scholarly journals Research With Implicit Measures: Suggestions for a New Agenda of Sub-Personal Psychology

2020 ◽  
Vol 38 (Supplement) ◽  
pp. s243-s263
Author(s):  
Klaus Rothermund ◽  
Laura Anne Grigutsch ◽  
Adrian Jusepeitis ◽  
Nicolas Koranyi ◽  
Franziska Meissner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Predictive Validity ◽  
Research Agenda ◽  
Internal Validity ◽  
Human Action ◽  
Full Potential ◽  
Implicit Measures ◽  
Human Functioning ◽  
New Perspective ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Broad Approach

Research with implicit measures has been criticized for an unclear meaning of the term implicit and inadequate psychometric properties, as well as problems regarding internal validity and low predictive validity of implicit measures. To these criticisms, we add an overly restrictive theoretical focus and research agenda that is limited to the narrow dichotomy between associations versus propositional beliefs. In this article, we address the last problem by introducing a new perspective of a sub-personal psychology. This broad approach expands the conceptual horizon in order to make use of the full potential that experimental paradigms can offer for assessing, explaining, predicting, and modifying human functioning and behavior. Going beyond the analysis of associations and beliefs, we highlight the use of experimental paradigms to examine and modify motivational, environmental, and episodic memory factors that influence human action.

scholarly journals Touching events predict human action segmentation in brain and behavior

NeuroImage ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 118534
Author(s):  
Jennifer Pomp ◽  
Nina Heins ◽  
Ima Trempler ◽  
Tomas Kulvicius ◽  
Minija Tamosiunaite ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Action ◽  
Action Segmentation ◽  
Brain And Behavior ◽  
And Behavior

John Locke on Custom's Power and Reason's Authority

2012 ◽  
Vol 74 (4) ◽  
pp. 607-629 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruth W. Grant
Keyword(s):  
John Locke ◽  
Social Power ◽  
Critical Distance ◽  
The Enlightenment ◽  
Critical Issues ◽  
New Perspective ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Intellectual Independence

AbstractLocke stresses the power of custom in shaping opinion and behavior, though this aspect of his thought has been underappreciated. Recognizing its importance raises critical issues, particularly the relation between custom and reason and the role of authoritative custom in supporting political and social power. Locke explains in detail the various psychological and sociological mechanisms by which the power of custom is manifested; but he nonetheless consistently and emphatically rejects its authority. Instead, Locke is a champion of the authority of reason. Because custom is powerful, but reason is authoritative, Locke attempts to enlist the power of custom in the service of reason and of reasonable politics, and because custom is powerful and its impact unavoidable, individual intellectual independence cannot mean being without cultural prejudices. At best, it means the ability to gain some critical distance from them. These observations place Locke's relation to the Enlightenment in a new perspective.

Helping That Hurts Intended Beneficiaries: A New Perspective on the Dark Side of Helping Organizational Citizenship Behavior

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Lennard ◽  
Linn Van Dyne
Keyword(s):  
Organizational Citizenship ◽  
Organizational Citizenship Behavior ◽  
Performance Outcomes ◽  
Dark Side ◽  
Citizenship Behavior ◽  
Affective States ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
New Perspective ◽  
And Behavior

Organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) is essential for organizations to gain and maintain competitive advantage in environments with constantly evolving demands. Although most of the literature implicitly assumes that OCB predicts positive work attitudes, affective states, cognitions, and behavior for employees and organizations, some work raises the question of when OCB fails to produce positive consequences, and scholars have called for a more balanced perspective that acknowledges possible negative consequences of OCB. In this chapter, we focus on the unintended negative outcomes of helping OCB to recipients. More specifically, we consider factors that paradoxically cause positively intended helping to backfire and have negative effects on recipients. To date, most research on outcomes of OCB has focused on performance outcomes. In contrast, we focus on nonperformance outcomes for recipients of helping because nonperformance outcomes are more proximal and can shed light on processes that influence more distal outcomes, such as performance.

scholarly journals Language Personality in the Conditions of Cross-Cultural Communication: Case-Study Experience

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 13
Author(s):  
Nitza Davidovitch ◽  
Kateryna Khyzhniak
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Transformation ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Cultural Communication ◽  
Cross Cultural Communication ◽  
Cultural Codes ◽  
Study Experience ◽  
New Type ◽  
New Perspective ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Value Measurement

The article is devoted to the problem of identification of a language personality’s traits under conditions of cross-cultural communication. It is shown that effective cross-cultural communication is revised under globalization and increasingly intensive social interactions. The results of the authors’ research prove that it is possible to develop a new perspective on the heuristic possibilities of the concept of language personality to ensure the effectiveness of cross-cultural communications.This applies above all to the understanding of culture, cultural codes, verbal, non-verbal communication and preverbal, development of value measurement and understanding, and behavior adoption patterns. We propose to identify a language personality as a nationally specific communicant type that has a culturally caused worldview and value system and is capable of cross-cultural transformation. We identified transitions from a “mono” language personality to a “multi” language personality. We offer communicative training as a way of resolving cultural gaps in communication.We insist that only a new type of a language personality can effectively integrate and communicate while taking into account cultural peculiarities. Language personality currently acquires multicultural traits resulting from two main types of mobility: virtual and physical. Empirical research shows that two types of mobility are widespread, with typical high demands for the study of an international communication language (English) and local culture (Hebrew).

Prejudice and Discrimination Toward Immigrants

2021 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
pp. 503-531
Author(s):  
Victoria M. Esses
Keyword(s):  
Intergroup Relations ◽  
Research Agenda ◽  
Immigrant Status ◽  
Negative Attitudes ◽  
Mass Migration ◽  
Research Questions ◽  
Per Se ◽  
Prejudice And Discrimination ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Attitudes And Behavior

Prejudice and discrimination toward immigrants, and the consequences of these negative attitudes and behavior, are key determinants of the economic, sociocultural, and civic-political future of receiving societies and of the individuals who seek to make these societies their new home. In this article I review and organize the existing literature on the determinants and nature of prejudice and discrimination toward immigrants, summarizing what we know to date and the challenges in attributing effects to immigrant status per se. I also discuss the consequences of discrimination against immigrants for immigrants themselves, their families, and the societies in which they settle. I conclude by presenting key research questions and topics in this domain that should be at the top of the research agenda for those interested in intergroup relations in this age of mass migration.

A Theory of the Cultural Evolution of the Firm: The Intra-Organizational Ecology of Memes

2003 ◽  
Vol 24 (8) ◽  
pp. 1309-1352 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Weeks ◽  
Charles Galunic
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Evolution ◽  
Normative Theory ◽  
Cultural Patterns ◽  
Symbolic Communication ◽  
Know How ◽  
Knowledge Based ◽  
New Perspective ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Modes Of Thought ◽  
Over Time

In this article, we propose a theory of the cultural evolution of the firm. We apply cultural and evolutionary thinking to the questions posed by theories of the firm: What are firms and why do they exist? We argue that firms are best thought of as cultures, as social distributions of modes of thought and forms of externalization. Using the term ‘meme’ to refer collectively to cultural modes of thought (ideas, beliefs, assumptions, values, interpretative schema, and know-how), we describe culture as a social phenomenon, patterns of symbolic communication and behavior that are produced as members of the group enact the memes they have acquired as part of the culture. Memes spread from mind to mind as they are enacted and the resulting cultural patterns are observed and interpreted by others. The uncertainties of interpretation and the possibilities of reinterpretation and recontextualization create variation in the memes as they spread. Over time, firms evolve as a process of the selection, variation, and retention of memes. Our claim is that understanding firms in this way provides a new perspective (what we call the ‘meme’s-eye view’) on the question of why we have the firms we have and, by allowing us to shed the functionalist assumptions shared by both economics and knowledge-based theories of the firm, makes possible a genuinely descriptive, as opposed to normative, theory of why we have the firms that we have.

Corporate Soulcraft in the Age of Brutal Markets

1997 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 109-124 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elmer W. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Human Action ◽  
Economic Organization ◽  
Efficient Production ◽  
Free Markets ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Church And Community ◽  
The Individual ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Do So

The economic and political arguments for the market principle over alternative forms of economic organization are to my mind irrefutable. It is on the moral level that the perplexing concerns about capitalism center, concerns that have been raised from the beginnings of the industrial era down to the present time. This essay focuses on one major aspect of the ongoing moral test of capitalism: the test of whether our major corporations can both succeed in their profit-making efforts and also serve as one of society’s chief mediating structures that stand, like family, church and community, between the individual and the state. Should the corporation serve not simply as a utilitarian arrangement for the efficient production of high quality goods and services, but also as a moral community that shapes human character and behavior? How can it do so in this age of brutal markets?James Q. Wilson, professor of management at UCLA, has no doubt about the answer. In an article last year, he said: “The problem of imbuing large-scale enterprise with a decent moral life is fundamental.” Corporations “are systems of human action that cannot for long command the loyalty of their members if their standards of collective action are materially lower than those of their individual members.” Capitalists should recognize, he concluded, “that, while free markets will ruthlessly eliminate inefficient firms, the moral sentiments of man will only gradually and uncertainly penalize immoral ones. But, while the quick destruction of inefficient corporations threatens only individual firms, the slow anger at immoral ones threatens capitalism, and thus freedom itself.”

scholarly journals The gatekeeper: individual differences are key in the chain from perception to behaviour

2007 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 303-317 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco Perugini ◽  
Andrew Prestwich
Keyword(s):  
Social Cognition ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Predictive Validity ◽  
Basic Assumption ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Conscious Awareness ◽  
Implicit Measures ◽  
Essay Evaluation

A basic assumption in mainstream social cognition is that the path from perception to behaviour is often automatic and direct, as supported for example by several experimental studies showing that priming can lead directly to a congruent behaviour without any need of conscious awareness of the process. However, we argue that the priming of a goal or an object activates individual differences in automatic evaluations at the associative level that in turn are the key predictors of action (gatekeeper model). A study (n = 90) on the American stereotype is presented to support the model. The results show that individual differences of the American stereotype as assessed with the IAT predicts a relevant action (essay evaluation) but only under condition of priming. Broader implications for predictive validity of implicit measures are also discussed. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

scholarly journals Darker Demons of Our Nature: The Need to (Re)Focus Attention on Blatant Forms of Dehumanization

2017 ◽  
Vol 26 (6) ◽  
pp. 487-494 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nour S. Kteily ◽  
Emile Bruneau
Keyword(s):  
Research Agenda ◽  
Intergroup Attitudes ◽  
Focus Attention ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Attitudes And Behavior

Although dehumanization research first emerged following the overt and conscious denials of humanity present during war and genocide, modern dehumanization research largely examines more subtle and implicit forms of dehumanization in more everyday settings. We argue for the need to reorient the research agenda toward understanding when and why individuals blatantly dehumanize others. We review recent research in a range of contexts suggesting that blatant dehumanization is surprisingly prevalent and potent, uniquely predicting aggressive intergroup attitudes and behavior beyond subtle forms of dehumanization and outgroup dislike, and promoting vicious cycles of conflict.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document