scholarly journals Core Challenges in Autism. Teaching dynamic thinking

2016 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 45-48
Author(s):  
B. Nason
Keyword(s):  
Social Norms ◽  
Autistic Child ◽  
External World ◽  
Behavioral Approach ◽  
Clinical Psychologist ◽  
Fast Evaluation ◽  
Autistic People ◽  
A Chain

Bill Nason, an American clinical psychologist who has been working with autistic people for more than 30 years has undergone his own evolution from a strict behavioral approach to humanism. In his two books «The Autism Discussion Page» he successively describes the difficulties people on the spectrum have to face. Bill Nason seems to be speaking on behalf of them: what they feel, experience, see, sense when the external world is pressing them with all its speed and chaos and their loved ones are constantly trying to modify their behavior in accordance to social norms. In the part below Bill Nason offers advice on how to help autistic people who experience problems with so-called dynamic thinking which requires fast evaluation of the changing situation and effective dealing with it. By practicing this technique we strengthen weak neuropathways. The author suggests talking through situations that have different options of resolving, making a worksheet, keeping a journal — doing everything to make our intuitive behavior to become clear as a chain of sequential acts for an autistic child.

scholarly journals Core Challenges in Autism

2016 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-64
Author(s):  
B. Nason
Keyword(s):  
Social Norms ◽  
External World ◽  
Behavioral Approach ◽  
Weak Central Coherence ◽  
Central Coherence ◽  
Clinical Psychologist ◽  
Single Thing ◽  
Autistic People ◽  
Big Picture

Bill Nason, an American clinical psychologist who has been working with autistic people for more than 30 years, has undergone his own evolution from a strict behavioral approach to humanism. In his two books under the same title «The Autism Discussion Page» he describes the difficulties that people on the spectrum have to face. Bill Nason seems to be speaking on behalf of them: what they feel, experience, see, sense while the external world is pressing them with its speed and chaos as well as while their closest people are constantly engaged in the modification of their behavior to fit social norms. In the article Bill Nason offers ways of how to help autistic individuals with their problems of seeing a big picture, weak central coherence, literal thinking and not reading between the lines. Our task is to make their endless struggle with confusing neurotypical world easier. We, those who deal with them (parents, caregivers, teachers), should clarify each single thing, verify, if they understand us, be concrete and literal. For autistics, nothing can be taken for granted. In doing so we will make their life easier so they will be able to enjoy minutes of real co-understanding.

scholarly journals The Behavioral Approach to Ensuring Economic Security

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (520) ◽  
pp. 385-389
Author(s):  
O. M. Matvieieva ◽  
◽  
O. M. Bondarenko ◽  
O. P. Duksenko ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
State Level ◽  
Economic Security ◽  
The State ◽  
Behavioral Approach ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Managerial Decisions ◽  
Development Processes ◽  
State Region ◽  
A Chain ◽  
The Impact

The article is aimed at studying the behavioral approach to ensuring economic security during the development of the economy in the pandemic. The role and meaning of managerial decisions is defined, their ability to cause extraordinary reactions in the economic sphere is proved. A critical analysis of the essence of economic security of the State, region, enterprise is carried out. The subjects and objects of economic security of the State, region, enterprise are provided. The authors determine the factors of destabilization generated by the pandemic, which is the cause of emergence and development of crisis situations caused by threats to the economic security of the State, region, and enterprise. The scientific approach to ensuring economic security is presented in the statement that in the complex of measures that form the system of economic security of the State, region, enterprise, the system of prevention of emerging threats, taking into account the conditions of the pandemic, is of greatest importance. From the positions of economic security, it is important to assess and predict the impact of all expected threats, as well as economic and non-economic impacts on their course. It is noted that the strategic management of economic development processes in the pandemic causes an objective need on the part of the State authorities to have a concept of national security, the level of which depends on how effective managerial decisions are both at the enterprise level and at the State level; to what extent experts are able to avoid possible threats and eliminate the negative consequences of certain components of the external and internal environment in the pandemic. It is proved that a relatively insignificant influence of the behavioral approach in management is able to initiate a chain of profound changes in the economic system, and quite often with unpredictable consequences, which causes the need to expertise approved decisions for their economic security, while the powers of management bodies during the pandemic should be a continuation of their functional duties.

scholarly journals Multi-UAV Flight using Virtual Structure Combined with Behavioral Approach

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 92-99 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cezary Kownacki
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Simulations ◽  
Information Sharing ◽  
Reference Frame ◽  
Autonomous System ◽  
Behavioral Approach ◽  
Peer Communication ◽  
Ground Station ◽  
Decentralised Control ◽  
A Chain ◽  
Multi Uav

Abstract Implementations of multi-UAV systems can be divided mainly into two different approaches, centralised system that synchronises positions of each vehicle by a ground station and an autonomous system based on decentralised control, which offers more flexibility and independence. Decentralisation of multi-UAV control entails the need for information sharing between all vehicles, what in some cases could be problematic due to a significant amount of data to be sent over the wireless network. To improve the reliability and the throughput of information sharing inside the formation of UAVs, this paper proposes an approach that combines virtual structure with a leader and two flocking behaviours. Each UAV has assigned different virtual migration point referenced to the leader's position which is simultaneously the origin of a formation reference frame. All migration points create together a virtual rigid structure. Each vehicle uses local behaviours of cohesion and repulsion respectively, to track its own assigned point in the structure and to avoid a collision with the previous UAV in the structure. To calculate parameters of local behaviours, each UAV should know position and attitude of the leader to define the formation reference frame and also the actual position of the previous UAV in the structure. Hence, information sharing can be based on a chain of local peer-to-peer communication between two consecutive vehicles in the structure. In such solution, the information about the leader could be sequentially transmitted from one UAV to another. Numerical simulations were prepared and carried out to verify the effectiveness of the presented approach. Trajectories recorded during those simulations show collective, coherence and collision-free flights of the formation created with five UAVs.

scholarly journals Core Challenges of Autism. Sensory aspects of autism

2016 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 42-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Nason
Keyword(s):  
External World ◽  
Autistic Spectrum ◽  
Blue Book ◽  
Sensory Hypersensitivity ◽  
The Third ◽  
Autistic People

An american clincal psychologist Bill Nason tells us about the differences in ways of functioning between people on the autistic spectrum and neurotypical people. The third part of his Blue book «The Autism Discussion Page» talks about the sensory differences in autistic people. Sensory hypersensitivity, fragmented or distorted perception, problems of sensoru processing — these are the differences that make the external world experience very special, overwhelming and even painful. The author gives the signs of hyper- and hypo-sensitivity in basical sensory areas. Translated from English by L.G. Borodina

Is autism stigma higher in South Korea than the United States? Examining cultural tightness, intergroup bias, and concerns about heredity as contributors to heightened autism stigma

Autism ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 136236132110295
Author(s):  
So Yoon Kim ◽  
Jeong Eun Cheon ◽  
Kristen Gillespie-Lynch ◽  
Young-Hoon Kim
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
South Korea ◽  
Social Norms ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Family Members ◽  
The United States ◽  
Intergroup Bias ◽  
Korean People ◽  
Autistic People ◽  
Autism Knowledge

South Korea, a relatively collectivistic and homogeneous country with heightened cultural tightness, is believed to have particularly high levels of stigma toward autistic individuals, who sometimes engage in behaviors that diverge from social norms. This study investigated cross-cultural differences in autism stigma (assessed with a Social Distance Scale) in the United States and South Korea. Two-hundred and seventy-six American and 494 Korean participants who completed an online survey were included in the analysis. We conducted a multiple regression predicting autism stigma with variables that were correlated with stigma. Koreans reported greater autism stigma than Americans. Greater vertical individualism, lesser horizontal collectivism, less accurate autism knowledge, less pleasant and frequent previous contact with autism, concerns about the marriageability of family members, and higher cultural tightness predicted greater stigma. Cultural tightness, or an emphasis on social norms, which was heightened among Korean participants, contributed to greater autism stigma in South Korea. Findings highlight the need to increase autism knowledge and foster pleasant and frequent contact with autistic individuals, especially for those who accept inequality as a part of human interactions in both South Korea and the United States. Moreover, interventions that help Koreans understand the relativeness of social appropriateness may reduce autism stigma in South Korea. Lay abstract Misunderstandings about autism may be more common in South Korea than the United States. Koreans often have clear ideas about how people should act. Another way of saying this is that Korea has a tight culture. Americans are looser, meaning people are freer to act as they like. Autistic people often do not act as people expect them to. This makes autistic people stand out. Autistic people may stand out more in tight cultures like South Korea. We studied how people in South Korea and the United States feel about autism. We wanted to see why Korean people might reject autistic people more than people in the United States do. American and Korean people did online surveys. Koreans said they did not want to get close to autistic people more than Americans did. People who understood autism and had met and liked autistic people wanted to get closer to autistic people. We were surprised to learn that Americans said having an autistic brother or sister makes it harder to find a romantic partner more than Korean people did. People who believed that autism makes it harder for family members to find love did not want to get very close to autistic people. Koreans said people should act as expected more than Americans did. People who believed that acting as expected was important did not want to get very close to autistic people. Teaching people that there are many ways of being a good person may help them understand and appreciate autistic people.

Critical Autism Studies, Race, Gender, and Education

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robin Roscigno
Keyword(s):  
Critical Race Theory ◽  
Critical Discourse Analysis ◽  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
Behavioral Approach ◽  
Social Model ◽  
Critical Race ◽  
Race Theory ◽  
Theoretical Approaches ◽  
Models Of Disability ◽  
Autistic People

Critical autism studies (CAS) is an emergent field that challenges deficit-based thinking about autism. Early scholars of autism, such as psychologists Bruno Bettelheim, Leo Kanner, or Ivar O. Lovaas, adopted a biomedical or behavioral approach to the study of autism. Rejecting such an approach, critical disability studies and by extension CAS have developed robust theoretical frameworks to account for the sociocultural and embodied experience of disability, including the social model of disability, the cultural model of disability, and poststructural models of disability. These approaches to the study of disability challenge medical models of disability that understand disability as an individual experience of impairment. Disability is framed as a problem to be solved via biomedicine and helping professionals and instead conceive of disability as a web of sociocultural entanglements. In contrast, theoretical approaches to critical autism studies include critical discourse analysis (CDA), feminist theory, and critical race theory. Scholars using CDA explore how ableism is produced and sustained through discourses, particularly public discourses within the media, scholarship, non-governmental organizations, and schools. Critical autism scholars who employ critical race theory seek to understand the intersectional identities of autistic people of color and the compounding effects of racism and ableism. Feminist approaches to the study of autism trouble gender stereotypes about autistic people, most notably Simon Baron Cohen’s extreme male brain theory.

scholarly journals The effect of school exposure and personal contact on attitudes towards bullying and autism in schools: A cohort study with a control group

Autism ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (8) ◽  
pp. 2178-2189
Author(s):  
Anna Cook ◽  
Jane Ogden ◽  
Naomi Winstone
Keyword(s):  
Autistic Child ◽  
School Environment ◽  
School Setting ◽  
Personal Contact ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Autistic Children ◽  
School Year ◽  
Positive Attitudes ◽  
Autistic People ◽  
Children's Attitudes

Research shows that the attitudes of children and adolescents towards bullying are influenced by the school environment and their peer groups. Given the increased vulnerability to bullying for autistic children, this study explored whether neurotypical children’s attitudes towards bullying and autism varied according to school exposure and personal contact with autistic people. Survey data were collected at the beginning and end of the school year from 775 children aged 11–12 years, from six schools: three with specialist centres for autism and three without. Participants read vignettes depicting bullying scenarios then completed measures of their attitudes in relation to the vignette and towards autism. Children from centre schools showed a greater increase in prosocial emotions towards bullying. For children from non-centre schools, an interaction showed a decrease in prosocial emotions except in response to social exclusion of an autistic child. Increases in personal contact showed a greater increase in positive attitudes towards autistic people. Explanations draw on theories of inter-group contact and social-moral reasoning. Results highlight the need for contact both at a personal level and through attending a school with an inclusive autism provision to increase understanding, improve attitudes towards autism and reduce tolerance for bullying. Lay abstract Autistic children are more likely than non-autistic children to be bullied at school. This study therefore explored whether the kind of school setting and the level of personal contact with autistic people can affect children’s attitudes towards bullying and autism. Surveys were completed at the beginning and end of the school year by 775 children aged 11–12 years, from six schools: three with specialist centres for autistic children and three without. Participants read stories describing bullying situations, then provided their views in relation to the story and in relation to autism. Children in schools with centres increased their feelings of anger, pity, sadness and shame in response to the bullying situations. In contrast, children in schools with no centre showed less sociable responses to bullying, except in response to a story describing an autistic child, being excluded by classmates. Furthermore, children who increased the time they spent with autistic individuals over the course of the year showed a greater rise in positive attitudes towards autistic people. This highlights the need for both personal contact and an inclusive school environment, to improve attitudes towards autism and reduce tolerance for bullying.

scholarly journals Core Challenges of Autism.Emotionality on spectrum

2017 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 58-68
Author(s):  
B. Nason
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Emotional Problems ◽  
Clinical Psychologist ◽  
Emotional States ◽  
Autistic Spectrum ◽  
Blue Book ◽  
Early Signs ◽  
Autistic People ◽  
Full Picture

Bill Nason — an American clinical psychologist, «a humanistic behaviorist» as he calls himself — tells us about the emotional problems of people on the autistic spectrum. The chapter 13 of his Blue book «The Autism Discussion Page» is devoted to specific emotional states of autistic people — shutdowns and meltdowns. While emphasizing that both states occur under the nervous system overload, he points on the importance of calm and predictable routine for people on the spectrum. The author distinguishes tantrums as a form of manipulative behaviour and meltdowns which do not have any manipulation in them. B. Nason describes the early signs of meltdowns and the full picture of them and gives us the means for coping. He pays a specific attention to the calming techniques. Interesting recommendations for both verbal and nonverbal interactions with a child in a meltdown are given. Translated from English by L.G. Borodina

Normocentric biases taint cognitive neuroscience and intervention of autism

2019 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laurent Mottron
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual Disability ◽  
Cognitive Neuroscience ◽  
Social Motivation ◽  
Repetitive Behaviors ◽  
Restricted Interests ◽  
Autistic People

Abstract Stepping away from a normocentric understanding of autism goes beyond questioning the supposed lack of social motivation of autistic people. It evokes subversion of the prevalence of intellectual disability even in non-verbal autism. It also challenges the perceived purposelessness of some restricted interests and repetitive behaviors, and instead interprets them as legitimate exploratory and learning-associated manifestations.

What is taken for granted in autism research?

2019 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michele Ilana Friedner
Keyword(s):  
Research Methodologies ◽  
Communicative Practices ◽  
Autism Research ◽  
Autistic People ◽  
The Social ◽  
New Research

Abstract This commentary focuses on three points: the need to consider semiotic ideologies of both researchers and autistic people, questions of commensurability, and problems with “the social” as an analytical concept. It ends with a call for new research methodologies that are not deficit-based and that consider a broad range of linguistic and non-linguistic communicative practices.

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