A Comparison of the Metallurgical Behavior of Gold and Copper Wires in Ball Bonding

1991 ◽  
Vol 226 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomohiro Uno ◽  
K. Tatsumi ◽  
K. Mizuno ◽  
O. Kitamura ◽  
Y. Ohno
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Elevated Temperature ◽  
Heat Affected Zone ◽  
Copper Wire ◽  
Gold Wire ◽  
Ball Bonding ◽  
Bonding Method

AbstractA comparison was made of gold and copper wires used in ball bonding in terms of their mechanical properties, bondability and the reliability of their bond interfaces in elevated temperature environments. The ball bondability of copper and gold was evaluated through clarification of the factors which govern ball deformability. Moreover a bonding method to suppress the generation of silicon cracks was proposed for ball bonding of copper wire. As to the reliability of the heat affected zone and the bond interfaces, copper wire was found to be superior to gold wire.

The Process Optimization of the First Ball Bonding for Copper Wire

2012 ◽  
Vol 503-504 ◽  
pp. 905-908
Author(s):  
Wei Zhang ◽  
Kang Wang ◽  
Chun Qing Wang
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Property ◽  
Process Optimization ◽  
Contact Force ◽  
Copper Wire ◽  
Gold Wire ◽  
Economic Advantage ◽  
Input Energy ◽  
Metallization Layer ◽  
Copper Wire Bonding ◽  
Ball Bonding

Copper wire bonding has obtained prevalent owning to its economic advantage and superior electrical property. However, the replacement of gold wire with copper wire introduces hardness related issues as copper is much harder than gold. This article reports investigations of the process optimization of ball bonding for 1.8mil copper wire. The results showed that the suitable ranges of the three key parameters were: contact force was 100~120gf, bond time was 15~25ms, and bond power was 100~110dac. When the input energy was too low, it was hard to get effective bonding. However, excessive input energy would cause chip crater and serious extrusion of metallization layer.

A Study of the Copper Wire Ball Bonding Processes

1992 ◽  
Vol 260 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fang Hongyuan ◽  
Qian Yiyu ◽  
Jiang Yihong
Keyword(s):  
Copper Wire ◽  
New Technology ◽  
Gold Wire ◽  
Ultrasonic Power ◽  
Maximal Strength ◽  
Ball Bond ◽  
Gold Ball ◽  
Ball Bonding ◽  
Microelectronic Components ◽  
Improve Reliability

ABSTRACTCopper ball bonding is a new technology which is expected to replace the traditional gold ball bonding and paid attention in woled recently, the technology is very important to reduce cost and improve reliability of microelectronic components. In this paper, the copper wire ball bonding processes have been studied by means of the MW-EFO metal wire ball forming device and the JWYH-2 thermosonic ball bonder. The bond strength of the ball bond under varied ultrasonic power and bonding time have been tested. The tested results show that the maximal strength of copper ball bond can be over 20g, it has advantage over the gold wire ball bonding. In this paper, the deformation process of the copper ball bond has been analyzed and viewed by SME.

scholarly journals Influence of Post Weld Heat Treatment on the Grain Size, and Mechanical Properties of the Alloy-800H Rotary Friction Weld Joints

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (16) ◽  
pp. 4366
Author(s):  
Saqib Anwar ◽  
Ateekh Ur Rehman ◽  
Yusuf Usmani ◽  
Ali M. Al-Samhan
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Grain Size ◽  
Heat Affected Zone ◽  
Tensile Testing ◽  
Weld Zone ◽  
Alloy 800H ◽  
Weld Joints ◽  
Heat Treated ◽  
Friction Weld

This study evaluated the microstructure, grain size, and mechanical properties of the alloy 800H rotary friction welds in as-welded and post-weld heat-treated conditions. The standards for the alloy 800H not only specify the composition and mechanical properties but also the minimum grain sizes. This is because these alloys are mostly used in creep resisting applications. The dynamic recrystallization of the highly strained and plasticized material during friction welding resulted in the fine grain structure (20 ± 2 µm) in the weld zone. However, a small increase in grain size was observed in the heat-affected zone of the weldment with a slight decrease in hardness compared to the base metal. Post-weld solution heat treatment (PWHT) of the friction weld joints increased the grain size (42 ± 4 µm) in the weld zone. Both as-welded and post-weld solution heat-treated friction weld joints failed in the heat-affected zone during the room temperature tensile testing and showed a lower yield strength and ultimate tensile strength than the base metal. A fracture analysis of the failed tensile samples revealed ductile fracture features. However, in high-temperature tensile testing, post-weld solution heat-treated joints exhibited superior elongation and strength compared to the as-welded joints due to the increase in the grain size of the weld metal. It was demonstrated in this study that the minimum grain size requirement of the alloy 800H friction weld joints could be successfully met by PWHT with improved strength and elongation, especially at high temperatures.

scholarly journals Enhanced electrical conductivity and mechanical properties in thermally stable fine-grained copper wire

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Qingzhong Mao ◽  
Yusheng Zhang ◽  
Yazhou Guo ◽  
Yonghao Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Thermal Stability ◽  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Yield Strength ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Copper Wire ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Dislocation Slip ◽  
Ultrafine Grains ◽  
The Wire

AbstractThe rapid development of high-speed rail requires copper contact wire that simultaneously possesses excellent electrical conductivity, thermal stability and mechanical properties. Unfortunately, these are generally mutually exclusive properties. Here, we demonstrate directional optimization of microstructure and overcome the strength-conductivity tradeoff in copper wire. We use rotary swaging to prepare copper wire with a fiber texture and long ultrafine grains aligned along the wire axis. The wire exhibits a high electrical conductivity of 97% of the international annealed copper standard (IACS), a yield strength of over 450 MPa, high impact and wear resistances, and thermal stability of up to 573 K for 1 h. Subsequent annealing enhances the conductivity to 103 % of IACS while maintaining a yield strength above 380 MPa. The long grains provide a channel for free electrons, while the low-angle grain boundaries between ultrafine grains block dislocation slip and crack propagation, and lower the ability for boundary migration.

Microstructure and local strains in GH3535 alloy heat affected zone and their influence on the mechanical properties

2017 ◽  
Vol 699 ◽  
pp. 48-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuangjian Chen ◽  
D.K.L. Tsang ◽  
Li Jiang ◽  
Kun Yu ◽  
Chaowen Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Heat Affected Zone ◽  
Local Strains ◽  
Alloy Heat

scholarly journals Effect of Elevated Temperature on Mechanical Properties of High-Volume Fly Ash-Based Geopolymer Concrete, Mortar and Paste Cured at Room Temperature

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 1473
Author(s):  
Jun Zhao ◽  
Kang Wang ◽  
Shuaibin Wang ◽  
Zike Wang ◽  
Zhaohui Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Elevated Temperature ◽  
Fly Ash ◽  
Residual Strength ◽  
Elevated Temperatures ◽  
High Volume ◽  
Sem Analysis ◽  
Geopolymer Concrete ◽  
Ordinary Concrete ◽  
Exposure Temperature

This paper presents results from experimental work on mechanical properties of geopolymer concrete, mortar and paste prepared using fly ash and blended slag. Compressive strength, splitting tensile strength and flexural strength tests were conducted on large sets of geopolymer and ordinary concrete, mortar and paste after exposure to elevated temperatures. From Thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning electron microscope (SEM) test results, the geopolymer exhibits excellent resistance to elevated temperature. Compressive strengths of C30, C40 and C50 geopolymer concrete, mortar and paste show incremental improvement then followed by a gradual reduction, and finally reach a relatively consistent value with an increase in exposure temperature. The higher slag content in the geopolymer reduces residual strength and the lower exposure temperature corresponding to peak residual strength. Resistance to elevated temperature of C40 geopolymer concrete, mortar and paste is better than that of ordinary concrete, mortar and paste at the same grade. XRD, TGA and SEM analysis suggests that the heat resistance of C–S–H produced using slag is lower than that of sulphoaluminate gel (quartz and mullite, etc.) produced using fly ash. This facilitates degradation of C30, C40 and C50 geopolymer after exposure to elevated temperatures.

scholarly journals A Review on Microstructural Features and Mechanical Properties of Wheels/Rails Cladded by Laser Cladding

Micromachines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 152
Author(s):  
Xinlin Wang ◽  
Lei Lei ◽  
Han Yu
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Service Life ◽  
Process Optimization ◽  
Laser Cladding ◽  
Future Development ◽  
Heat Affected Zone ◽  
Small Deformation ◽  
Microstructural Characteristics ◽  
Low Input ◽  
Recent Developments

The service life of rails would be remarkably reduced owing to the increase of axle load, which can induce the occurrence of damages such as cracks, collapse, fat edges, etc. Laser cladding, which can enhance the mechanical properties of the rail by creating a coating, has received great attention in the area of the rails due to the attractive advantages such as low input heat, small heat-affected zone, and small deformation. In this paper, recent developments in the microstructural characteristics and mechanical properties of a cladded layer on the rail are reviewed. The method of process optimization for enhancing the properties of a cladded layer are discussed. Finally, the trend of future development is forecasted.

scholarly journals The Effect of Long-Term Impact of Elevated Temperature on Changes in Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of HR3C Steel

2016 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 761-766 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Zieliński ◽  
M. Sroka ◽  
A. Hernas ◽  
M. Kremzer
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Elevated Temperature ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative ◽  
Microstructure And Mechanical Properties ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Quantitative Identification ◽  
Working Parameters ◽  
Long Term Impact

Abstract The HR3C is a new steel for pressure components used in the construction of boilers with supercritical working parameters. In the HR3C steel, due to adding Nb and N, the compounds such as MX, CrNbN and M23C6 precipitate during service at elevated temperature, resulting in changes in mechanical properties. This paper presents the results of microstructure investigations after ageing at 650, 700 and 750 °C for 5,000 h. The microstructure investigations were carried out using scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The qualitative and quantitative identification of the existing precipitates was carried out using X-ray analysis of phase composition. The effect elevated temperature on microstructure and mechanical properties of the examined steel was described.

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