Pressure Evolution of a Bituminized Washing Water Concentrate During Leaching

2009 ◽  
Vol 1193 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander H. Waellisch
Keyword(s):  
Pressure Transducer ◽  
Swelling Pressure ◽  
Maximum Pressure ◽  
Cement Ratio ◽  
A Value ◽  
Sintered Bronze ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Washing Water ◽  
Leaching Medium ◽  
Pressure Evolution

AbstractIn this investigation the swelling pressure of confined samples of a real waste form, consisting of bitumen containing washing water concentrate, was measured. The theoretically reachable swelling pressure was estimated as high as ∼ 273 bar (27 MPa).A first simple experimental set-up was a sample of bituminized radwaste embedded in a cylinder of sintered bronze with a piezo-resistive pressure transducer. This was put into a leaching medium. A maximum pressure of 2 bar (0.2 MPa) was measured. The leaching rates of these confined samples were similar to those of unconfined ones.The second set-up was a sample of bituminized radwaste embedded in a cylinder of stainless steel, also equipped with a pressure transducer. The open bottom of the cylinder was closed with a disc of porous cement with water/cement ratio of 1.3. In two similar experiments with this set-up the swelling pressure reached in one case a value of 9 bar = 0.9 MPa and in the second improved one about 15 bar = 1.5 MPa.

Increased Wall-to-Wall Curing Contraction in Thin Bonded Resin Layers

1989 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
pp. 48-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.J. Feilzer ◽  
A.J. De Gee ◽  
C.L. Davidson
Keyword(s):  
Polymerization Shrinkage ◽  
A Value ◽  
Set Up

Wall-to-wall (WTW) polymerization contraction of filled and unfilled chemically and photo-initiated resins was studied in relation to the WTW distance. In an experimental set-up, the resins were bonded to two opposing disks, and the axial (WTW) displacement resulting from the polymerization shrinkage was measured continuously. It was found that the WTW contraction increased with decreasing WTW distance and ultimately reached a value of almost three times the linear polymerization shrinkage.

scholarly journals Carbaryl Photochemical Degradation on Soil Model Surfaces

Soil Systems ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie Siampiringue ◽  
Rajae Chahboune ◽  
Pascal Wong-Wah-Chung ◽  
Mohamed Sarakha
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Light Exposure ◽  
Degradation Mechanism ◽  
Parent Compound ◽  
Toxicity Tests ◽  
Photochemical Degradation ◽  
First Order Kinetics ◽  
A Value ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
Set Up

The phototransformation of carbaryl was investigated upon solar light exposure on three surfaces, silica, kaolin and sand, as soil models. By excitation with a Suntest set up at the surface of the three solid supports, the degradation of carbaryl followed first-order kinetics with a rate constant of 0.10 h−1. By using the Kubelka Munk model, the quantum yield disappearance at the surface of kaolin was evaluated to 2.4 × 10−3. Such a value is roughly one order of magnitude higher than that obtained in aqueous solutions. The results indicated that the particle size and the specific surface area of the various models have significant effects. The photo-oxidative properties as well as the byproduct elucidation by liquid chromatography combined with diode arrays (LC-DAD) and liquid chromatography coupled mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analyses allowed us to propose the degradation mechanism pathways. The main products were 1-naphtol and 2-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone, which arise from a photo-oxidation process together with products from photo-Fries, photo-ejection and methyl carbamate hydrolysis. The toxicity tests clearly showed a significant decrease of the toxicity in the early stages of the irradiation. This clearly shows that the generated products are less toxic than the parent compound.

scholarly journals Evaluation passenger car unit for motorcycle in Indonesia Highway Capacity Manual (Case study: Bandung and Semarang)

2018 ◽  
Vol 181 ◽  
pp. 06006
Author(s):  
Najid
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Density ◽  
Heavy Vehicles ◽  
Highway Capacity ◽  
Passenger Car ◽  
Highway Capacity Manual ◽  
Traffic Conditions ◽  
A Value ◽  
Passenger Car Unit ◽  
Set Up

Value of Passenger Car Unit or commonly known as PCU value is a value that is given to any vehicle that is classified into heavy vehicles, light vehicles (passenger car) and motorcycles. The value of passenger car unit on Indonesia Highway Capacity Manual (IHCM) set up in 1997 is based on a study conducted from 1980-1990 in several cities in Indonesia At the time of the study, the traffic conditions are very different to the current traffic conditions. That affects of difference traffic conditions are the composition of traffic, traffic regulations, traffic density, traffic discipline and the presence of mass transit, so that the results of traffic analysis do not always correspond to reality as there are anomalies in the determination of the level of road service (Najid, 2014). As well the incompatibility of the capacity value which is considered due to the incompatibility value of Passenger Car Units (PCU). Evaluation PCU become very important to get the value of traffic parameters into compliance with actually occur. In accordance with the traffic density is higher actually, then it is necessary to study for evaluation against PCU current value and the need to approach or to get the value of PCU more in line with current traffic conditions. Data collected at two cities, those are Bandung and Semarang. Based on analysis found PCU’s value that got from survey have difference but not all significantly with PCU value in IHCM.

Water Hammer in a Pumping Main and its Prevention

1951 ◽  
Vol 165 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. M. Binnie ◽  
D. G. Thackrah
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Calculations ◽  
Pressure Fluctuations ◽  
Maximum Pressure ◽  
Relief Valve ◽  
Inlet Valve ◽  
Air Inlet ◽  
Pipe Line ◽  
Usual Theory ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Very High

An earlier investigation has been continued on the protection of a rising water main against the consequences of a sudden interruption in the supply. In place of the air bottle previously tried, an automatic air-inlet valve was placed at the lower end of the pipe-line. Experiments on a laboratory scale showed that the cushion of air thus introduced brought the returning water column to rest without sound or shock. Theoretical calculations of maximum pressure and of air drawn in were verified. The lift of the pipe-line being small compared with its length, it was found that, over the range of velocity usually employed, the maximum pressure set up by the returning column diminished as the initial velocity of the interrupted supply was increased. With no protective device in use, a series of violent impacts took place owing to the column striking and rebounding from the closed valve at the lower end of the pipe-line. An electronic gauge, having a very high natural frequency, was used to measure the magnitude and duration of the shock pressures. Its indications were generally in accord with an analysis based on the usual theory of pressure waves, but the maximum pressures actually recorded somewhat exceeded the theoretical estimates, owing to the existence of additional pressure fluctuations caused by reflections from bends, sockets, and other discontinuities in the pipe-line. The insertion of a spring-loaded relief valve only slightly reduced the shock pressures.

Dynamics of Buried Polymer -polymer Interfaces in Thin Films

2003 ◽  
Vol 790 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. B. Lurio ◽  
Xuesong Hu ◽  
Suresh Narayanan ◽  
Xuesong Jiao ◽  
Jyotsana Lal
Keyword(s):  
Standing Wave ◽  
Diffuse Scattering ◽  
Grazing Incidence ◽  
Time Correlation ◽  
Correlation Spectroscopy ◽  
Polymer Interface ◽  
A Value ◽  
Vacuum Interface ◽  
Measured Time ◽  
Set Up

ABSTRACTWe have performed x-ray photon correlation spectroscopy (XPCS) measurements on a polymer-bilayer system comprised of 100 nm polystyrene film on top of an 80 nm polybromostyrene film, supported on a Si substrate. In order to distinguish the dynamics at the top interface from that at the polymer-polymer interface we have performed the measurement at grazing incidence. In this geometry, a standing wave is set up in the film. We derive a relation for the intensity of the standing wave and the resulting diffuse scattering. This model is compared with the measured diffuse scattering from which we extract a value of 0.7±0.4 dyne/cm for the surface tension between PS and PBrS at 180C. XPCS was then measured in each of two standing wave conditions, first where diffuse scattering only occurs at the polymer-vacuum interface and then where it only occurs at the interior polymer-polymer interface. The measured time correlation functions for each of the two interfaces show clear differences, with the polymer-polymer interface exhibiting much slower dynamics.

scholarly journals The energy involved in the electric change in muscle and nerve

1921 ◽  
Vol 92 (645) ◽  
pp. 178-184 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Nerve Fibre ◽  
Negative Potential ◽  
Appreciable Amount ◽  
External Circuit ◽  
A Value ◽  
Lower Curve ◽  
Set Up

Considerable electromotive forces are produced by the activity of excited muscles or nerves—up to three or four hundredths of a volt—and it was conceivable that an appreciable amount of energy might be involved in the currents set up in the tissue by them. This paper contains an examination of the question. In fig. 1 is shown a nerve fibre, on which rest electrodes (not shown) connected to an electrometer or galvanometer. Along the outside of the fibre is travelling, from right to left, a wave of negative potential, which velocity a cm. per second, having at any point distant x cm. along the nerve, and at time t seconds, a value y volts, as recorded on the electrometer, and shown (after the appropriate analysis) in the lower curve of the figure. We are not concerned here with the cause of this electromotive change, nor with what happens inside the fibre, but only with the physical results of it in an external circuit.

scholarly journals FORMING A PERCEIVED FRANCHISE VALUE: THEORETICAL INSIGHTS / FRANŠIZĖS SUVOKIAMOS VERTĖS FORMAVIMAS: TEORINĖS ĮŽVALGOS

2011 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rasa Levickaitė ◽  
Ramojus Reimeris
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Business Model ◽  
Perceived Value ◽  
Service Business ◽  
Academic Society ◽  
A Value ◽  
Franchise Value ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Scientific Value ◽  
Managerial Experience

The article is based on literature review, theoretical insights and deals with the topic of perceived franchise value. The objective of the paper is – what elements form the franchisee‘s perceived value in service business (comparing with alternative of own business model). The aim of the paper is to propose systematic value elements in the process of forming a value of a franchise business model perceived by the franchisee. In terms of practical meaning, this article should be relevant to entrepreneurs, company owners, and future entrepreneurs planning to set up their own business, but lacking the managerial experience. The scientific value of the paper is theoretical insights analyzing franchise, which has not been thoroughly analyzed in the Lithuanian academic society, and the formation of a perceived franchise value, which has not been analyzed at all. This is the second of three authors’ articles of franchise series.

Analysis of the Co-Generation Potential of a 5 kW PEMFC From Experimentally Determined Performance Data

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. G. Do Val ◽  
A. F. Orlando ◽  
C. E. R. Siqueira ◽  
J. Oexmann
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Cell ◽  
Proton Exchange Membrane ◽  
Proton Exchange ◽  
Total Efficiency ◽  
Fuel Processor ◽  
A Value ◽  
Cell Energy ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Energy Balances ◽  
Exchange Membrane

A 5 kW proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) with a reformer has been installed and tested at the Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro (PUC-Rio), Brazil, aiming the experimental determination of its performance and co-generation potential to increase the fuel chemical energy usage. The unit uses a fuel processor to convert energy from natural gas into hydrogen rich reformate. The fuel cell is totally instrumented, supplying data for calculating the overall system efficiency (total efficiency), reformer efficiency, stack efficiency, conversion efficiency (DC/AC), and co-generation potential, at previously set up output powers of 2,5 kW and 4 kW. The paper details the equations required for calculating the parameters, both theoretically, from thermodynamics and electrochemics points of view, and experimentally, from mass and energy balances, comparing the results. Steady state data were taken at 13 different days, resulting in reformer, stack, conversion and total average efficiencies, together with the calculated standard deviation. It was also found that the energy loss in the reformer and in the stack are approximately the same. The co-generation potential was estimated by calculating the heat rejected by the stack and the heat rejected in the reformer, giving a value of 67,5% and 68,9%, respectively for 2,5 kW and 4 kW. Therefore, co-generation can substantially reduce the fuel cell energy cost, and thus increasing the feasibility of its use.

scholarly journals Heterogeneous freezing of super cooled water droplets in micrometre range-freezing on a chip

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Häusler ◽  
Lorenz Witek ◽  
Laura Felgitsch ◽  
Regina Hitzenberger ◽  
Hinrich Grothe
Keyword(s):  
Active Sites ◽  
Birch Pollen ◽  
Freezing Temperature ◽  
Pure Gold ◽  
Ultrapure Water ◽  
Droplet Sizes ◽  
Temperature Window ◽  
Freezing Temperatures ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Washing Water

Abstract. A new setup to analyse the freezing behaviour of ice nucleation particles (INPs) dispersed in aqueous droplets has been developed with the aim to analyse ensembles of droplets with sizes in the micrometre range, in which INPs are immersed. Major disadvantages of conventional drop-freezing experiments like varying drop sizes or interactions between the water-oil mixture and the INP, were solved by introducing a unique freezing-chip consisting of an etched and sputtered 15 × 15 × 1 mm gold-plated silicon or pure gold film. Using this chip, isolated micrometre-sized droplets can be generated with sizes similar to droplets in real world clouds. The experimental set-up for drop-freezing experiments was revised and improved by establishing automated process control and image evaluation. The new set-up is economical, quick in handling the sample, precise in measurement and the results are more next to real conditions than former approaches. We were able to show the efficiency and accuracy of our setup by comparing measured freezing temperatures of different INPs (Snomax®, K-feldspar, birch pollen (Betula pendula) washing water, juniper pollen suspension (Juniperus communis) and ultrapure water) with already published results. The T50 values of ultrapure water (T50 = −37.2 °C), birch pollen washing water (T50 = −18 °C) and juniper pollen (T50 = −22.7 °C) match the data given in literature. Microcline shows higher freezing temperatures (T50 = −16.4 °C) than literature values from us and others, which can be explained by different preparing/milling parameters. The slightly lower freezing temperature of Snomax® (T50 = −8.9 °C) received by using the freezing-chip, compared to measurements already published, can be explained by different concentrations and droplet sizes. Our measurements and comparisons with the literature data show the important impact of droplet size, INP concentration and number of active sites on the T50 values. Here, the new set-up exhibits its strength in reproducibility and accuracy which is due to the defined and isolated droplets. Finally, it opens a temperature window down to −37 °C for freezing experiments which was not accessible with many former approaches and allows determination of IN also with weak nucleation activity.

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