Challenging the Formulator: Biocontrol and Conventional Crop Protection

2020 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 132-136
Author(s):  
Jim Bullock
Keyword(s):  
Product Development ◽  
Active Ingredient ◽  
Thermal Instability ◽  
Crop Protection ◽  
Packaging Materials ◽  
Target Area ◽  
Particle Agglomeration ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
New Crop ◽  
Physical Instability

Whether it is a synthetic or a biological material, the journey of an active ingredient (AI) from manufacture to its target site is a perilous one. Along the way there are numerous opportunities for the AI to be degraded, destroyed or removed. Following production of the AI, it may be vulnerable to chemical and thermal instability. Again, during formulation and on storage after manufacture, possible physical and chemical instability will need to be considered. Compatibility of the AI and co-formulants with packaging materials will also need to be taken into account. During application there are further opportunities for the AI to be lost. In a spray tank there is a risk of physical instability (e.g. particle agglomeration and settling) and of incompatibilities with other products added to the tank such as adjuvants and other AIs. Once sprayed, the droplets may drift and miss the target area or, even if they reach the leaf, not adhere there. Then, it may not persist on the leaf (or pest) surface or (in the case of systemic AIs) be taken up by the target. Finally, even once taken up by the target, there can be further chemical incompatibilities which degrade the AI. Many of these problems can be tackled by good use of formulation during product development. Formulation can address the following challenges: the challenge of stability; the challenge of compatibility; the challenge of protection; the challenge of delivery; and the challenge of sustainability and new crop protection practices.

scholarly journals Listening to Slugs: Acceptability and Consumption of Molluscicide Pellets by the Grey Field Slug, Deroceras reticulatum

Insects ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 548
Author(s):  
Samantha Mirhaya de Silva ◽  
David Chesmore ◽  
Jack Smith ◽  
Gordon Port
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Economic Impact ◽  
Active Ingredient ◽  
Crop Protection ◽  
Crop Plants ◽  
Deroceras Reticulatum ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Ferric Phosphate ◽  
Significant Difference

Gastropod damage to crop plants has a significant economic impact on agricultural and horticultural industries worldwide, with the Grey Field Slug (Deroceras reticulatum (Müller)) considered the main mollusc pest in the United Kingdom and in many other temperate areas. The prevailing form of crop protection is pellets containing the active ingredient, metaldehyde. Metaldehyde can cause paralysis and death in the mollusc, depending on the amount ingested. The paralysing effects may result in reduced pellet consumption. A greater understanding of metaldehyde consumption may reveal an area that can be manipulated using novel molluscicide formulations. Novel pellet types included commercial metaldehyde pellets coated so that metaldehyde is released more slowly. In both laboratory and arena trials, an audio sensor was used to record individual slugs feeding on a variety of pellet types, including commercially available toxic pellets (metaldehyde and ferric phosphate) and novel metaldehyde formulations. The sensor was used to record the length of each bite and the total number of bites. There was no significant difference in the length of bites between pellet types in laboratory trials. Novel pellets were not consumed more than commercial pellet types. Commercial pellet types did not differ in consumption.

Physical and chemical methods of preparing consumer packaging, materials and products for filling

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (15) ◽  
pp. 166-173
Author(s):  
Volodymyr Piddubnyi ◽  
◽  
Ihor Stadnyk ◽  
Volodymyr Vasyliv ◽  
Tetiana Kos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Packaging Materials ◽  
Chemical Methods ◽  
Physical And Chemical

Significance of impurities in the safety evaluation of crop protection products (IUPAC Technical Report)

2003 ◽  
Vol 75 (7) ◽  
pp. 937-973 ◽  
Author(s):  
Á. Ambrus ◽  
D. J. Hamilton ◽  
H. A. Kuiper ◽  
K. D. Racke
Keyword(s):  
Active Ingredient ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Crop Protection ◽  
Monitoring Program ◽  
Safety Evaluation ◽  
Impurity Content ◽  
Regulatory Body ◽  
Technical Grade ◽  
Toxicological Data ◽  
Technical Products

There may be substantial differences in the chemical composition of technical-grade products of the same active ingredient manufactured under different conditions, from different raw materials, or by different routes of synthesis. Resulting differences in impurity content may significantly affect the toxicological properties of pesticide products. Relevant impurities are those that may exhibit pronounced toxic effects compared to the active ingredient, affect phytotoxicity or physical properties of formulations, result in undesirable residues in food,or cause environmental contamination. The first safety assessment of an active ingredient by a regulatory body considers toxicological data developed on a representative batch of technical products, with the assumption that the material produced commercially by the original or generic manufacturers has an equal or higher content of active ingredient and contains the same or fewer impurities at equal or lower concentrations as the fully characterized technical product used in the toxicological tests. Three steps are essential for ensuring the safety of commercial technical- grade pesticide products, whether produced by the original manufacturer or by generic manufacturers. First, the identity and chemical structure of the impurities must be elucidated.This should include positive identification of major (=1 %) and all toxicologically or environmentally relevant impurities, and characterization of minor impurities (>0.1 %). Second, in addition to recognition of a minimum active ingredient content, official specifications should also list relevant impurities and their maximum permissible concentrations.Implementation of these specifications should be aided by a decision-making scheme for establishing similarity of subsequently evaluated technical products. Third, appropriate analytical methods for the detection and quantification of impurity levels should be developed and employed in a quality-monitoring program associated with the manufacturing and formulation process.

scholarly journals Potential of the physical and chemical characteristics of prickly pear (Opuntia albicarpa Seheinvar var. Villanueva) seeds in agroindustrial processes

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mónica de Jesús Álvarez-Castillo ◽  
Erich Dietmar Rössel Kipping ◽  
Hipólito Ortiz Laurel ◽  
Laura Araceli López-Martínez ◽  
Alejandro Amante-Orozco
Keyword(s):  
Internal Friction ◽  
Electric Conductivity ◽  
Crop Protection ◽  
Chemical Compounds ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
External Friction ◽  
Physical Attributes ◽  
Friction Performance ◽  
Prickly Pears ◽  
Physical And Chemical

Objective: To verify the physical attributes and assess the chemical quality from prickly pear’s seeds (Opuntia albicarpa Seheinvar cv. Villanueva), including seeds´ size, internal friction, external friction, performance for size reduction, sieving and electric conductivity, soluble protein, total protein, phosphorous, carbohydrates, amount of oil and minerals. Design/methodology/approach: To verify and compare the physical attributes and chemical parameters using proved and reliable techniques, to explore their impacts on its future potential, when seeds are intended to agro-industrial processes, considering; its size and quality of space storage and their effect when interacting with handling apparatus and the material they are manufactured with. Results: Selected groups of 100 seeds from four consecutive prickly pears harvests had no differences. While for their chemical analysis, seeds were milled and their revised chemical compounds showed differences between harvest, therefore, drought, management and crop protection significantly affect those attributes. The factors were not included in this study. Limitations on study/implications: Prickly pears are harvested for 4 months per year. This reduces the availability of raw material from other varieties and from other regions, to expand this study and to compare between diverse parameters. Findings/conclusions: There were not significant differences in seed size (wide, large, thickness), external friction and electric conductivity; therefore, handling equipment does not need specifications. While, for the internal friction and all chemical compounds analyzed from seeds´ flour, significate differences were quantified. The latter means that, it is adequate to homogenize these parameters by using other compounds in the agrifood processes.

scholarly journals New Insights into Advanced Drug Delivery and Absorption Systems

2020 ◽  
Vol 88 (2) ◽  
pp. 20
Author(s):  
Miklós Vecsernyés
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Therapeutic Effect ◽  
Active Ingredient ◽  
Target Area ◽  
Effective Delivery ◽  
Pharmacological Target

The therapeutic effect of a drug depends on the method of effective delivery of the active ingredient to the site(s) of the pharmacological target area [...]

Use of Predictive Engineering Systems To Model Manufacturing Processes for Crop Protection Active Ingredient Registration

2019 ◽  
Vol 23 (10) ◽  
pp. 2261-2265
Author(s):  
Nicholas M. Irvine ◽  
Douglas L. Pearson ◽  
Ron Leng ◽  
Grant Von Wald ◽  
John Dawson
Keyword(s):  
Active Ingredient ◽  
Crop Protection ◽  
Manufacturing Processes ◽  
Engineering Systems

scholarly journals Metabolomics, an Essential Tool in Exploring and Harnessing Microbial Chemical Ecology

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 195-210
Author(s):  
Joshua Kellogg ◽  
Seogchan Kang
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Ecology ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Crop Protection ◽  
Microbial Interactions ◽  
Environment Friendly ◽  
Analytical Instruments ◽  
Protection Strategies ◽  
Production Face ◽  
Synthetic Pesticides ◽  
New Crop

Efforts to meet the steadily increasing global need for plant products without continuously expanding the environmental footprint of crop production face several convoluted challenges. One challenge is minimizing crop loss due to diseases and pests without heavily relying on synthetic pesticides. Microorganisms secrete diverse molecules to influence surrounding organisms and environments. Research on these molecules has uncovered diverse mechanisms underpinning both beneficial and harmful microbial interactions and has also resulted in new crop protection strategies. However, compared with rapid advances in research on secreted proteins, research on metabolites, particularly volatile compounds, considerably lags. Diverse roles of secreted metabolites are highlighted here to underscore the need for systematically exploring microbial chemical ecology. This review focuses on how genomics, especially metabolomics, can enlighten the nature and mechanism of diverse microbial chemical ecology processes crucial for plant health and how to translate resulting insights into environment-friendly and sustainable crop protection strategies. Metabolomics entails comprehensive and rapid profiling of an entire measurable set of compounds in complex mixtures derived from organisms or environments using a growing array of analytical instruments. Metabolomics has expediated discoveries of novel bioactive compounds and subsequent studies on their mode of action. We review a variety of metabolomics tools and how they can be integrated with other tools to study and harness microbial chemical ecology.

scholarly journals New Formulation of Trimethoprim Injectable Solution for Veterinary Use

2012 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 137-144
Author(s):  
Arooba M.S. Ibrahim
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Evaluation ◽  
Active Ingredient ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Physical And Chemical Properties ◽  
Environmental Condition ◽  
One Year ◽  
New Formulation ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
Number Of Bacteria ◽  
And Chemical Properties

The aim of this study was prepared new formulation of trimethoprim injectablesolution in the Physiology and pharmacology department /College ofVeterinaryMedicine, University of Baghdad.Trimethoprim injection formulation is antibacterial andused against a number of bacteria, protozoa and Rickettsia. Data was collected about thematerials used in the preparation of the formula from the well-known pharmacopeia,including the specification, physical and chemical properties of active ingredient, theadditive and preservative that must be used. Three pilot formulae were prepared fromanalar chemical ingredient from which one formula was chosen and tested to approve itsquantitative and qualitative specification. Quantitative evaluation, stability of theformula was also tested under different storage environmental condition of low and hightemperature at different periods through and one year and through the questionnaire field.Questionnaire proved the product, stability and therapeutic efficiency. The compositionobtained a certificate of acceptance from the Veterinary State Company and VeterinaryDrug Research and production Centre as new preparation Formula of TrimethoprimInjectable Solution for Veterinary use.

Role of Raman Microprobe Spectroscopy in the Characterization of Microelectronic Materials

2001 ◽  
Vol 7 (S2) ◽  
pp. 150-151
Author(s):  
N.R. Klymko ◽  
J.A. Casey ◽  
L. Tai ◽  
J.A. Fitzsimmons ◽  
F. Adar
Keyword(s):  
Photoelectron Spectroscopy ◽  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
Packaging Materials ◽  
Process Use ◽  
Raman Microprobe ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Microelectronic Materials ◽  
Semiconductor Chips ◽  
Physical And Chemical

The production of semiconductor chips and packaging materials involves the use of a wide array of materials, from solvents and polymers, to photoresists, to metal and dielectric layers, to conductive and thermal pastes. Characterization of these materials, both in raw form and as formulated for in-process use, is integral to successful use of them in microelectronic manufacturing. Physical and chemical analytical techniques are employed to determine parameters such as composition, cure state, and interface chemistry. More often than not, it is the successful combination of complementary analyses which provide the complete understanding of material parameters needed.This paper reports the use of Raman microprobe spectroscopy as a characterization technique for microelectronic materials. Several examples will be given, illustrating the type of information which can be obtained and the complementary use of Raman spectroscopy in conjunction with other analytical techniques such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) to characterize microelectronic packaging materials and organic materials used in semiconductor manufacture.

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