scholarly journals Effect of soil depth and texture on fecal bacteria removal from septic effluents

2006 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 395-404 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. D. Karathanasis ◽  
T. G. Mueller ◽  
B. Boone ◽  
Y. L. Thompson
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Domestic Wastewater ◽  
Health Department ◽  
Separation Distance ◽  
Fecal Bacteria ◽  
Vertical Separation ◽  
Treatment Efficiency ◽  
Undisturbed Soil ◽  
Improve Treatment

This study evaluated the effectiveness of soils with different texture and depth to treat fecal bacteria eluted from a house-hold septic effluent. The assessments were accomplished by leaching undisturbed soil monoliths of 30, 45, and 60 cm thickness and 25 cm in diameter, representing the four different textural groups and hydraulic loadings recommended by the Kentucky Health Department, with domestic wastewater effluent collected regularly from a house-hold septic system. Eluent concentrations were monitored daily over a 15 day period for fecal coliform and fecal streptococci concentrations. The results of the study indicate an alarming frequency of failure to comply with United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) criteria for depth to groundwater, when using a 30 cm vertical separation distance between the bottom of the drain-field and a limiting soil interface. The treatment performance was especially poor in coarse-textured soils. Although biomat development over time is expected to improve treatment, the high influent levels of fecal bacteria pose great concerns for surface and groundwater contamination. Fine-textured soils generally provided better treatment efficiency and more consistent compliance with EPA standards. Treatment efficiency and compliance usually improved with increasing soil depth, with the 60 cm thickness providing the most consistent performance and compliance with maximum discharge limit (MDL) requirements. The findings of this study document a general inadequacy of the 30 cm vertical separation distance to provide effective treatment of septic effluents in Kentucky soils, particularly in coarse-textured soils. Considering that increasing the soil depth thickness may be impractical in many marginal soils, complementary or alternative treatment technologies should be adopted to improve treatment efficiency and prevent further deterioration of the quality of water resources.

scholarly journals Nutrient removal from septic effluents as affected by soil thickness and texture

2006 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 177-195 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. D. Karathanasis ◽  
T. G. Mueller ◽  
B. Boone ◽  
Y. L. Thompson
Keyword(s):  
Soil Depth ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Domestic Wastewater ◽  
Health Department ◽  
Separation Distance ◽  
Treatment Efficiency ◽  
Undisturbed Soil ◽  
Soil Thickness ◽  
Total N ◽  
Total P

This study evaluated the effectiveness of soils with different textures and thickness to treat BOD, N and P eluted from household septic effluent. The assessments were accomplished by leaching undisturbed soil monoliths of 30, 45 and 60 cm thickness and 25 cm in diameter, representing the four different textural groups and hydraulic loadings recommended by the Kentucky Health Department, with domestic wastewater effluent collected regularly from a household septic system. Effluent concentrations were monitored daily over a 15 d period for biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), total-N, NH4–N, NO3–N and total-P concentrations. The results of the study indicate an alarming frequency of failure to comply with EPA criteria for BOD, total-N and NH4–N concentrations when using a 30 cm vertical separation distance between the bottom of the drain field and a limiting soil interface. The treatment performance was particularly poor in coarse-textured soils, apparently due to insufficient reactive surface area. Although biomat development over time is expected to improve the treatment for some of these parameters, the high influent levels of BOD pose great concerns for surface and groundwater contamination during the early stages of operation. Fine-textured soils generally provided better treatment efficiency and more consistent compliance with EPA standards for BOD, total-N, NH4–N and total-P, as well as greater nitrification/denitrification potential. Treatment efficiency and compliance usually improved with increasing soil depth, with the 60 cm thickness providing the most consistent performance and compliance with MDL requirements. Considering that increasing soil thickness requirements may be impractical in many marginal soils, complementary or alternative treatment technologies should be adopted to improve treatment efficiency and prevent further deterioration of the quality of water resources.

Performance of slow rate systems for treatment of domestic wastewater

2007 ◽  
Vol 55 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 139-147 ◽  
Author(s):  
V.E. Tzanakakis ◽  
N.V. Paranychianakis ◽  
A.N. Angelakis
Keyword(s):  
Soil Solution ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Slow Rate ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Domestic Wastewater ◽  
Septic Tank ◽  
Treatment Efficiency ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
N Removal ◽  
Acacia Cyanophylla

The performance of slow rate (SR) systems in terms of treatment efficiency, environmental and health risks, and land sustainability was investigated over a three-year period in a rural community close to Iraklio, Greece. Four plant species (Acacia cyanophylla, Eucalyptus camandulensis, Populus nigra and Arundo donax) were used in order to investigate the role of vegetation in the treatment of wastewater and in biomass production. Wastewater effluent was pre-treated in a septic tank before its application to land. Applied hydraulic loading rates were based on crop water requirements which were determined separately for each plant species. The evaluation of treatment performance was accomplished by measuring COD, TKN, NH3-N, NO3-N, total and reactive P, TC and FC in soil solution samples taken at different depths (15, 30 and 60 cm). SR systems showed great potential for COD, TKN and NH4-N removal which reached 89, 90 and 94%, respectively at a depth of 15 cm. An outstanding removal was also observed for TC and FC which reached 99.99%. The concentration of both P and NO3-N in soil solution increased with the passage of time, but it was lower in winter. Despite the differences in the application rates among the SR systems planted with different plant species, the treatment efficiency was not affected. Moreover, increasing the soil depth from 15 to 60 cm had no effect on the treatment efficiency of the SR systems.

Removal Efficiency of Three Cold-Climate Constructed Wetlands Treating Domestic Wastewater: Effects of Temperature, Seasons, Loading Rates and Input Concentrations

1999 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 273-281 ◽  
Author(s):  
Trond Mæhlum ◽  
Per Stålnacke
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Constructed Wetlands ◽  
Domestic Wastewater ◽  
Cold Climate ◽  
Treatment Efficiency ◽  
Loading Rates ◽  
P Sorption ◽  
Percentage Points ◽  
Effects Of Temperature ◽  
Pre Treatment

This paper outlines the influence of temperature, flow rate and input concentrations on the treatment efficiency of organic matter and nutrients in constructed wetlands (CWs). Three integrated 10 PE systems with horizontal subsurface flow (HSF) treating domestic wastewater are described. Particular attention is devoted to: (1) aerobic pre-treatment in vertical-flow filters, (2) filter media with high phosphorus (P) sorption capacity, and (3) the treatment efficiency during winters. Aerobic pre-treatment followed by CW units including P sorption media removed most organic matter (BOD> 75%), P (> 90%) and total and ammonia N (40-80%). P retention was relatively stable in wetland filters, both with lightweight aggregates and ferruginous sand during 3-6 years of monitoring. Iron-rich sand from Bsh and Bs horizons of ferro-humic podzols was efficient for P sorption, but removal efficiencies of COD, TOC and SS were negative. The differences in efficiency between cold and warm periods were less than 10 percentage points for all parameters. It is anticipated that temperature effects are partially compensated by the large hydraulic retention time. The findings suggest that HSF systems do not require vegetation.

scholarly journals DEGRADASI LAHAN PADA KEBUN CAMPURAN DAN TEGALAN DI KABUPATEN DHARMASRAYA

Jurnal Solum ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 5
Author(s):  
Syafrimen Yasin ◽  
Gusnidar Gusnidar ◽  
Dedy Iskandar
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Imperata Cylindrica ◽  
Undisturbed Soil ◽  
Fertility Status ◽  
Land Use Types ◽  
Bulk Volume ◽  
Soil Fertility Status

A research conducted in Sungai Rumbai, Dharmasraya Regency and in Soil Laboratory Andalas university was aimed to evaluate soil fertility status on the depth below 0-20 cm from several land use types , especially under Mixed Garden and annual cultivated dryland soil.  Soil samples were taken on Ultisol at 0-8% slope (late-waving soil surface).  Land use types evaluated were forest, annual cultivated dryland, bush land, rangeland covered by Imperata cylindrica and mixed garden.  Composite soil samples for soil chemical analysis were taken on the 0-20 cm soil depth with four replications, and 5 drillings for each replication.  Undisturbed soil samples by using sample ring were used to analyze sol bulk volume.  The data resulted were compared to the criteria and were statistically tested using Analysis of Variance and then were continued by LSD at 5% level.  From the results of analyses could be concluded that land use  for mixed garden had the higher Organic Carbon (OC) content and the lower bulk volume (BV) than those for annual cultivated dryland soil.Key Words: Degradasi Lahan, Kebun Campuran, Tegalan

scholarly journals Performance and Energy Consumption Evaluation of Rotating Biological Contactor for Domestic Wastewater Treatment

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 101-112
Author(s):  
Sharjeel Waqas ◽  
Muhammad Roil Bilad ◽  
Zakaria B Man
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Nitrogen Removal ◽  
Operating Cost ◽  
Domestic Wastewater ◽  
Nitrifying Bacteria ◽  
Organic Loading Rate ◽  
Treatment Efficiency ◽  
Domestic Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Rotating Biological Contactors ◽  
Biological Performance

Biological processes are extensively used for wastewater treatment because of low organic footprint, economically feasible, and high treatment efficiency. Rotating biological contactors (RBC), an attached growth biological process offers advantage of low operating cost, simple configuration and structure, reduced bionomical footprint and thus has been extensively employed for organics and nitrogen removal. In this study, RBC was used for the treatment of synthetic domestic wastewater operating at high hydraulic and organic loading rate to demonstrate the biological performance. The results showed that the RBC achieved a treatment efficiency for COD, ammonium, TN and turbidity of 70.2%, 95.2%, 70%, and 78.9 %, respectively. The efficient nitrogen removal and increased nitrate concentration signify the presence of nitrifying bacteria which actively degrade the nitrogen compounds through the nitrification process. Thus, this system is a sound alternative for both domestic and industrial wastewater treatment for decentralized applications.

Temporal Variability in the Vertical Separation Distance of Septic System Drainfields Along the Southern Rhode Island Coast

2020 ◽  
Vol 231 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alissa H. Cox ◽  
Deborah Surabian ◽  
George W. Loomis ◽  
Jim D. Turenne ◽  
Jose A. Amador
Keyword(s):  
Rhode Island ◽  
Temporal Variability ◽  
Separation Distance ◽  
Vertical Separation ◽  
Septic System ◽  
Island Coast

scholarly journals Chemical and physical properties of an anthropogenic dark earth soil from Bragança, Para, Eastern Amazon

2016 ◽  
Vol 46 (4) ◽  
pp. 337-344 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luma Castro de SOUZA ◽  
Herdjania Veras de LIMA ◽  
Sueli RODRIGUES ◽  
Dirse Clara KERN ◽  
Álvaro Pires da SILVA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Water Retention ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Water Retention Curve ◽  
Water Retention Capacity ◽  
Organic Carbon Content ◽  
Undisturbed Soil ◽  
Adjacent Soil

ABSTRACT Although anthropogenic dark earth (ADE) is generally found in non-floodable land, it also occurs on floodplains but, there is no information about the chemical and physical characteristics of ADE in this environment. In this study, we propose to check the hypothesis that a Gleysol, classified as ADE, presents improved chemical and physical conditions than an adjacent soil, no anthropogenic. Thus, the objective of this study was to characterize the chemical and physical properties of the top layer of two ADE profiles in a Gleysol and compare them with an adjacent soil. Samples were taken from two areas classified as ADE in Bragança, Pará State, Brazil, at the "Jabuti" archaeological site, and from an adjacent non-anthropogenic site. Disturbed and undisturbed soil samples were collected at the soil depth of 0.05-0.10 m for chemical (pH, potential acidity, exchangeable cations, and soil organic carbon) and physical (soil particle size distribution, particles density, water retention curve, total porosity, microporosity, macroporosity, and bulk density) analysis. The two areas of ADE in a Gleysol, showed improved soil chemical properties compared to the adjacent soil, particularly in relation to phosphorus and calcium levels that contributed to higher cation exchange capacity which, in turn, was positively related to organic carbon content. Changes in soil physical properties were less noticeable but both areas of ADE presented higher water retention capacity, particularly at low tension. The improved conditions of the ADE soil under Gleysols shows that these areas are adequate for soil cultivation, especially with plants adapted to floodplain.

The Functional Relation between Alignment Accuracy and Vertical Separation of Alignment Marks

1970 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 599-604 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony S. Squillace ◽  
Ann R. Bien
Keyword(s):  
Significant Interaction ◽  
Functional Relation ◽  
Separation Distance ◽  
Alignment Error ◽  
Vertical Separation ◽  
Ambient Illumination ◽  
Third Order ◽  
Order Polynomial ◽  
Alignment Mark ◽  
Alignment Marks

The purpose of this study was to determine the functional relation between alignment error (horizontal offset of two alignment marks) and the vertical separation distance of the alignment marks when the alignment is attempted. This relation was studied with four types of alignment marks and two extreme levels of ambient illumination. The vertical separations ranged from 0.050 to 3.2 in. A significant interaction was found between vertical separation distance and alignment mark design: designs which provided vernier cues were found to be the most effective at greater vertical separation distances. The relation between alignment error and vertical separation can be described by a third-order polynomial.

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