scholarly journals Influence of anthropogenic factors on the fauna of diplopods in the steppe zone of Ukraine

2021 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-60
Author(s):  
V. M. Kozak
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Steppe Zone ◽  
The Body ◽  
Anthropogenic Factors ◽  
Natural Forests ◽  
Feeding Rates ◽  
Pirimiphos Methyl ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Taxonomic Groups

Various industries that constantly pollute the environment with their waste are quite well developed in the steppe zone of Ukraine. That in turn affects living organisms. The analysis of literature sources allowed to determine the factors influencing the diplopods fauna of the Steppe. Parasites, herbicides, fungicides, insecticides, heavy metals and other pollutants adversely affect invertebrates. Pesticides (glyphosate, imidacloprid, dimethoate, pirimiphos-methyl, propargite, cypermethrin, tebuconazole, chlorpyrifos, mefenoxam, mancozeb, sulfur, propiconazole, cyprodinil) are toxic to diplopods. They can affect lifetime, fertility, abundance, coordination of movements, feeding rates, change body weight and even in high concentrations cause the death of these animals. Sulfur, pirimiphos-methyl, propiconazole, imidacloprid, dimethoate and cypermethrin are the most toxic of all these pesticides. They cause the highest mortality. Heavy metals accumulate in the bodies of saprophages, reduce their abundance, affect body weight, cause a change in the intensity of eating food by diplopods. Nickel, lead, cadmium, zinc, cuprum and ferrum are toxic to millipedes. High concentrations of cadmium cause 100% mortality of Megaphyllum kievense (Lohmander, 1928). The development of urbanization causes a decrease in the abundance of saprophages. The species composition and number of individuals of some taxonomic groups of millipedes are reduced in reclamation areas. The nematodes Steinernema carpocapsae (Weiser, 1955) and Heterorhabditis heliothidis (Khan, Brooks & Hirschmann, 1976) slow down the protective reactions of the body of Oxidus gracilis (C. L. Koch, 1847). The high intensity of diplopod infection with gregarines slows down the feeding process of Rossiulus kessleri (Lohmander, 1927). Lighting, soil humidity and the number of ants also affect the abundance of diplopods in natural forests and forest plantations of the steppe zone. Thus the diplopods are influenced by many environmental factors that can reduce their abundance in agrocenoses, forested and reclamation areas of the steppe zone of Ukraine.

scholarly journals Metallothionein and Glutathione Content as Biomarkers of Metal Pollution in Mussels and Local Fishermen in Abu Qir Bay, Egypt

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (12) ◽  
pp. 50-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aziza A. Saad ◽  
Amany El-Sikaily ◽  
Hany Kassem
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Metal Pollution ◽  
The Body ◽  
Metal Exposure ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Blood Levels ◽  
Industrial Workers ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Abu Qir Bay

Background. When heavy metals accumulate in air, soil, and water, the risk of human exposure increases among industrial workers, as well as in people living near polluted areas. Heavy metals adversely affect a variety of bodily systems such as the cardiovascular, respiratory, endocrine, immune, and reproductive systems. In addition, long-term exposure and accumulation of heavy metals in the body may disturb oxidative stress genes and thus increase the susceptibility to various diseases. Objectives. The aim of this study is to estimate the metallothionein concentration in both mussel samples from Abu Qir Bay, Egypt and the blood of local fishermen as a biomarker of exposure to metal pollution. Methods. Levels of metallothionein and heavy metals were measured in mussels. Blood levels of metallothionein and heavy metals of local fishermen were measured and compared with a control group. The effect of heavy metal exposure on oxidative stress status was investigated through the determination of malondialdehyde (MDA), catalase and glutathione content. Results. The results of this study showed high concentrations of metallothionein in mussels and in fishermen's blood, accompanied by high concentrations of metals such as cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), chromium (Cr), and zinc (Zn). At the same time, a significant decrease in glutathione content and catalase enzyme activity was associated with a significant increase in the malondialdehyde concentrations in sera of fishermen. Conclusions. The present study found that the El Maadiya region is polluted with heavy metals, inducing oxidative stress in fishermen in the vicinity. These results reveal the necessity of further environmental monitoring in the study area in order to evaluate other types of pollutants and their effects on human health.

scholarly journals Protein and Energy Requirements for Maintenance and Growth in Juvenile Meagre Argyrosomus regius (Asso, 1801) (Sciaenidae)

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 77
Author(s):  
I. Jauralde ◽  
J. Velazco-Vargas ◽  
A. Tomás-Vidal ◽  
M. Jover Cerdá ◽  
S. Martínez-Llorens
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
High Growth ◽  
The Body ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Maximum Efficiency ◽  
Feeding Rates ◽  
Voluntary Activity ◽  
Retention Efficiency ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
Argyrosomus Regius

The meagre is a carnivorous species and might be a suitable candidate species for the diversification of aquaculture in the Mediterranean region. This is based on its high growth and flesh quality. Nevertheless, there is little information available about its growth rates and nutrient requirements. The objective of this study was to determine the protein and energy requirements of juvenile meagre (Argyrosomus regius). Two trials for different weights of 53 and 188 g were conducted with rations from starvation to apparent satiation with the scope of studying its nutritional needs. In the first trial, the initial mean body weight of the fish was 53 g, and they were fed at feeding rates, measured as a percentage of the body weight, of 0, 0.75, 1.5, 2.5, 3.5, and 4.5%, with two replicates per treatment. In a second trial, another group with approximately 188 g of initial body weight was fed at feeding rates of 0, 0.5, 1.5, and 2.5%, with two replicates per treatment. The optimum thermal growth coefficient was obtained with a feed intake of 2.2% day−1 in trial A and 1.73% day−1 in trial B. The digestible protein (DP) intake for maintenance was determined as 0.57 g kg−0.7 day−1, the DP intake for maximum growth was 6.0 g kg−0.7 day−1, and the point for maximum efficiency in protein retention was 1.8 g kg−0.7 day−1. The requirement for digestible energy (DE) intake for maintenance was recorded at 25.4 kJ kg−0.82 day−1, the DE intake to maximize growth was 365 kJ kg−0.82 day−1, and the point for maximum efficiency in energy retention occurs with a digestible energy intake of 93 kJ kg−0.82 day−1. The requirements and retention efficiency of protein and energy in Argyrosomus regius tend to be within the range other fish species. The maintenance needs are in agreement with species with low voluntary activity and growth requirements in agreement with fast-growth species.

scholarly journals Studies on some heavy metal contents of ximenia americana and sclerocarya birrea wild fruit from North-Eastern Nigeria.

2021 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
G.A Maspalma ◽  
U.A Maryam ◽  
M.B. Hamid ◽  
K.S Hamman ◽  
S.P Artimas
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
The Body ◽  
Lead And Cadmium ◽  
Sclerocarya Birrea ◽  
Wild Fruits ◽  
Wild Fruit ◽  
Metal Contents ◽  
North Eastern ◽  
Ximenia Americana ◽  
High Concentrations

Fruits play important role in providing the individuals daily dietary needs from vitamins, iron, and some metals that are needed in the body as dietary supplement or as an important element that form some hormones or enzymes in small concentrations, if exists in high concentrations become toxic with side effects. The presence of heavy metals such as of Fe, Cd, Pb, Cr, Mn, Ni, Co, and Zn in Ximenia americana and sclerocarya birrea wild fruits were determined using standard methods such as AAS. Results obtained from this study revealed that the concentration of the metals in sclerocarya birrea was Iron, (8.83 ± 0.10) Cadmium (0.01 ± 0.00) Lead (0.04 ± 0.02) Chromium (0.19±0.10) Manganese (4.27 ± 0.20) Nickel (0.21 ±0.10) Cobalt (0.09 ±0.01) and Zinc (2.96 ± 0.02) mg/g. On the other hand, Ximenia americana content was Iron, (6.37 ± 0.10) Cadmium (0.02 ± 0.01) Lead (0.01 ± 0.00) Chromium (0.24±0.01) Manganese (2.50 ± 0.10) Nickel (0.29 ±0.10) Cobalt (0.17 ±0.00) and Zinc (2.31 ± 0.06) mg/g respectively. Highest concentration of Iron was recorded as (8.83 ± 0.10) mg/g in the sclerocarya birrea sample analyzed, while Lead and Cadmium were found to be the least with concentration of (0.01 ±0.00) mg/g in both samples. Their concentrations are within the maximum allowable concentration (MAC) set by FAO/WHO. The findings of this study reveal that there are no health risks associated with the consumption of heavy metals through the intake of these two fruits.

scholarly journals Content of inorganic elements in snails meat

2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (83) ◽  
pp. 189-193
Author(s):  
I.S. Danilova
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Trace Elements ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Helix Pomatia ◽  
Helix Aspersa ◽  
The Body ◽  
Inorganic Elements ◽  
Fresh Meat ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Helix Aspersa Maxima

Currently, there are several classifications of inorganic elements, although each has its own advantages and disadvantages. The most studied group is macroelements, because they have a significant spread in the body and serve as a function of structural elements. The trace elements perform their functions, being part of the biologically active substances, which makes it difficult to study them, since the same element, depending on the form, can have a toxic effect or be vital. The macroelements include: K, Ca, Mg, Na, S, P, Cl. The trace elements are distributed as follows: Al, B, Br, V, I, Li, Si, As, Rb, Se, F, Sr and heavy metals, namely Zn, Cr, Ge, Fe, Cd, Co, Cu, Mn, Mo, Sn, Ni, Pb. Macroelements are contained in our body in a significant amount (more than 0.01% of the body weight, in other words, their content in the body of an adult is measured in grams and even in kilograms). The trace elements are involved in all processes of life and are the catalysts of biochemical reactions. Their daily intake is less than 200 mg, and they are contained in the body in small doses (less than 0.001% of body weight). The article presents the results of our own research on the content of inorganic elements in the meat of snails of various species Helix pomatia, Helix aspersa maxima and Helix aspersa muller. It is established that fresh meat of Helix aspersa maxima snails contains the least amount of heavy metals and the highest amount of selenium. Of the 12 inorganic elements that we studied in meat of snails from trace elements, Bromus is most often kept by Helix aspersa muller snails and is 1.91 ± 0.23 mg, Selenium and Manganese from Helix aspersa maxima snails are 0.32 ± 0.01mg and 29.29 ± 0.27 respectively. In the case of heavy metals in the meat of Helix aspersa maxima, there was no evidence of flatulence at all, and the most commonly found zinc in this specimen was 27.64 ± 0.22 mg in accordance. The calcium is the most enriched meat of Snails Helix pomatia and is 12571.25 ± 304.51 mg. As for the vital calcium macroelement, most of all it enriched the meat of the grape snail Helix pomatia. Based on the foregoing, it can be concluded that the fresh meat of Helix aspersa maxima snails contains the least amount of heavy metals and can be successfully used in the relevant industries, and especially in the food industry.

scholarly journals TOXICITY TEST OF INDIVIDUAL AND COMBINED TOXIC EFFECTS OF GLYPHOSATE HERBICIDE AND HEAVY METALS ON CHICKEN EMBRYOS

AGROFOR ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rita SZABÓ ◽  
Dalma CSONKA ◽  
László MAJOR ◽  
József LEHEL ◽  
Péter BUDAI
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
The Body ◽  
Embryo Mortality ◽  
Developmental Anomalies ◽  
Chicken Embryos ◽  
Post Test ◽  
Test Materials ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Chicken Eggs

The aim of this study was to determine the individual and combined toxicity of Glialka Star herbicide (glyphosate 360 g/l) and heavy metals (copper and cadmium) on the development of chicken embryos. On the first day of incubation, chicken eggs were injected by 0.1 ml of the test materials. The applied concentration of copper and cadmium sulphate was 0.01% and that of herbicide Glialka Star was 2%. The chicken embryos were examined on day 19 by the followings: rate of embryo mortality, body mass, type of developmental anomalies by macroscopic examination. The body weight was evaluated statistically by oneway ANOVA combined with Dunnett post-test, the embryo mortality and the developmental anomalies were analysed by Fisher test. Our teratogenicity study revealed that the combined administration of heavy metals (copper, cadmium) and glyphosate (K-salt) containing herbicide formulation caused significant reduction in the body weight of embryos and a significant increase in the rate of embryonic mortality and the incidence of developmental anomalies. The joint toxic effect of heavy metals and Glialka Star is an additive effect compared to the individual toxicity of the test materials.

Immunotoxicological examination of repeated dose combined exposure by dimethoate and two heavy metals in rats

1999 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 88-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Institóris ◽  
Olga Siroki ◽  
I Dési ◽  
Ülkü Ündeger
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Liver Weight ◽  
The Body ◽  
Oral Exposure ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Combined Exposure ◽  
Cell Content

The immunotoxicity of 28 days combined oral exposure by dimethoate (DM) and two heavy metals (Pb or Cd) was investigated in male Wistar rats. Immunotoxic and no-effect doses of DM (28.2 and 7.04 mg/kg) were combined with immunotoxic and no-effect doses of CdCl2 (6.43 and 1.61 mg/kg) or lead acetate (80.0 and 20.0 mg/kg) in such a way that the high dose of each substance was given in combination with the no-effect dose of the other. To examine the interactions of these agents, general toxico-logical (body weight gain, organ weights), haematological (absolute and differential WBC, RBC, MCV, Ht, cell content of the femoral bone marrow), and immune function (splenic PFC number, DTH reaction) parameters were measured. Treatment with the combination of Pb or Cd and DM did not result in a reduction of humoral (PFC) and cellular (DTH) immune responses, whereas treatment with the substances alone did result in immune suppression. This protecting effect can probably be attributed to an effect on the kinetics of the compounds tested rather than on the immune system itself. Further interactions were found in both combinations, DM-Cd and DM-Pb, in the body weight gain and in the relative liver weight; the DMPb combination also affected the relative thymus weight and the MCV value. These findings show that the immunotoxic effects of the investigated materials, including their detectability and health consequences, can be modified in case of combined exposure.

Schwermetalle in höheren Pilzen Cadmium, Zink und Kupfer Heavy Metals in Higher Fungi Cadmium, Zinc, and Copper

1977 ◽  
Vol 32 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 172-181 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans-Ulrich Meisch ◽  
Johannes A. Schmitt ◽  
Wolfgang Reinle
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Trace Metals ◽  
Atomic Absorption ◽  
Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy ◽  
The Other ◽  
Special Value ◽  
Taxonomic Criterion ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Taxonomic Groups ◽  
Cadmium Zinc

Abstract In a series of 190 samples, higher fungi, especially from the genus Agaricus, were analyzed by atomic absorption spectroscopy on their content of the trace metals cadmium, zinc, and copper. Cd was found to be present in high concentrations in some Agaricus species belonging to special taxonomic groups. In relation to soil concentrations, Cd is highly enriched in some Agaricus spec., the enrichment being a taxonomic criterion of special value. Among the remaining genera of higher fungi, only Leucoagaricus and Amanita showed similiar enrichment properties for cadmium. The chemically related metals Zn and Cu were found to be relative uniformely distributed in all analyzed fungi. No synergistic or antagonistic relationship between Cd and the other two metals could be detected in the mushrooms.

scholarly journals Concentration of Heavy Metals in the Biot of Lake Radoniqi and Badovci, Food Safety: Study of the Natural Environment in the Republic of Kosovo

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 233-238
Author(s):  
Adem Dreshaj ◽  
Bedri Millaku ◽  
Elvis Elezaj ◽  
Bekë Kuqi
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Living Organism ◽  
The Body ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Aquatic Life ◽  
Fish Organs ◽  
A Cell ◽  
The Republic ◽  
High Concentrations

The purpose of this research is to determine the content of heavy metals in the lakes of Kosovo, lakes with heavy metals such as: (Hg, Cd, Pb, As, Fe, Zn, Ni, Cu), in water and water sediment in Lake Radoniq and Lake Badovc. Determination of heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Hg, As), in muscle tissue and fish organs. Parameters as an indicator of fish safety for food, indicator of environmental pollution (Kosovo lake bioten). Age of fish, the amount of fat are important factors that affect the accumulation of heavy metals in fish. This indicates that the bioaccumulation of heavy metals is a special process and indicates the concentration of heavy metals in the body of the fish. The high concentration of Fe in fish organs is of particular importance for hemoglobin and its role in fish. Metal indicators such as biocumulation factors are different, for example, for Pb can be increased with high concentrations compared to international parameters which depends on the species of fish and the location of catching s137 fish, the concentration of heavy metals in the Lake and the impacts from agricultural activities. The concentration of heavy metals in the body of aquatic life depends on the way in which heavy metals penetrate, giving the body the opportunity to detoxify them through metabolism. Metabolism means the exchange of substances, the uninterrupted exchange of matter between the living organism and the external environment. This process is the basis of life, which allows a cell to grow and reproduce, maintain its structure and respond to its environment.

scholarly journals Impact of cadmium and lead on Megaphyllum kievense (Diplopoda, Julidae) in a laboratory experiment

2018 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 128-131 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. M. Kozak ◽  
V. V. Brygadyrenko
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Laboratory Experiment ◽  
High Resistance ◽  
Death Rate ◽  
Forest Litter ◽  
The Body ◽  
Toxic Impact ◽  
Lead And Cadmium ◽  
Cadmium And Lead

After accumulating in plants, lead and cadmium of technogenic origin concentrate in forest litter, thus inhibiting the speed of its microbiological decomposition and causing chronic intoxication of saprophage millipedes which feed on it. The 20-day laboratory experiment described in this article determined the toxic impact of lead and cadmium (at concentrations of 0.3, 3, 30, 300, 3,000 and 30,000 mg/kg of litter) on the body weight of Megaphyllum kievense (Lohmander, 1928) and microbiological decomposition of forest litter. The death rate of M. kievense increased from 10–20% to 40% at 3 and 30 g/kg of lead and to 100% at 30 g of cadmium per 1 kg of litter. Gain in body weight of M. kievense reliably decreased only at 3 g/kg of cadmium (0.71 to 0.20 mg/24-hours). Under the influence of lead, gain in body weight reliably decreased compared to the control already at 100 times smaller concentration (30 mg/kg of substrate – 0.74 to 0.10 mg/24-hours). Under the influence of both cadmium and lead, the decomposition of litter by microorganisms is slowed down only under the highest of the studied concentrations (30 g/kg). The results of the laboratory experiment showed high resistance of M. kievense to lead and cadmium, at levels significantly higher than natural concentrations of heavy metals in technogenically transformed ecosystems.

Fish Size as a Quantitative Function of Tolerance to Heavy Metals

1975 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 170-179 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Spear ◽  
P.D. Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Test Organism ◽  
The Body ◽  
Weight Functions ◽  
Weight Factor ◽  
Response Curves ◽  
Ambient Environment ◽  
Test Organisms ◽  
Similar Body

Abstract Variations in tolerance through a size range of test organisms were quantitatively represented by the function. $${\rm R} = {\rm \alpha } + {\rm \beta log C/}{\rm W}^{\rm b} \eqno \lpar1\rpar$$ where R = % quantal response (in probits), C = concentration of toxicant in the ambient environment, W = weight of test organism, and, b = an empirically determined coefficient of weight. This function expresses the lethal response curves of different sizes of test organisms of three species of fish following exposure to certain discrete heavy metal solutions for 96 hours. A useful derivative of Eq. 1 is, $$\log {\rm M} = {\rm a} + {\rm b log W}$$ where M = LC 50 The application of these weight functions in aquatic bioassay studies is discussed. The standard bioassay procedure in aquatic toxicology simulates the principle mode of toxicant uptake from the ambient environment by exposing test organisms to aqueous solutions of chemicals for specified periods. The alternative bioassay method involves the administration of toxicants by parenteral (e.g. intraperitoneal , intravenous) or enteral (e.g. oral) routes. It is accepted procedure in the latter bioassay studies to use a dose proportional to the body weight of the test animal. The assumption for normalizing the dose by the weight of the individual is that the magnitude of response to a given dose will change proportionally with size. For the former type of bioassay, some investigators have concluded that size of the test organism does not influence tolerance parameters (Cairns 1958; Bastos 1954) - Other studies have demonstrated that the magnitude of response varies with size (Weiss and Botts 1957; Mount 1962; Burdick et al. 1955; Skidmore 1967). The problem of size as a modifying factor may be avoided by using test organisms of similar body weight (Doudoroff et al. 1951). For those bioassay studies in which size standardization is either impractical or impossible, a rationale is needed to quantify changes in response attributable to the differences in weight of test organisms. This paper considers the application of a weight factor-tolerance function which quantitatively represents the change in the magnitude of response with increasing size of three species of fish exposed to certain heavy metals. The quantity of the weight function is determined empirically and its value appears unique for species and toxicant. The usefulness of the weight factor in bioassay studies is discussed.

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