scholarly journals Study of diagrams of the phase state of the PVA-water system in a wide range of temperatures and compositions

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (Supplement) ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Shcherbina ◽  
A. Chalykh ◽  
A. Artyukhov ◽  
L. Bryukhanov ◽  
M. Shtilman
Keyword(s):  
Phase State ◽  
Water System ◽  
Wide Range

Phase state of the gellan gum-SDS-water system

2003 ◽  
Vol 106 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 249-255 ◽  
Author(s):  
V.I. Chizhik ◽  
A.A. Khripov ◽  
K. Nishinari
Keyword(s):  
Phase State ◽  
Water System ◽  
Gellan Gum

scholarly journals New particle formation in the sulfuric acid–dimethylamine–water system: reevaluation of CLOUD chamber measurements and comparison to an aerosol nucleation and growth model

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 845-863 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreas Kürten ◽  
Chenxi Li ◽  
Federico Bianchi ◽  
Joachim Curtius ◽  
António Dias ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sulfuric Acid ◽  
Detection Threshold ◽  
Sulfuric Acid Concentration ◽  
Water System ◽  
Particle Formation ◽  
New Particle Formation ◽  
Flow Tube ◽  
Aerosol Model ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Good Agreement

Abstract. A recent CLOUD (Cosmics Leaving OUtdoor Droplets) chamber study showed that sulfuric acid and dimethylamine produce new aerosols very efficiently and yield particle formation rates that are compatible with boundary layer observations. These previously published new particle formation (NPF) rates are reanalyzed in the present study with an advanced method. The results show that the NPF rates at 1.7 nm are more than a factor of 10 faster than previously published due to earlier approximations in correcting particle measurements made at a larger detection threshold. The revised NPF rates agree almost perfectly with calculated rates from a kinetic aerosol model at different sizes (1.7 and 4.3 nm mobility diameter). In addition, modeled and measured size distributions show good agreement over a wide range of sizes (up to ca. 30 nm). Furthermore, the aerosol model is modified such that evaporation rates for some clusters can be taken into account; these evaporation rates were previously published from a flow tube study. Using this model, the findings from the present study and the flow tube experiment can be brought into good agreement for the high base-to-acid ratios (∼ 100) relevant for this study. This confirms that nucleation proceeds at rates that are compatible with collision-controlled (a.k.a. kinetically controlled) NPF for the conditions during the CLOUD7 experiment (278 K, 38 % relative humidity, sulfuric acid concentration between 1 × 106 and 3 × 107 cm−3, and dimethylamine mixing ratio of ∼ 40 pptv, i.e., 1 × 109 cm−3).

Study on Entrainment From High-Viscosity Falling Liquid Film of Counter-Current Two-Phase Flow in a Vertical Pipe

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yasuo Koizumi ◽  
Ryou Enari ◽  
Hiroyasu Ohtake
Keyword(s):  
Reynolds Number ◽  
Liquid Film ◽  
Silicon Film ◽  
Water System ◽  
Water Film ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
Silicon Oil ◽  
Falling Liquid Film ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Counter Current

Behavior of a falling liquid film of highly viscous fluid in the counter-current flow condition was examined. In experiments, water and silicon oils of 500, 1000 and 3000 cSt were used as the liquid phase and air was adopted as the gas phase. A test section vertically oriented was a circular pipe of 30 mm in inner diameter and 5.4 m in length. Flooding velocities of the air-water system were well correlated with traditional correlations such as the Wallis correlation and the Kamei correlation. However, the flooding velocities of silicon films were greatly lower than the expected. When the effect of the viscosity was incorporated into the Wallis correlation, it predicted the experimental results well. The flooding in the air-silicon system was initiated by sudden growth of a wave on the film as in the air-water system although the film Reynolds number of the falling silicon film was considerably low; 0.02 ∼ 4. A considerable amount of droplets were detected a long time before the initiation of flooding in the air–silicon oil experiments as well as in the air–water experiments. The correlations tested for the onset condition of entrainment gave much higher gas velocities than the measured. Predicted velocities were rather close to the flooding velocities. The falling film thickness was predicted well by applying the universal velocity profile to the film flow over a wide range of a film Reynolds number; ranging from a water film to a 3000 cSt silicon oil film.

A Zinc Nitrate–Calcium Nitrate–Water System: The Solubility of Solids and the Density of Liquids in a Wide Range of Temperatures

2017 ◽  
Vol 62 (4) ◽  
pp. 1544-1549 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ekaterina V. Belova ◽  
Nikita A. Brusinski ◽  
Mikhail N. Mamontov ◽  
Irina A. Uspenskaya
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Nitrate ◽  
Water System ◽  
Zinc Nitrate ◽  
Wide Range

scholarly journals Bottled water selection and health considerations from multi-element analysis of products sold in New York state

2008 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 505-512 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey Chiarenzelli ◽  
Christina Pominville
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽  
New York State ◽  
Water System ◽  
Bottled Water ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Treatment Comparison ◽  
Municipal Water ◽  
Wide Range

Nineteen bottled water products were purchased from stores in Potsdam and Wappingers Falls, New York and analyzed for 71 inorganic elements by inductively coupled plasma – mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The wide range in elemental concentrations observed suggests considerable variation in source water composition, processing, and treatment. Comparison with samples from a typical small municipal water system (Potsdam, New York) was made to evaluate the differences between bottled and municipal water and in many cases little difference is apparent. With the exception of one sample of tonic water and one mineral water, all bottled waters tested meet United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) primary standards for drinking water supplies. Ingestion of some of the waters could provide significant percentages of the reference daily intakes (RDI) of key trace elements. Knowledge of the inorganic chemistry of bottled water can help consumers select the brands best suited to their individual health needs or preferences.

scholarly journals Humidity-dependent phase state of SOA particles from biogenic and anthropogenic precursors

2012 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 4447-4476 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Saukko ◽  
A. T. Lambe ◽  
P. Massoli ◽  
J. P. Wright ◽  
D. R. Croasdale ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Phase State ◽  
Steel Substrate ◽  
Phase Changes ◽  
Aerosol Mass Spectrometer ◽  
Oxidation Level ◽  
Aerosol Mass ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Volatile Organic ◽  
Semi Solid

Abstract. The physical phase state (solid, semi-solid, or liquid) of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) particles has important implications for a number of atmospheric processes. We report the phase state of SOA particles spanning a wide range of oxygen to carbon ratios (O/C), used here as a surrogate for SOA oxidation level, produced in a flow tube reactor by photo-oxidation of various atmospherically relevant surrogate anthropogenic and biogenic volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The phase state of laboratory-generated SOA was determined by the particle bounce behavior after inertial impaction on a polished steel substrate. The measured bounce fraction was evaluated as a function of relative humidity and SOA oxidation level (O/C) measured by an Aerodyne high resolution time of flight aerosol mass spectrometer (HR-ToF AMS). The main findings of the study are: (1) Biogenic and anthropogenic SOA particles are found to be solid or semi-solid until a relative humidity of at least 50 % RH at impaction is reached. (2) Long-chain alkanes produce liquid SOA particles when generated at low oxidation level of O/C<0.2, but at higher oxidation levels they solidify. (3) Increasing sulphuric acid (H2SO4) within the SOA particles reduces the threshold of humidity-induced phase changes. (4) The bounce behavior of the various SOA systems did not show a consistent linear relationship with the particle O/C. Rather, the molar mass of the gas-phase VOC precursor showed a positive correlation with the resistance to the RH-induced phase change of the formed SOA particles.

Modeling and Analysis of Iron Mass Transfer Behaviors in Supercritical Boiler Steam-Water System

2020 ◽  
Vol 143 (8) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chao Wang ◽  
Hongyuan Li ◽  
Can Chen ◽  
Zilun Zeng ◽  
Hasan Izhar Khan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mass Transfer ◽  
Water System ◽  
Mass Transfer Process ◽  
Water Circulation ◽  
Working Fluid ◽  
Circulation System ◽  
Operational Parameters ◽  
Deposition Amount ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Water Circulation System

Abstract Iron (Fe) concentration is a crucial parameter for boiler safety. However, as the working fluid circulation circuits cross each other, and the working fluid operational parameters change over a wide range, monitoring the Fe content and evaluating pipeline safety are very difficult. The mass transfer process of Fe in a complex water circulation system was described by constructing a network calculation model of Fe mass transfer in the steam-water circulation system of a supercritical boiler. The distribution of Fe and the corrosion/deposition rate in the system was calculated and analyzed. The influence of a Fe mass disturbance in single or multiple equipment on the mass distribution of Fe in the system is discussed. The results show that model calculation data is close to the operational data. Under the effect of cyclic mass transfer, both the granular and dissolved Fe cannot be ignored. During one cycle, about 36% of Fe was deposited on the system tube; however, the deposition amount in the steam generator and superheater section accounted for 81.2% of the total deposition amount, and the rest was deposited in the low-temperature pipeline. The influence of disturbance on other nodes in the network is quite different, which provides the possibility of discriminating the location of the disturbance node. The research results can provide a theoretical reference for water chemical control and safety during the operation.

Plasticity evaluation of structural steels by uniform tensile stage parameters

2021 ◽  
pp. 24-31
Author(s):  
Vladislav Khotinov ◽  
◽  
Vladimir Farber ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Power Law ◽  
Phase State ◽  
Analytical Description ◽  
Structural Steels ◽  
Initial Structure ◽  
Strengthening Mechanisms ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Structure Phase

Mechanical properties of specimens of Armco-Fe and a wide range of structural steels in various structural conditions have been studied. It has been found out that the use of different strengthening mechanisms leads to a decrease in plasticity parameters with different intensity at the uniform and localized tensile stages. Analysis of the tensile engineering and true curves showed that splitting a uniform stage into linear and power-law periods gave the best analytical description of experimental tensile curves with R2 = 0.99. The plasticity parameters on linear and power-law periods that are sensitive to changing the initial structure-phase state of the studied steels are proposed.

scholarly journals Search for the Origin of Discrepancies in Osmotic Measurements of the PNIPAM - Water System

2017 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Enikő Manek ◽  
Etelka Tombácz ◽  
Erik Geissler ◽  
Krisztina László
Keyword(s):  
Ionic Strength ◽  
Thermodynamic Properties ◽  
Potentiometric Titration ◽  
Water System ◽  
Ion Content ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Two Parameters ◽  
Osmotic Properties

Major, still unelucidated, inconsistencies exist in the literature among measurements of the thermodynamic properties of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) solutions and gels. This paper looks for evidence of intrinsic ionic behaviour in cross-linked PNIPAM homopolymer hydrogels synthesized in water under standard conditions. Systematic measurements are made of the swelling and osmotic properties of lightly cross-linked PNIPAM hydrogels, as well as of their potentiometric titration and DSC response, over a wide range of pH and ionic strength conditions, in order to distinguish the effects of the latter two parameters on putative intrinsic ions. The intrinsic ion content of the gel is found to be vanishingly small, and consequently unlikely to be the source of the divergences among past measurements. By contrast, a major finding of this study is that comparison of the present results with the literature reveals that frustrated equilibrium can be a source of substantial discrepancies.

scholarly journals A Model-Based Engineering Methodology and Architecture for Resilience in Systems-of-Systems: A Case of Water Supply Resilience to Flooding

Water ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 496 ◽  
Author(s):  
Demetrios Joannou ◽  
Roy Kalawsky ◽  
Sara Saravi ◽  
Monica Rivas Casado ◽  
Guangtao Fu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Water System ◽  
Water Sector ◽  
Systems Architecture ◽  
Systems Of Systems ◽  
Supply Networks ◽  
Model Based ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Impact

There is a clear and evident requirement for a conscious effort to be made towards a resilient water system-of-systems (SoS) within the UK, in terms of both supply and flooding. The impact of flooding goes beyond the immediately obvious socio-aspects of disruption, cascading and affecting a wide range of connected systems. The issues caused by flooding need to be treated in a fashion which adopts an SoS approach to evaluate the risks associated with interconnected systems and to assess resilience against flooding from various perspectives. Changes in climate result in deviations in frequency and intensity of precipitation; variations in annual patterns make planning and management for resilience more challenging. This article presents a verified model-based system engineering methodology for decision-makers in the water sector to holistically, and systematically implement resilience within the water context, specifically focusing on effects of flooding on water supply. A novel resilience viewpoint has been created which is solely focused on the resilience aspects of architecture that is presented within this paper. Systems architecture modelling forms the basis of the methodology and includes an innovative resilience viewpoint to help evaluate current SoS resilience, and to design for future resilient states. Architecting for resilience, and subsequently simulating designs, is seen as the solution to successfully ensuring system performance does not suffer, and systems continue to function at the desired levels of operability. The case study presented within this paper demonstrates the application of the SoS resilience methodology on water supply networks in times of flooding, highlighting how such a methodology can be used for approaching resilience in the water sector from an SoS perspective. The methodology highlights where resilience improvements are necessary and also provides a process where architecture solutions can be proposed and tested.

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