Achieving International Standards in the Arctic, the need for modern interdisciplinary technical and management approaches.

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Gerald Aronson ◽  
Viktor Raykin
Keyword(s):  
International Standards ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Management Approaches

Design Under Arctic Conditions: A Summary of the Arctic Materials Project Guideline

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agnes Marie Horn ◽  
Erling Østby ◽  
Odd Akselsen ◽  
Mons Hauge
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effective ◽  
Offshore Structures ◽  
International Standards ◽  
Hydrocarbon Exploration ◽  
Thickness Effect ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Structural Elements ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
Arctic Materials ◽  
Offshore Industry

The main goal of the 10 years Arctic Materials KMB project run by SINTEF (2008–2017) and supported by the industry is to establish criteria and solutions for safe and cost-effective application of materials for hydrocarbon exploration and production in arctic regions. The objective of the arctic materials project guideline (PG) is to assist designers to ensure safe and robust, yet cost-effective, design of offshore structures and structural elements in arctic areas through adequate material testing and requirements to material toughness. It is well known that when the temperature decreases, steel becomes more brittle. To prevent brittle fracture in the Arctic, the structure needs adequate toughness for the loading seen at low temperatures. None of the common offshore design codes today consistently address low temperature applications. In this respect, arctic areas are defined as minimum design temperatures below what current international standards have considered per today, i.e. −10 °C to −14°C. For practical applications, the PG defines arctic areas as minimum design temperature lower than −10 °C. It is acknowledging that design standards to a certain degree are based on operational and qualitative experiences gained by the offshore industry since the 1970’s. However, for arctic offshore facilities, limited operational experiences are gained by the industry. The basis of the guideline is that safe and robust design of structures and structural elements are ensured by combining standard industry practice today with learnings and findings from the 10 years Arctic Materials project. This paper is concerned with the rationale behind the material and test requirements provided in the arctic material guideline. The material requirements will be discussed in detail with emphasis on toughness requirement, constraint effect, thickness effect, acceptance criteria and material qualification criteria.

scholarly journals Cybersecurity regulation: cybersecurity certification of operational technologies

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (2(57)) ◽  
pp. 54-60
Author(s):  
Olena Tsvilii
Keyword(s):  
Hierarchical Model ◽  
Best Practice ◽  
Mutual Recognition ◽  
International Standards ◽  
Conformity Assessment ◽  
Security Assessment ◽  
Main Hypothesis ◽  
Assessment Standards ◽  
Management Approaches ◽  
Security Guarantees

The object of research is the system and schemes of conformity assessment (certification) of cybersecurity of operational technologies (OT), as a set of rules and procedures that describe the objects of certification, determine the specified requirements and provide a methodology for certification. The terminological base and conceptual apparatus of the study of cybersecurity certification of operational technologies are based on the international standard ISO 17000:2020 Conformity assessment – Vocabulary and general principles. Cybersecurity certification systems and schemes are based on assessment standards, the choice and application of which is not unambiguous and historically has many interpretations and application mechanisms. These standards consist of tools, policies, security concepts, security assurances, guidelines, risk management approaches, best practices, safeguards, and technologies. But they have, to one degree or another, a significant drawback – the complexity of transforming the results of information security assessment according to these standards into security guarantees with any wide international recognition. In the context of globalization, this significantly degrades the cybersecurity quality. The main hypothesis of research is that the cybersecurity quality can be improved by converging towards a common methodology that is based on agreed international standards and international best practice for certification. The question of the key role of cybersecurity for operational technologies, which become the basis for Economy 4.0 and are now considered as a new frontier of cybersecurity, is considered. The need to create a system and schemes for certification of OT cybersecurity based on international and European certification principles is shown. A hierarchical model of cybersecurity certification system assessment standards and a hierarchical model of agreements on mutual recognition of cybersecurity certificates have been developed, which will allow a systematic approach to the creation of a system and schemes for OT cybersecurity certification. This provides an opportunity for developers of systems and certification schemes to form OT cybersecurity certification systems based on the principles of wide cross-border recognition of OT cybersecurity certificates.

scholarly journals Collection of VKM Paleofungi

Diversity ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 402
Author(s):  
Galina Kochkina ◽  
Nataliya Ivanushkina ◽  
Svetlana Ozerskaya
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperature ◽  
Volcanic Ash ◽  
International Standards ◽  
Information Support ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Adaptive Potential ◽  
Microbial Viability ◽  
Different Depths ◽  
Permafrost Sediments

A unique collection of paleofungi from permafrost sediments, cryopegs, paleoseeds, and frozen volcanic ash from the Arctic and Antarctic, collected at different depths, was created in All-Russian Collection of Microorganisms (VKM). Some samples are as old as 3 million years. The collection includes psychrotolerant fungi, which have wide adaptive potential and are able to thrive in low-temperature habitats, and fungi that remain viable due to the presence of natural cryoprotectors that ensure the survival of fungal cells during low-temperature preservation in permafrost sediments. The collection contains 780 strains from 79 genera and more than 160 species and is maintained in accordance with international standards of microbial viability preservation and information support.

scholarly journals Interaction of the business community with the state authorities as a factor in the development of the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation

2020 ◽  
Vol 84 ◽  
pp. 03002
Author(s):  
Sergey Bespalov ◽  
Alexander Vorotnikov
Keyword(s):  
Russian Federation ◽  
Environmental Safety ◽  
The State ◽  
International Standards ◽  
Business Community ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Arctic Zone ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Business Structures ◽  
Organization Of Production

The development of the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation, as well as the development of the Arctic regions of the Russian Federation and its industrial exploration, requires solving many complex problems, including the creation of new highly efficient technologies for resource extraction and processing, better organization of production activities, transport, logistics, ensuring international standards of environmental safety, conservation and support of indigenous peoples, and many more. The current stage of the Arctic development and exploration requires highly effective organizational systems, the activities of which are determined by the interaction of the state and business structures.

scholarly journals Statistical analysis of sub-zero temperature effects on fatigue strength of welded joints

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Moritz Braun
Keyword(s):  
Fatigue Strength ◽  
Welded Joints ◽  
Temperature Effects ◽  
Offshore Structures ◽  
Design Guidelines ◽  
International Standards ◽  
Material Behavior ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Zero Temperature

Abstract Ships and offshore structures in Arctic environments are exposed to severe environmental actions and sub-zero temperatures. Thus, the design of such structures has to account for the Arctic environment and must be cost-efficient at the same time. A vital part of the design process is to ensure that fatigue-induced failure does not occur in the lifetime of the structure. While effects of high temperatures on material behavior are well covered in international standards and guidelines, there is no comprehensive guidance for sub-zero temperature fatigue strength assessment. Additionally, stress-life (S–N) test data of welded joints at sub-zero temperatures is particularly scarce. Hence, this study presents an extensive review of recent test results of various weld details tested in the range of − 50 to 20 °C. This data could build the basis for future considerations of temperature effects in fatigue design guidelines and recommendations. For this purpose, the fatigue test results are submitted to a rigorous statistically assessment—including a summary of the limitations of current design guidelines with respect to sub-zero temperature effects.

scholarly journals Pipeline shore crossing approaches in Arctic conditions

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-26
Author(s):  
Lesana Kurbonshoeva ◽  
◽  
Ove T. Gudmestad ◽  
Anatoly B. Zolotukhin ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Arctic Region ◽  
International Standards ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Force Model ◽  
Burial Depth ◽  
Directional Drilling ◽  
Buried Pipe ◽  
Model Calculations ◽  
Arctic Conditions ◽  
Scouring Depth

The development of the Arctic region will entail the construction of new infrastructure, in particular, subsea pipelines. Considering the lack of actual field practice, ecosystem vulnerability and lack of common Arctic international standards, their development will be a big challenge, in particular, in the shore crossing zone. The design and construction ofpipelines in the shore crossing area require a special approach that takes into account environmental and technological aspects of development. This work is aimed at analysing and determining environmental and technological factors influencing the design of offshore pipelines in the Arctic coastline. The paper presents theoretical and analytical work and the research isapplied to a specific case study (pipelines from the Leningraskoye field to shore), through engineering calculations. Currently, there are five Arctic projects with shore transition areas for which trenching has been implemented. In order to determine the best shore crossing approach, it is important to consider the following environmental conditions: ice encroachment; ice ridges; shoreline erosion; permafrost thawing. Environmental characteristics should predetermine the choice of approach. Among three existing methods: trenching, tunnelling and horizontal directional drilling (HDD), the micro-tunnelling method is recommended for the Leningradskoye field in combination with a cofferdam corridor to protect the buried pipe from waves and ice in the nearshore area. In order to protect the surrounded permafrost from melting seasonal cooling-device is recommendedto be used. The burial depth is determined to be more than 3.52 m in accordance with Force model calculations of ice ridges scouring depth. On the basis of research, the general choice-making diagram was proposed for Arctic shore crossing areas.

Implementing Sustainable Development in the Arctic: What Principles Should Guide Environmental Governance in Traditional Areas of Indigenous Peoples Facing the Impacts of Climate Change

2009 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 307-322 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donna Craig
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Human Rights ◽  
Indigenous Peoples ◽  
Environmental Governance ◽  
International Standards ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
The Social ◽  
Human Costs ◽  
Impacts Of Climate Change

Abstract The social and human rights implications of climate change, adaptation and mitigation have received relatively little attention. Yet the human costs of climate change directly threaten fundamental human rights. Equity issues also arise in the climate change context because of its disproportionate impact on already vulnerable people, Indigenous peoples and communities. This article commences with a review of human rights and sustainable development in the specific context of the rights of Indigenous Peoples. It does not undertake a comprehensive study of all aspects of Indigenous environmental governance in the Arctic. Rather, it seeks to explore the wider principles and international standards that are potentially applicable to the social and human rights dimensions of sustainable development in the Arctic in the context of the impacts of climate change.

scholarly journals The Impact of Oil and Gas Resources In the Arctic on the Development of the Transport System in the Region

2015 ◽  
pp. 27-35
Author(s):  
V. I. Salygin ◽  
I. A. Guliyev ◽  
A. O. Khubaeva
Keyword(s):  
Transport System ◽  
Road Network ◽  
Arctic Region ◽  
Well Being ◽  
International Standards ◽  
Transport Infrastructure ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
The Road ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Arctic Region

One of the main problems of the Russian economy today is the development of the Arctic region. Given the key role of the energy sector in the economic balance of the country, as well as the problem of exhaustion of hydrocarbon resources, the Arctic is of particular interest from an economic and geopolitical point of view, ensuring the energy security of Russia. Active development of the region leads to the development of transport infrastructure, which is one of the priorities of Russia's energy policy. The issue of transportation plays a leading role in the context of the development of Arctic resources and involves a number of tasks. The first step is to ensure the safety of navigation in the Arctic ice. Also existing infrastructure needs substantial upgrading, as well as construction of new facilities (including ports, railways, roads, etc.). Of particular note is a unique transcontinental route - the Northern Sea Route. There is a need to modernize the Arctic Fleet, including the construction of modern icebreakers of the Arctic class. The current state of the port system, which does not fully meet the latest international standards, is of crucial importance as well. In addition, along the route the development of railway infrastructure is required. In addition, there is the problem of underdevelopment of the road network, which leads to a re-run and lack of access of some are as to the road network of Russia. Thus, the development of hydrocarbon resources in the Arctic region contributes to the development of infrastructure of the transport system in the region and, consequently, its economic development that contributes to the economic well-being of the country as a whole.

scholarly journals Arctic Port State Control as a Tool of Enforcement of the Polar Code

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 160-176 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. A. Todorov
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
Control Mechanism ◽  
Special Kind ◽  
International Standards ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Control Mechanisms ◽  
State Control ◽  
Polar Code ◽  
Flag State ◽  
Port State Control

Intensification of Arctic shipping requires the regional states to take appropriate measures aimed at mitigation of emerging risks. This relates to ensuring the compliance by vessels with the relevant provisions of international law in the field of safety of navigation and protection of the marine environment. The Polar code, which entered into force in 2017, set the minimum safety and environmental standards for the vessels navigating in the severe waters of the Arctic and the Antarctic. However, under the Code the responsibilty for ensuring compliance with the requirements rests with the administration of the flag state. In general, this reflects the approach of the international law, according to which the flag state is fully responsible for ensuring that a vessel under its flag meets international standards. Nevertheless, polar shipping represents a special kind of activities, which requires special experience and skills, including of the flag state administration carrying out the control. The problem is aggravated by the fact that vessels navigate in the Arctic waters often under a flag of convinience, with states not being able to perform a proper control. One of the potential efficient measures to ensure the compliance with the provisins of the Polar Code by vessels in the Arctic is the development of a regional port state control mechanism. Such instruments are widely used on the regional level and are highly valued by the International Maritime Organization. Implementation of an Arctic port state control mechanism will require development of a vessel inspections system aimed at ensuring compliance with the Polar Code standards, exchange of information between participating states, in particular on non-compliant vessels and weather forecasts in specific areas of the Arctic. An important element of the Arctic mechanism should be engaging of non-arctic states from Asia and Northern Europe, given that states from these regions would be the ports of departure in case of a transit passage through the Arctic Ocean without entering the Arctic coastal states’ ports. An option of extending the mandate and scope of existing port state control mechanisms is also considered as an alternative to creating a new one specifically for the Arctic. However, this approach would entail more difficulties and would not ensure the needed involvment of all parties concerned.

scholarly journals THE DISTRIBUTION, QUANTITY AND INFLUENCE ANALYSIS OF NATURAL EMERGENCIES BY REGION

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (86) ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalia Vytrykush ◽  
◽  
Nadiia Paranyak ◽  
Oleksandra Datsko ◽  
Anna Romaniv ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Management ◽  
Natural Disasters ◽  
Public Administration ◽  
Natural Hazards ◽  
Risk Index ◽  
International Standards ◽  
Natural Ecosystems ◽  
The Past ◽  
The World ◽  
Management Approaches

The paper examines the dynamics of natural emergencies in Ukraine and the vulnerability of the population and territories to them over the past 20 years. The analysis of the number and distribution of natural emergencies, depending on the region of Ukraine. Indicated on certain patterns of their number and type, depending on the area. The methods of the analysis for the prediction of natural disasters origin and manifestation and risk assessment methodologies that are actively used in the world and Ukraine, is carried out. The risk index of the natural disasters on the territory of Ukraine, according to the scale of the World Risk Index, is considered. The present situation in the country with man-made and natural safety is analyzed. The trend to a temperature average increases and rainfalls decreases throughout the country is noted. There was made a comparison of the last two decades in terms of changes in the average values of the number of meteorological emergencies and fires in natural ecosystems. As a result, it can be noted that in most cases, the resources spent on the disaster relief usually exceed the expenditures allocated for safety. A map with the reflected main types of the natural hazards is proposed, which makes it possible to identify trends that form the greatest threats in a particular territory and to improve the preventing system for the occurrence and elimination of the natural hazards consequences, determining the directions for the risk management mechanism improving at the national and regional levels, forming new management approaches and specific means of their implementation. There are summarized the results of state and regional management and the need to take measures for threats prevention, as well as the need for constant monitoring of all risks and processes occurring in the regions. Which in turn will increase the efficiency of management at the regional level, as well as reduce risks and minimize losses from overcoming the consequences of emergencies for public administration and local government. Accordingly, it will contribute to the development of the risk management system in Ukraine and bring it closer to international standards.

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