Use of Predictive Engineering Systems To Model Manufacturing Processes for Crop Protection Active Ingredient Registration

2019 ◽  
Vol 23 (10) ◽  
pp. 2261-2265
Author(s):  
Nicholas M. Irvine ◽  
Douglas L. Pearson ◽  
Ron Leng ◽  
Grant Von Wald ◽  
John Dawson
Keyword(s):  
Active Ingredient ◽  
Crop Protection ◽  
Manufacturing Processes ◽  
Engineering Systems

scholarly journals Listening to Slugs: Acceptability and Consumption of Molluscicide Pellets by the Grey Field Slug, Deroceras reticulatum

Insects ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 548
Author(s):  
Samantha Mirhaya de Silva ◽  
David Chesmore ◽  
Jack Smith ◽  
Gordon Port
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Economic Impact ◽  
Active Ingredient ◽  
Crop Protection ◽  
Crop Plants ◽  
Deroceras Reticulatum ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Ferric Phosphate ◽  
Significant Difference

Gastropod damage to crop plants has a significant economic impact on agricultural and horticultural industries worldwide, with the Grey Field Slug (Deroceras reticulatum (Müller)) considered the main mollusc pest in the United Kingdom and in many other temperate areas. The prevailing form of crop protection is pellets containing the active ingredient, metaldehyde. Metaldehyde can cause paralysis and death in the mollusc, depending on the amount ingested. The paralysing effects may result in reduced pellet consumption. A greater understanding of metaldehyde consumption may reveal an area that can be manipulated using novel molluscicide formulations. Novel pellet types included commercial metaldehyde pellets coated so that metaldehyde is released more slowly. In both laboratory and arena trials, an audio sensor was used to record individual slugs feeding on a variety of pellet types, including commercially available toxic pellets (metaldehyde and ferric phosphate) and novel metaldehyde formulations. The sensor was used to record the length of each bite and the total number of bites. There was no significant difference in the length of bites between pellet types in laboratory trials. Novel pellets were not consumed more than commercial pellet types. Commercial pellet types did not differ in consumption.

Significance of impurities in the safety evaluation of crop protection products (IUPAC Technical Report)

2003 ◽  
Vol 75 (7) ◽  
pp. 937-973 ◽  
Author(s):  
Á. Ambrus ◽  
D. J. Hamilton ◽  
H. A. Kuiper ◽  
K. D. Racke
Keyword(s):  
Active Ingredient ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Crop Protection ◽  
Monitoring Program ◽  
Safety Evaluation ◽  
Impurity Content ◽  
Regulatory Body ◽  
Technical Grade ◽  
Toxicological Data ◽  
Technical Products

There may be substantial differences in the chemical composition of technical-grade products of the same active ingredient manufactured under different conditions, from different raw materials, or by different routes of synthesis. Resulting differences in impurity content may significantly affect the toxicological properties of pesticide products. Relevant impurities are those that may exhibit pronounced toxic effects compared to the active ingredient, affect phytotoxicity or physical properties of formulations, result in undesirable residues in food,or cause environmental contamination. The first safety assessment of an active ingredient by a regulatory body considers toxicological data developed on a representative batch of technical products, with the assumption that the material produced commercially by the original or generic manufacturers has an equal or higher content of active ingredient and contains the same or fewer impurities at equal or lower concentrations as the fully characterized technical product used in the toxicological tests. Three steps are essential for ensuring the safety of commercial technical- grade pesticide products, whether produced by the original manufacturer or by generic manufacturers. First, the identity and chemical structure of the impurities must be elucidated.This should include positive identification of major (=1 %) and all toxicologically or environmentally relevant impurities, and characterization of minor impurities (>0.1 %). Second, in addition to recognition of a minimum active ingredient content, official specifications should also list relevant impurities and their maximum permissible concentrations.Implementation of these specifications should be aided by a decision-making scheme for establishing similarity of subsequently evaluated technical products. Third, appropriate analytical methods for the detection and quantification of impurity levels should be developed and employed in a quality-monitoring program associated with the manufacturing and formulation process.

scholarly journals Análisis de sistemas mecánicos utilizando sistemas CAE, para estudiantes de ingeniería mecatrónica

2020 ◽  
pp. 14-20
Author(s):  
Rodrigo Hernández-Zempoaltecatl ◽  
Ariana Cano-Corona ◽  
Froylán Pérez-Serrano ◽  
Elías Méndez-Zapata
Keyword(s):  
Working Conditions ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Manufacturing Processes ◽  
Engineering Systems ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Numerical Resolution ◽  
Analysis Process ◽  
Simple Geometry ◽  
As Stress ◽  
Small Elements

This work shows that the fundamentals of CAE computeraided engineering systems can be used as an effective tool for optimizing the analysis of mechanical systems and / or manufacturing processes in mechatronic engineering subjects. The simulation of operating conditions, as well as the analysis of different working conditions such as stress analysis, thermal analysis, process optimization and product optimization, allows the CAE tool to be used in a wide variety of processes from previous designs to digitization of reverse engineering processes. During the development of technological skills as mechatronic engineers, CAE tools are essential for students to simulate processes and operating conditions that integrate manufacturing machines or cells. Given the wide variety of tools, CAE techniques can be developed by different methods, however in this case, finite element analysis (FEA) will be used, as a numerical resolution technique that considers that any component can be particularized, in a set of small elements with simple geometry and known physical behavior, this method is generally applied to different engineering fields.

Challenging the Formulator: Biocontrol and Conventional Crop Protection

2020 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 132-136
Author(s):  
Jim Bullock
Keyword(s):  
Product Development ◽  
Active Ingredient ◽  
Thermal Instability ◽  
Crop Protection ◽  
Packaging Materials ◽  
Target Area ◽  
Particle Agglomeration ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
New Crop ◽  
Physical Instability

Whether it is a synthetic or a biological material, the journey of an active ingredient (AI) from manufacture to its target site is a perilous one. Along the way there are numerous opportunities for the AI to be degraded, destroyed or removed. Following production of the AI, it may be vulnerable to chemical and thermal instability. Again, during formulation and on storage after manufacture, possible physical and chemical instability will need to be considered. Compatibility of the AI and co-formulants with packaging materials will also need to be taken into account. During application there are further opportunities for the AI to be lost. In a spray tank there is a risk of physical instability (e.g. particle agglomeration and settling) and of incompatibilities with other products added to the tank such as adjuvants and other AIs. Once sprayed, the droplets may drift and miss the target area or, even if they reach the leaf, not adhere there. Then, it may not persist on the leaf (or pest) surface or (in the case of systemic AIs) be taken up by the target. Finally, even once taken up by the target, there can be further chemical incompatibilities which degrade the AI. Many of these problems can be tackled by good use of formulation during product development. Formulation can address the following challenges: the challenge of stability; the challenge of compatibility; the challenge of protection; the challenge of delivery; and the challenge of sustainability and new crop protection practices.

scholarly journals Recent advances in biodegradable matrices for active ingredient release in crop protection: Towards attaining sustainability in agriculture

2020 ◽  
Vol 48 ◽  
pp. 121-136 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tahira Pirzada ◽  
Barbara V. de Farias ◽  
Reny Mathew ◽  
Richard H. Guenther ◽  
Medwick V. Byrd ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Active Ingredient ◽  
Crop Protection ◽  
Recent Advances

Application of Target Partial Least Squares for Analysis of Fourier Transform Infrared—Attenuated Total Reflection Hyperspectral Images for Characterization of the Distribution of Crop Protection Products on the Leaf Surface

2009 ◽  
Vol 63 (9) ◽  
pp. 992-999 ◽  
Author(s):  
Boiana O. Budevska
Keyword(s):  
Fourier Transform ◽  
Least Squares ◽  
Partial Least Squares ◽  
Active Ingredient ◽  
Leaf Surface ◽  
Crop Protection ◽  
Fourier Transform Infrared ◽  
Total Reflection ◽  
Attenuated Total Reflection ◽  
Hyperspectral Images

Target partial least squares (PLS) is applied to Fourier transform infrared–attenuated total reflection (FT-IR-ATR) hyperspectral images of plant leaf surface treated with crop protection products. Detection of active ingredient is demonstrated at application rates of 50 g active ingredient per hectare. This sensitivity could not be achieved without the application of multivariate analysis. Quantitative information appears to be easily recovered through analysis of combined images with known and unknown amounts of active ingredient.

scholarly journals Economic and Toxicological Aspects of Pesticide Management Practices: Empirical Evidence from Turkey

2021 ◽  
Vol 81 ◽  
pp. 23-30
Author(s):  
Hasan Yılmaz
Keyword(s):  
Active Ingredient ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Crop Protection ◽  
Dynamic Environment ◽  
Extension Programs ◽  
Environmental Intervention ◽  
Pesticide Management ◽  
Average Production ◽  
The Government ◽  
Protection Cost

The aim of this study was to evaluate the economics and toxicological aspects of pesticide management practices for sustainable chickpea production. The results of this study demonstrated that the average usage of pesticides is 877.30 g per hectare as an active ingredient in the chickpea growing. The average usages per hectare of active ingredient of insecticides, fungicides, and herbicides were calculated to be 1.50 g, 638.80 g, and 237.00 g, respectively. Fungicides are the biggest pesticide group used with 72.81% of total weight of active ingredients. It was calculated that the crop protection cost was EUR 75.65 per hectare, having the portion of 12 % of average production cost. The study revealed that the most common pesticides used by the farmers in chickpea growing were moderately hazardous and non-acute hazard categories. Based on the results of this study, it is suggested that the government should carry out effective agro-environmental intervention policies and farmer extension programs should be aimed at balancing the amounts of pesticides used per hectare for the sustainable, dynamic environment and prevention of pesticide toxicity. Keywords: chickpea, pesticide practices, economic, toxicological, Turkey

Respect-PTSD: Re-Engineering Systems for the Primary Care Treatment of PTSD

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paula Schnurr ◽  
Matthew Friedman ◽  
Thomas Oxman ◽  
Allen Dietrich ◽  
Mark Smith ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Primary Care ◽  
Engineering Systems ◽  
Care Treatment
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