scholarly journals A Model-Based Engineering Methodology and Architecture for Resilience in Systems-of-Systems: A Case of Water Supply Resilience to Flooding

Water ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 496 ◽  
Author(s):  
Demetrios Joannou ◽  
Roy Kalawsky ◽  
Sara Saravi ◽  
Monica Rivas Casado ◽  
Guangtao Fu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Water System ◽  
Water Sector ◽  
Systems Architecture ◽  
Systems Of Systems ◽  
Supply Networks ◽  
Model Based ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Impact

There is a clear and evident requirement for a conscious effort to be made towards a resilient water system-of-systems (SoS) within the UK, in terms of both supply and flooding. The impact of flooding goes beyond the immediately obvious socio-aspects of disruption, cascading and affecting a wide range of connected systems. The issues caused by flooding need to be treated in a fashion which adopts an SoS approach to evaluate the risks associated with interconnected systems and to assess resilience against flooding from various perspectives. Changes in climate result in deviations in frequency and intensity of precipitation; variations in annual patterns make planning and management for resilience more challenging. This article presents a verified model-based system engineering methodology for decision-makers in the water sector to holistically, and systematically implement resilience within the water context, specifically focusing on effects of flooding on water supply. A novel resilience viewpoint has been created which is solely focused on the resilience aspects of architecture that is presented within this paper. Systems architecture modelling forms the basis of the methodology and includes an innovative resilience viewpoint to help evaluate current SoS resilience, and to design for future resilient states. Architecting for resilience, and subsequently simulating designs, is seen as the solution to successfully ensuring system performance does not suffer, and systems continue to function at the desired levels of operability. The case study presented within this paper demonstrates the application of the SoS resilience methodology on water supply networks in times of flooding, highlighting how such a methodology can be used for approaching resilience in the water sector from an SoS perspective. The methodology highlights where resilience improvements are necessary and also provides a process where architecture solutions can be proposed and tested.

scholarly journals Evaluating the efficacy of technical measures: a case study of selection device legislation in the UK Crangon crangon (brown shrimp) fishery

2008 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
pp. 267-275 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tom L. Catchpole ◽  
Andrew S. Revill ◽  
James Innes ◽  
Sean Pascoe
Keyword(s):  
Brown Shrimp ◽  
Crangon Crangon ◽  
Shrimp Fishery ◽  
The North ◽  
Ex Post ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Technical Measures

Abstract Catchpole, T. L., Revill, A. S., Innes, J., and Pascoe, S. 2008. Evaluating the efficacy of technical measures: a case study of selection device legislation in the UK Crangon crangon (brown shrimp) fishery. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 65: 267–275. Bycatch reduction devices are being introduced into a wide range of fisheries, with shrimp and prawn fisheries particularly targeted owing to the heavy discarding common in these fisheries. Although studies are often undertaken to estimate the impact of a technical measure on the fishery before implementation, rarely have the impacts been assessed ex post. Here, the efficacy of the UK legislation pertaining to the use of sievenets in the North Sea Crangon crangon fishery is assessed. Three impacts were evaluated: on fisher behaviour (social), on the level of bycatch (biological), and on vessel profitability (economic). An apparent high level of compliance by skippers was identified despite a low level of enforcement. The estimated reduction in fleet productivity following the introduction of the legislation was 14%, equalling the mean loss of Crangon landings when using sievenets calculated from catch comparison trawls. Sievenets did reduce the unnecessary capture of unwanted marine organisms, but were least effective at reducing 0-group plaice, which make up the largest component of the bycatch. Clearly the legislation has had an effect in the desired direction, but it does not address sufficiently the bycatch issue in the Crangon fishery.

The EU as an “enforcement patchwork”: the impact of national enforcement for compliance with EU water law in Spain and Britain

2013 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 331-353 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mónica García Quesada
Keyword(s):  
Waste Water Treatment ◽  
National Level ◽  
State Level ◽  
Detailed Examination ◽  
Deterrent Effect ◽  
Eu Law ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Eu

AbstractFailures of compliance with European Union (EU) directives have revealed the EU as a political system capable of enacting laws in a wide range of different policy areas, but facing difficulties to ensure their actual implementation. Although the EU relies on national enforcement agencies to ensure compliance with the EU legislation, there is scarce analysis of the differential deterrent effect of national enforcement in EU law compliance. This article examines the enforcement of an EU water directive, the Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive, in Spain and the UK. It focuses on the existing national sanctions for disciplining actors in charge of complying with EU requirements, and on the actual use of punitive sanctions. The analysis shows that a more comprehensive and active disciplinary regime at the national level contributes to explain a higher degree of compliance with EU law. The article calls for a detailed examination of the national administrative and criminal sanction system for a more comprehensive understanding of the incentives and disincentives to comply with EU law at the national state level.

scholarly journals Vulnerability based management of water resources systems

2004 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 133-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. K. Kanakoudis
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Preventive Maintenance ◽  
Water System ◽  
Supply System ◽  
Water Supply System ◽  
Maintenance Policy ◽  
Supply Networks ◽  
Water Resources Systems ◽  
Maintenance Schedule ◽  
Preventive Maintenance Policy

Must the water networks be fail-proof or must they remain safe during a failure? What must water system managers try to achieve? The present paper introduces a methodology for the hierarchical analysis (in time and space) of the preventive maintenance policy of water supply networks, using water supply system performance indices. This is being accomplished through a technical–economic analysis that takes into account all kinds of costs referring to the repair or replacement of trouble-causing parts of the water supply network. The optimal preventive maintenance schedule suggested by the methodology is compared with the empirically based maintenance policy applied to the Athens water supply system.

scholarly journals COVID-VU an ENT UK National Survey of Flexible Nasendoscopy in the Upper Aerodigestive Tract Amidst the COVID-19 Pandemic

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Avgi Loizidou ◽  
Taranjit Singh Tatla ◽  
Ian Harvey ◽  
Miriayi Aibibula ◽  
Justin Roe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aerodigestive Tract ◽  
Upper Aerodigestive Tract ◽  
Speech And Language ◽  
National Guidelines ◽  
Healthcare Settings ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Window Opening ◽  
Operating Theatres ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Impact

Abstract BackgroundFlexible nasendoscopy (FNE) is an invaluable multi-disciplinary tool for upper aerodigestive tract (UADT) examination. During the COVID-19 pandemic concerns were raised that FNE had the potential of generating aerosols resulting in human cross-contamination when performed on SARS-COV2 carriers. In the UK, and other European countries, national guidelines were issued restricting FNE to essential cases. We surveyed ENT UK members and Royal College of Speech and Language Therapists (RCSLT) members to determine the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic (first peak) on FNE practice in the UK.MethodsAn observational internet-based survey constructed in accordance to the CHERRIES checklist and setup in SurveyMonkeyof FNE practice amongst UK-based ENT surgeons and speech and language therapists in community clinics, the outpatient department, inpatient wards, ICU, emergency department and operating theatres (through the NHS and private sector) prior to, during and following the first COVID-19 wave in the UK. Results 314 responses collected (24% response rate), 82% from ENT clinicians, 17% from SLTs and 1% from other allied healthcare professionals. Overall, there has been a large reduction in the volume and indications for FNE during the first peak of the COVID-19 pandemic with limited recovery by mid-August 2020. Cancer and airway assessments were impacted less. A wide range of FNE protocols influenced by local factors are reported, varying in endoscope preference, Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) and sterilization methods. Where dedicated Aerosol Generating Procedure (AGP) rooms were unavailable, clinicians resorted to window opening and variable room “down-time” between patients. Endoscope preference reflected availability and user familiarity, ENT trainees favoring the use of single-use video endoscopes. ConclusionDespite national guidance, local practice of FNE remains interrupted and highly variable in the UK. A collaborative inter-disciplinary approach is required to re-introduce FNE safely in volume across healthcare settings, re-establishing timely endoscopic diagnosis and pre-pandemic levels of patient care.

scholarly journals ETHICAL EXAMINATION OF SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS IN MEDICINE: FOREIGN EXPERIENCE AND RUSSIAN PRACTICE

Bioethics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 33-38
Author(s):  
Natalia A. Alshuk ◽  
◽  
Svetlana A. Kostenko ◽  
Olga Yu. Golitsyna ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Community ◽  
International Standards ◽  
Hirsch Index ◽  
Scientific Publications ◽  
Ethical Assessment ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Number Of Publications ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Digital Processes ◽  
The Impact

Currently, much attention is paid to the correct presentation of the results of. This is not surprising, since international standards used for assessing the effectiveness of scientific clinical and pre-clinical studies in scientific publications activities are based on citation rates and the number of publications in peer-reviewed journals. This tradition originated in the UK and is the result of a struggle for grants in the scientific community. The Hirsch index (individual authors) type of assessment and the impact factor (journals) made it possible to quantitatively compare papers without referring to their content. The assessment of the latter was accomplished by editors of the journals, and it was assumed that it was objective. This method was consistent with the digitalization process, but it has not yet received an ethical assessment. This is happening not only because there is a fairly wide range of opinions on this issue in the scientific community [1], but also because moral plots are generally not referred to digital processes.

scholarly journals Interlending and resource sharing in UK public libraries: A mixed methods study

2016 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 168-185 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon Wakeling ◽  
Sophie Rutter ◽  
Briony Birdi ◽  
Stephen Pinfield
Keyword(s):  
Mixed Methods ◽  
Resource Sharing ◽  
Public Libraries ◽  
Public Library ◽  
Mixed Methods Study ◽  
The Public ◽  
Library Funding ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Impact

This paper presents the results of a mixed methods study of interlending and resource sharing in UK public libraries, based on the results of a survey distributed to both senior library managers and interlending staff, and in-depth follow-up interviews with 20 respondents. We present an analysis of perspectives towards rates of interlending, the rationales and strategies for providing the service, the perceived value for money offered by various interlending schemes, the impact of the current digital environment, and views on the future of interlending in the UK. Our findings suggest that while interlending services are undoubtedly threatened by the drastic cuts to public library funding, and that demand for the service is more generally in decline, resource sharing is viewed by some as a potential means of mitigating the effects of increasingly limited acquisitions budgets, and ensuring the public library system continues to provide access to a wide range of resources for its users.

APPLICATION OF MATHEMATICAL MODELS AND ALGORYTHMS FOR THE WATER SOURCES CONSUMPTION PLANNING AND FORECASTING

2021 ◽  
pp. 57-64
Author(s):  
В.В. Мокшин ◽  
А.В. Спиридонова ◽  
Г.В. Спиридонов
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Mathematical Models ◽  
Water Consumption ◽  
Planning Process ◽  
Supply Networks ◽  
Regression Methods ◽  
Backward Elimination ◽  
Water Supply Networks ◽  
Selection Of Variables ◽  
Wide Range

Рассматриваются математические и информационные методы эффективного прогнозирования потребления водных ресурсов. Произведены расчёты водопотребления по типовому административному зданию. Предложенные материалы представляют интерес для широкого круга специалистов, занимающихся разработкой экономико-математических моделей и повышением эффективности при планировании водных ресурсов в сфере жилищно-коммунального хозяйства. Прогнозирование осуществлялось с помощью регрессионных методов Forward Regression и Backward Elimination, включающих в себя как линейные, так и множественные нелинейные подходы анализа данных. Отдельное внимание было уделено сравнению действительных и прогнозируемых показаний. В ходе работы были выявлены наиболее релевантные алгоритмы, которые позволили произвести достаточно точную оценку водопотребления, что считается одной из основных задач водоснабжения и управления водопроводными сетями. В ходе исследования было установлено, что корректность прогнозируемых результатов в равной степени зависит как от количества исходных данных, на основе которых производится построение моделей, так и от количества дней, на которое производится прогнозирование. В случае выборки данных в 255 исходных и 116 прогнозируемых дней наиболее вероятные значения были получены регрессионными методами прямого и обратного отбора переменных. Проведённый анализ позволил указать причины появления ошибок при использовании данных методов. На основе достоверности расчётных показаний можно говорить о востребованности и пригодности изученных методов среди информационных систем на промышленных и жилищно-коммунальных объектах. Комплексный подход оптимизирует процесс планирования и повышает точность прогнозируемых значений суточного водопотребления в пределах жилищных микрорайонов, что сегодня является исключительно важным аспектом в сфере водоснабжения и управления водопроводными сетями This article discusses mathematical and informational methods for effective forecasting of water consumption. We calculated the water consumption for a typical administrative building. The materials proposed in the article are of interest to a wide range of specialists working on the development of economic and mathematical models and increasing the efficiency of housing and communal companies. We carried out the prediction using regression methods - Forward Regression and Backward Elimination, which include both linear and multiple nonlinear approaches to data analysis. We paid special attention to the comparison of actual and predicted readings. In the course of the work, we identified the most relevant algorithms, which allowed us to make a fairly accurate assessment of water consumption, which is an extremely important aspect in the field of water supply and management of water supply networks. In the course of the study, we found that the correctness of the predicted results equally depends both on the amount of initial data, on the basis of which the models are built, and on the number of days for which the forecast is made. In the case of a sample of data of 255 baseline and 116 forecast days, we obtained the most probable values by regression methods of direct and inverse selection of variables. The analysis made it possible to indicate the reasons for the appearance of errors when using these methods. Based on the reliability of the calculated readings, we can talk about the relevance and suitability of the studied methods among information systems at industrial and housing and communal facilities. An integrated approach optimizes the planning process and increases the accuracy of the predicted values of daily water consumption within residential areas, which today is an extremely important aspect in the field of water supply and management of water supply networks

What are the issues affecting grandparents in Britain today?

2015 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sam Smethers
Keyword(s):  
Family Life ◽  
Maternal Employment ◽  
Practical Implication ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Parents And Children ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Economic Trends ◽  
The Uk ◽  
New Research ◽  
The Impact

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of the role that grandparents play in family life in Britain today with a particular focus on demographic change and the grandparental caring contribution for both children and older adults. Design/methodology/approach – Drawing upon a wide range of sources the author sets out the context, recent demographic and economic trends and presents a way forward. Findings – The research presented in this paper suggests that grandparents are playing an increasingly important role in family life and their caring contribution makes a material difference to maternal employment rates in particular. It also suggests that those who step in to the parenting role face particular challenges which need to be addressed. Research limitations/implications – Further research into the significance of the grandparent/grandchild relationship is needed, together with the caring contribution of those who provide intensive support to families in times of crisis both in terms of the impact that has on the grandparents but also the difference it makes to parents and children. Practical implications – One key practical implication is the need for a formal childcare infrastructure in the UK which does not assume that grandparents will always be there to provide childcare for working parents on the scale they do today. Social implications – Grandparents are living longer so more of them will have longer-lasting relationships with their grandchildren. But mothers are also ageing and so gradually over time the age at which we become grandparents will also be pushed back. This may in turn mean that grandparents in 20 years time may be less involved in childcare in any case. Originality/value – This piece does not present new research but rather provides an overview of existing evidence.

3. Sovereignty and sources of law

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elspeth Berry ◽  
Matthew J. Homewood ◽  
Barbara Bogusz
Keyword(s):  
Eu Law ◽  
Eu Integration ◽  
Eu Membership ◽  
Legislative Procedures ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Complete Series ◽  
Explanatory Text ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Primary Materials

Titles in the Complete series combine extracts from a wide range of primary materials with clear explanatory text to provide readers with a complete introductory resource. This chapter examines the principle of sovereignty of EU law and how the judicial application of the sovereignty principle has advanced EU integration. The chapter specifically considers the impact of EU membership on the UK’s sovereignty and how the principle has been applied by the UK courts. The chapter also discusses EU competences and the attribution of powers to the EU; the application of the principle of subsidiarity; the sources of EU law; and EU legislative procedures.

The impact of water resource planning on water issues in Beijing, China

Water Policy ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 612-629 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei Fu ◽  
Dihua Li
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Water Resource ◽  
Water Conservation ◽  
Water System ◽  
Resource Planning ◽  
Water Diversion ◽  
Systematic Analysis ◽  
Water Resource Planning ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Water Issues

Water has become a critically important resource in Beijing. In this study, a systematic analysis of changes in conditions related to water resources in Beijing since 1949 was performed. These include changes in water quantity and quality, water disasters, as well as an analysis of the evolution of water resource planning in Beijing over this period of time. Also, past approaches to urbanization have been looked at to see whether they exacerbated Beijing's water issues. The aggravating water issues were found to be associated with water resource planning in five ways. Water supply and flood protection projects have failed to control the complex water system and have exacerbated water shortages. Excessive project-oriented water diversion efforts and a lack of resource-oriented water conservation have allowed aquatic environments to deteriorate. Water supply planning has been based on demand that has intensified a lowering of the groundwater table. Improper measures that allowed wastewater to be used for irrigation of agricultural soils have aggravated water pollution. In general, water resource planning has not necessarily been conducive to solving water problems; it has even exacerbated Beijing's water crisis. The results and recommendations of this study may serve as a reference for future water resource planning in Beijing.

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