scholarly journals Lions, and Tigers, and Implicit Measures, Oh My! Implicit Assessment and the Valence vs. Threat Distinction

2020 ◽  
Vol 38 (Supplement) ◽  
pp. s154-s164
Author(s):  
David S. March ◽  
Michael A. Olson ◽  
Lowell Gaertner
Keyword(s):  
Implicit Measures ◽  
Implicit Measurement ◽  
Implicit Assessment ◽  
And Behavior

Physically threatening objects are negative, but negative objects are not necessarily threatening. Moreover, responses elicited by threats to physical harm are distinct from those elicited by other negatively (and positively) valenced stimuli. We discuss the importance of the threat versus valence distinction for implicit measurement both in terms of the activated evaluation and the design of the measure employed to assess that evaluation. We suggest that accounting for the distinct evaluations of threat and valence better enables implicit measures to provide understanding and prediction of subsequent judgment, emotion, and behavior.

scholarly journals Six Lessons for a Cogent Science of Implicit Bias and Its Criticism

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 574-595 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bertram Gawronski
Keyword(s):  
Implicit Bias ◽  
Implicit Measures ◽  
Social Discrimination ◽  
Implicit Measurement ◽  
Implicit Biases ◽  
Explicit Bias ◽  
Current Article ◽  
Implicit And Explicit ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Over Time

Skepticism about the explanatory value of implicit bias in understanding social discrimination has grown considerably. The current article argues that both the dominant narrative about implicit bias as well as extant criticism are based on a selective focus on particular findings that fails to consider the broader literature on attitudes and implicit measures. To provide a basis to move forward, the current article discusses six lessons for a cogent science of implicit bias: (a) There is no evidence that people are unaware of the mental contents underlying their implicit biases; (b) conceptual correspondence is essential for interpretations of dissociations between implicit and explicit bias; (c) there is no basis to expect strong unconditional relations between implicit bias and behavior; (d) implicit bias is less (not more) stable over time than explicit bias; (e) context matters fundamentally for the outcomes obtained with implicit-bias measures; and (f) implicit measurement scores do not provide process-pure reflections of bias. The six lessons provide guidance for research that aims to provide more compelling evidence for the properties of implicit bias. At the same time, they suggest that extant criticism does not justify the conclusion that implicit bias is irrelevant for the understanding of social discrimination.

A Latent State-Trait Analysis of Implicit and Explicit Personality Measures

2005 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 100-107 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan C. Schmukle ◽  
Boris Egloff
Keyword(s):  
Personality Assessment ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Personality Measures ◽  
Implicit Measures ◽  
Trait Analysis ◽  
Specific Effects ◽  
Implicit Personality ◽  
Implicit Assessment ◽  
Implicit And Explicit ◽  
Explicit Measures

Abstract. Explicit personality measures assess introspectively accessible self-descriptions. In contrast, implicit personality measures assess introspectively inaccessible processes that operate outside awareness. However, for both kinds of trait measures, the effect of the situation in which the assessment takes place should be as small as possible. The present study aims at quantifying possible systematic occasion-specific effects on implicit measures (Implicit Association Test) and explicit measures (self-report ratings) of extraversion and anxiety by means of a latent state-trait analysis. This analysis revealed that - as desired for personality assessment - all four measures capture mostly stable interindividual differences. Nevertheless, occasion-specific effects were also observed. These effects were (1) more pronounced for implicit than for explicit measures and (2) more pronounced for anxiety than for extraversion. Implications for the implicit assessment of personality traits are discussed.

scholarly journals Affiliation or Power: What Motivates Behavior on Social Networking Sites? And Role of Self-Consciousness on Behavior on Social Networking Sites

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Satabdee Das
Keyword(s):  
Social Networking ◽  
Social Networking Sites ◽  
Implicit Measures ◽  
Regression Analyses ◽  
Weak Evidence ◽  
Affiliation Motive ◽  
Power Motive ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
The Relationship

The present study investigated the relationship between explicit and implicit measures of affiliation, power, and achievement motives and behavior as related to social networking sites (SNS) in a sample of 40 participants. SNS appear to be designed to enable social connection via the Internet, so the potential for influence of the affiliation motive seemed self- evident. Additionally, we hypothesized that the power motive drives certain aspects of SNS behavior such that individuals with a high power motive have a larger number of friends and upload more pictures. The results of regression analyses showed that the explicit affiliation motive and the explicit power motive were related to different outcome of SNS activity. Specifically, the explicit power motive predicted number of friends and number of uploaded pictures, whereas time spent on SNS per day was predicted by the explicit affiliation motive. Only weak evidence was found for an influence of implicit motives on SNS activity.

scholarly journals Research With Implicit Measures: Suggestions for a New Agenda of Sub-Personal Psychology

2020 ◽  
Vol 38 (Supplement) ◽  
pp. s243-s263
Author(s):  
Klaus Rothermund ◽  
Laura Anne Grigutsch ◽  
Adrian Jusepeitis ◽  
Nicolas Koranyi ◽  
Franziska Meissner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Predictive Validity ◽  
Research Agenda ◽  
Internal Validity ◽  
Human Action ◽  
Full Potential ◽  
Implicit Measures ◽  
Human Functioning ◽  
New Perspective ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Broad Approach

Research with implicit measures has been criticized for an unclear meaning of the term implicit and inadequate psychometric properties, as well as problems regarding internal validity and low predictive validity of implicit measures. To these criticisms, we add an overly restrictive theoretical focus and research agenda that is limited to the narrow dichotomy between associations versus propositional beliefs. In this article, we address the last problem by introducing a new perspective of a sub-personal psychology. This broad approach expands the conceptual horizon in order to make use of the full potential that experimental paradigms can offer for assessing, explaining, predicting, and modifying human functioning and behavior. Going beyond the analysis of associations and beliefs, we highlight the use of experimental paradigms to examine and modify motivational, environmental, and episodic memory factors that influence human action.

Structure and Function of Attitudes

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pablo Briñol ◽  
Richard E. Petty ◽  
Maria Stavraki
Keyword(s):  
Attitude Change ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Attitude Strength ◽  
Implicit Measures ◽  
Attitude Certainty ◽  
Predicting Behavior ◽  
And Function ◽  
Implicit And Explicit ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Explicit Measures

Attitudes refer to general evaluations people have regarding people, places, objects, and issues. Attitudes serve a number of important functions such as guiding choices and actions and giving people a sense of identity and belonging. Attitudes can differ in the extent to which they come from affect, cognition, and behavior. These bases of attitudes can be appraised objectively and subjectively. Attitudes can also differ in their strength, with some attitudes being more impactful and predictive of behavior than others. Some indicators of attitude strength have been viewed as relatively objective in nature (e.g., stability, resistance, accessibility, spreading) whereas other strength indicators are more subjective in nature (e.g., attitude certainty, subjective ambivalence, perceived moral basis of attitudes). Attitudes can be stored in memory in different ways, including an attitude structure in which attitude objects are linked to both positivity and negatively separately, tagging these evaluations with varying degrees of validity. Finally, after a long tradition of assessing attitudes using people’s responses to self-report measures (explicit measures of attitudes), more recent work has also assessed attitude change with measures that tap into people’s more automatic evaluations (implicit measures of attitudes). Implicit and explicit measures can be useful in predicting behavior separately and also in combination.

What Is the Implicit Gender-Science Stereotype? Exploring Correlations Between the Gender-Science IAT and Self-Report Measures

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (7) ◽  
pp. 719-735 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hila Zitelny ◽  
Michal Shalom ◽  
Yoav Bar-Anan
Keyword(s):  
Liberal Arts ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Implicit Measure ◽  
Implicit Measures ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Total N ◽  
Implicit And Explicit ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Explicit Measures ◽  
Better Than

Implicit measures of the gender-science stereotype are often better than explicit measures in predicting relevant outcomes. This finding could reflect a discrepancy between implicit and explicit stereotypes, but an alternative is that the implicit measure is sensitive to constructs other than the stereotype. Analyzing an archival data set (total N = 478,550), we found that self-reported liking of science versus liberal arts was the best predictor of the gender-science implicit association test (IAT). In a reanalysis of a previous study and a replication of another study, we found that evidence for the IAT’s advantage over explicit stereotypes in predicting relevant outcomes disappeared when controlling for self-reported liking. Therefore, perhaps the IAT has often outperformed the explicit stereotype because the gender-science IAT captures personal attraction, whereas the explicit stereotype does not. It is premature to conclude that implicit constructs are superior to explicit constructs in predicting science-related plans and behavior.

An Inkblot for the Implicit Assessment of Personality: The Semantic Misattribution Procedure

2012 ◽  
Vol 26 (6) ◽  
pp. 613-628 ◽  
Author(s):  
Florin A. Sava ◽  
LaurenΤiu P. MaricuΤoiu ◽  
Silvia Rusu ◽  
Irina Macsinga ◽  
Delia Vîrgă ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Big Five ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Self Concept ◽  
Implicit Measures ◽  
Big Five Model ◽  
Priming Paradigm ◽  
Implicit Personality ◽  
Implicit Assessment ◽  
Objectively Measured ◽  
Explicit Measures

Misattributions people make about their own reaction to ambiguous stimuli can be used to measure personality self–concepts implicitly. On the basis of a semantic misattribution priming paradigm [semantic misattribution procedure (SMP)], we assessed the implicit personality self–concept related to three dimensions included in the Big–Five model: conscientiousness, neuroticism, and extraversion. Across three studies (N1 = 98, N2 = 140, and N3 = 135), the SMP was robustly related, in the expected direction, to individual differences in self–reported personality questionnaires and managed to predict both self–reported and objectively measured behaviours. The main advantage of SMP over classical explicit measures of personality is its higher resistance to social desirability tendencies, although its psychometric properties are somewhat lower than those pertaining to explicit measures of personality. Finally, comparisons of our results with studies that used other implicit measures of personality self–concept indicate that the SMP has higher criterion validity. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

scholarly journals Measuring Implicit Intergroup Biases

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Calvin K. Lai ◽  
Megan Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Social Groups ◽  
Behavioral Outcomes ◽  
Reliability And Validity ◽  
Implicit Measures ◽  
Intergroup Biases ◽  
Diagnostic Capabilities ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Real World Problems

Implicit intergroup biases are automatically activated prejudices and stereotypes that may influence judgments of others on the basis of group membership. We review evidence on the measurement of implicit intergroup biases, finding: implicit intergroup biases reflect the personal and the cultural, implicit measures vary in reliability and validity, and implicit measures vary greatly in their prediction of explicit and behavioral outcomes due to theoretical and methodological moderators. We then discuss three challenges to the application of implicit intergroup biases to real‐world problems: (1) a lack of research on social groups of scientific and public interest, (2) developing implicit measures with diagnostic capabilities, and (3) resolving ongoing ambiguities in the relationship between implicit bias and behavior. Making progress on these issues will clarify the role of implicit intergroup biases in perpetuating inequality.

Affiliation or Power

2015 ◽  
Vol 74 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-47 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathrin Heser ◽  
Rainer Banse ◽  
Roland Imhoff
Keyword(s):  
Social Networking ◽  
Social Networking Sites ◽  
Implicit Motives ◽  
Implicit Measures ◽  
Regression Analyses ◽  
Weak Evidence ◽  
Affiliation Motive ◽  
Power Motive ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
The Relationship

The present study investigated the relationship between explicit and implicit measures of affiliation, power, and achievement motives and behavior as related to social networking sites (SNS) in a sample of 59 participants. SNS appear to be designed to enable social connection via the Internet, so the potential for influence of the affiliation motive seemed self-evident. Additionally, we hypothesized that the power motive drives certain aspects of SNS behavior such that individuals with a high power motive have a larger number of friends and upload more pictures. The results of regression analyses showed that the explicit affiliation motive and the explicit power motive were related to different outcomes of SNS activity. Specifically, the explicit power motive predicted number of friends and number of uploaded pictures, whereas time spent on SNS per day was predicted by the explicit affiliation motive. Only weak evidence was found for an influence of implicit motives on SNS activity.

scholarly journals Knowledge-based interventions are more likely to reduce legal disparities than are implicit bias interventions

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick S. Forscher ◽  
Patricia G. Devine
Keyword(s):  
Implicit Bias ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Implicit Measures ◽  
Knowledge Based ◽  
Legal Outcomes ◽  
Induced Changes ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Experimentally Induced

Scholars and activists alike have expressed concern over ongoing disparities in legal outcomes between social groups. Based on evidence that measures of implicit bias are correlated with some discriminatory behaviors, many of these scholars and activists have concluded that implicit bias causes these disparities. We argue that studies of the correlation between implicit measures and behavior are cannot speak strongly to cause. The studies that can speak more strongly to cause suggest that experimentally-induced changes in implicit bias are ephemeral and do not generalize to behavior. We argue that knowledge-based interventions are more likely than implicit bias interventions to fruitfully address legal disparities and illustrate this point with an example, the prejudice habit-breaking intervention.

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