wastewater Quality

The aim of the study was to verify two morphological forms (“angel hair” and “scraps”) of xylit as a trickling filter material. The study was carried out on two types of polluted media: septic tank effluent (STE) and seminatural greywater (GW). The basic wastewater quality indicators, namely, chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), total suspended solids (TSS), ammonium nitrogen (NNH4), and total phosphorus (Ptot) were used as the indicators of treatment efficiency. Filtering columns filled with the investigated material acted as conventional trickling filters at a hydraulic load of 376–472 cm3/d during the preliminary stage, 198–245 cm3/d during stage I, and 184–223 cm3/d during stage II. The removal efficiency of the two morphological forms of xylit did not differ significantly. The average efficiencies of treatment were as follows: for COD, over 70, 80, and 85% for preliminary stage, stage I and stage II, respectively; for BOD5, 77–79% (preliminary stage); for TSS, 42% and 70% during the preliminary stage, and 88, 91, and 65% during stage I; for NNH4, 97–99% for stage I and 36–49% for stage II; for Ptot, 51–54% for stage I and 52–56% for stage II. The study demonstrated that xylit was a material highly effective in wastewater quality indicators removal, even during the initial period of its use.

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