Politeness strategies and the representation of women in the Holy Qur’an

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 409-435
Author(s):  
Kawakib Al Momani ◽  
Fathi Migdadi ◽  
Eman Rabab’a
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Approach ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
The Other ◽  
Representation Of Women ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Social Unity ◽  
Politeness Strategies ◽  
The Face ◽  
Negative Face ◽  
Sensitive Issues

Abstract The goal of this study is to examine the strategies of politeness used in the Qur’an, the holy book of Muslims, to address and represent women. Women have been represented negatively in many different types of texts through face-threatening acts that sustain masculine power and hegemony. This study attempts to investigate the image of women in the most sacred book of Muslims. Two aspects are examined herein: the representation of women in relation to sensitive issues like sex and marriage, and the forms of address and reference to women. A qualitative approach is used to provide interpretations of the hidden meanings in the selected excerpts, adopting Brown and Levinson’s theory of politeness and Leech’s maxims of politeness as the guides for the analysis. The analysis has revealed that women all through Qur’an have been addressed and referred to decently and politely. Unlike most of the other topics where bald-on-record strategies are used, the use of off-record strategies and positive and negative face strategies of politeness have been found to be dominant in discussion of issues relevant to women. These strategies have been used to avoid unpleasant communication in spiritual issues, and also to avoid misrepresentation of women, demeaning of their persons, causing any embarrassment, and thereby saving the face of both women and recipients. However, bald-on-record strategies are sometimes used in topics related to legal matters concerning familial and social unity and solidarity. The analysis has demonstrated the means by which language is used in the Glorious Qur’an to courteously address women. Concerning interpersonal maxims, the approbation, modesty, sympathy, tact, and agreement maxims have shown to be evident in addressing and referring to women. This study will contribute to the field of pragmatics and will lead to cross-religious and cross-cultural understanding during a period where Islam and its teachings are being widely questioned and examined.

scholarly journals Politeness Strategies and Maxims in English for Islamic texts: A Sociolinguistic Analysis of Quran

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hamid Gittan Jewad ◽  
Zargham Ghabanchi ◽  
Mohammad Ghazanfari
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
Qualitative Approach ◽  
The Other ◽  
Practical Application ◽  
Holy Quran ◽  
Politeness Strategies ◽  
The Face ◽  
The Holy Quran

This research tackles two chapters from the Holy Quran, the sura of Prophet Yusuf, and the sura of the Cave (al-Kahf) to find out whether the theories of Leech (1983) and Brown and Levinson (1987) can be applied to find out the positive and negative politeness strategies and the politeness maxims. The Leech’s model (1983) consists of six maxims, and for Brown and Levinson (1987), consists of two major politeness strategies. It consists of two principles of politeness, where one of them is positive, and the other is negative politeness. This study aims at investigating politeness strategies, and politeness principle linguistically in two Suras from the Holy Quran, how politeness strategies and politeness maxims used within the Holy Quran. This study tries to investigate the image of the main characters in the most sacred book. A qualitative approach is employed to provide interpretations of selected verses. In this paper, we will discuss the politeness strategies, positive and negative politeness strategies, and politeness maxims. The study falls into two parts. It begins briefly to overview the theoretical framework underlying politeness, in particular discussing some definitions of politeness and politeness principle and its maxims, exploring the face theory and its strategies by Brown and Levinson, and how far these strategies affect polite style then, dealing with politeness maxims by Leech. The other part displays a practical application of what has presented theoretically. Also, the researcher examined the politeness strategies, and politeness maxims of two Suras (Yusuf and Al-Kahf). Moreover, the study observed that approximately the majority of negative politeness in two suras then positive politeness, and the last one is politeness maxims.

scholarly journals Politeness in compliment responses

Pragmatics ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-101 ◽  
Author(s):  
Şükriye Ruhi
Keyword(s):  
Management Approach ◽  
Motivating Factors ◽  
Self Presentation ◽  
Self Confidence ◽  
Self Image ◽  
Compliment Responses ◽  
Face Management ◽  
Politeness Strategies ◽  
The Face ◽  
Negative Face

This paper analyses a corpus of compliment responses in Turkish according to the conversational maxim approach (Leech 1983, 2003) and the face-management approach (Brown and Levinson 1987) with a view to extending the conceptualisation of self-presentation in theorising on politeness. It observes that the two theories ground politeness on consideration for alter and give precedence to politeness in the sense of displaying deference and solidarity at the expense of self-politeness, described in the present study as speaker need for display of competence, self-confidence, and individuality in interaction, besides the need for non-imposition. Regarding the maxim approach, the paper argues that conversational implicatures triggered by a variety of responses ultimately tie to the Tact Maxim and more specifically to the Sympathy Maxim in the Turkish context. The analysis reveals that compliment responses may override the Politeness Principle, that self-presentational concerns are crucial motivating factors, and that face concerns need to be incorporated into the model. From the perspective of the face-management approach, the study supports the claim in O’Driscoll (1996) and Spencer-Oatey (2000) that the notions of positive and negative face as need for community and autonomy need to be disentangled from the theory’s conceptualisation of face as public self-image. With the incorporation of a number of self-politeness strategies, the face-theoretic analysis builds on this distinction and integrates it with the concept of interactional imbalance by extending an analytic framework adapted from Bayraktaroğlu (1991). The paper concludes with suggestions on how the two theories may complement each other.

scholarly journals Positive politeness strategies of Tonado Javaness (Jaton) community

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (S1) ◽  
pp. 1100-1109
Author(s):  
Julaiha Kyai Mojo ◽  
Golda J. Tulung ◽  
Leika M. V. Kalangi ◽  
Djennie Imbang
Keyword(s):  
Data Collection ◽  
Qualitative Approach ◽  
Politeness Strategies ◽  
The Face ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Descriptive Method

Politeness is very important in communication to maintain a harmonious relationship between the speaker and the speech partner and to avoid conflict. Politeness is a way to maintain and save the face of the speaking actor. A positive politeness strategy in speaking frankly with pleasantries is the speaker's effort in expressing polite behavior in the form of language. The focus of this research lies in positive politeness strategies in speaking frankly with pleasantries in the Tondano Javanese community. This study aims to describe and explain positive politeness speaking strategies used by the Tondano Javanese people who live in Kampung Jawa Village. This study uses a qualitative approach with a descriptive method. Data collection is done by listening, recording, and taking notes. Furthermore, the data were analyzed using the theory of politeness strategies by Brown and Levinson (1987), which is related to the concept of 'face'. The results show that the Tondano Javanese people use ten positive politeness strategies and these strategies are used in speech situations when the interlocutor is lower or equal in power to the speaker, and the relationship between the speaker and the speech partner is familiar.

scholarly journals Face masks as layers of meaning in times of COVID-19

2020 ◽  
pp. 1354067X2095754
Author(s):  
Luca Tateo
Keyword(s):  
University Students ◽  
Everyday Life ◽  
Cultural Psychology ◽  
Meaning Making ◽  
Face Mask ◽  
The Other ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Face ◽  
The Way

The pandemic of COVID-19 has brought to the front a particular object: the face mask. I have explored the way people make-meaning of an object generally associated with the medical context that, under exceptional circumstances, can become a presence in everyday life. Understanding how people make meaning of their use is important. Using cultural psychology, I analyse preferences toward different types of face masks people would wear in public. The study involved 2 groups, 44 Norwegian university students and 60 international academics. In particular, I have focused on the role of the mask in regulating people affective experience. The mask evokes safety and fear, it mediates in the auto-dialogue between “I” and “Me” through the “Other”, and in the hetero-dialogue between “I” and the “Other” through “Me” The dialogue is characterized by a certain ambivalence, as expected. Meaning-making is indeed the way to deal with the ambivalence of human existence.

scholarly journals Face-on structure of barlenses and boxy bars: an insight from spectral dynamics

2021 ◽  
Vol 502 (4) ◽  
pp. 4689-4707 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anton A Smirnov ◽  
Iliya S Tikhonenko ◽  
Natalia Ya Sotnikova
Keyword(s):  
Spectral Analysis ◽  
Detailed Analysis ◽  
Building Block ◽  
The Other ◽  
Spectral Dynamics ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Central Regions ◽  
The Face ◽  
First Time ◽  
Matter Concentration

ABSTRACT Based on the spectral analysis of individual orbits of stars from different N-body models, we show that the face-on morphology of the so-called ‘face-on peanut’ bars (boxy bars) and barlenses is supported by different types of orbits. For ‘face-on peanut’ bars, the so-called boxy orbits come to the fore, and they are responsible for the unusual morphology of the bar in the central regions. In the models with compact bulges, the bars show a barlens morphology in their central parts. We found that the barlens supporting orbits come in two types, one of which gives a square-like shape and the other have a rosette-like shape in the frame co-rotating with the bar. Such a shape is typical for orbits around stable loop orbits in nearly axisymmetric potentials only slightly distorted by the bar. They were already known from some of the previous studies but their role in barlens shaping was barely investigated. Although quite simple, the rosette-like orbits are found to be the main building block of a barlens in our models. The detailed analysis of all bar orbits also allowed us to distinguish the x2 orbital family and isolate the structure supported by orbits trapped around this family. The x2 family is well-known, but, apparently, for the first time in N-body models we have revealed the structure it supports by means of spectral dynamics and highlight its contribution to the barlens. We found that the x2 family population increases with an increase in central matter concentration.

scholarly journals Students’ Perceptions toward a Conversational Class Taught By Foreigner Counterpart

2013 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-100
Author(s):  
Nurul Inayah
Keyword(s):  
Classroom Management ◽  
Significant Influence ◽  
Learning Process ◽  
Teaching And Learning ◽  
Native Speaker ◽  
Qualitative Approach ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
The Other ◽  
Main Difficulty ◽  
Research Show

This research is aimed at knowing what the students‘ perception of having taught by foreigner counterpart (native speaker of English) in a conversational class. Besides elaborating the students‘ perception which affects how they act and behave during the teaching and learning process, this research also wants to explore the students‘ difficulties and strategies in facing the foreigner‘s class. Then, the students‘ expectation of an ideal conversational class is also important to be investigated in order to conduct a better one in the future. Since this research explores the students‘ perception which come from the students‘ experience, qualitative approach is considered as an appropriate research design. Then the result of this research is presented descriptively in order to reveal the students‘ perception comprehensively. The findings of this research show that most of the students give high appreciation with the presence of foreigner. In fact, the personality of the foreigner as a teacher is also very important to be highlighted since it gives significant influence on students‘ perception. The personality and skill in classroom management become reasons for the other students who do not like the foreigner. Then, the cross cultural understanding and the ability to communicate in English is the students‘ main difficulty that hinders their teaching and learning process. Keywords: perception; conversational class; Foreign conterparts 

scholarly journals A Pragma- Stylistic Analysis of Formal Congratulatory Letters in English and Arabic

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 257-277
Author(s):  
Muna Y. Al-Janabi ◽  
Ibtihal M. Al-Tememi
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Relations ◽  
Strategy Use ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Stylistic Analysis ◽  
Successful Performance ◽  
Illocutionary Acts ◽  
Politeness Strategies ◽  
The Face ◽  
Face Saving ◽  
Stylistic Device

Politeness strategies are of significant importance to maintain the face of the addressee. Senders of formal congratulatory letters seek to create a positive image in the minds of their addresses by performing particular illocutionary acts and face-saving acts (FSAs) in the form of written texts. To the best knowledge of the researcher, this topic received little attention from linguistic researchers, especially on the pragma-stylistic level. The importance of this study arises from the fact that congratulatory formal letters are an effective tool in the successful performance of foreign relations and thus deserve investigation. The current study investigates the pragma-stylistic aspects of illocutionary acts and FSA Politeness Strategies in some selected English and Arabic formal congratulatory letters written by English and Arabic officials. Findings reveal that assertive constitutes the highest frequency in English data, while expressive occurs more in Arabic. Besides, the FSA politeness strategy (Use appropriate forms of address) includes most of the total frequency in both English and Arabic data, which still it appeared more in English. Additionally, (Exaggerate interest, sympathy with H) comes next in Arabic, while (Be optimistic) appeared more in English. In addition, results show that exaggeration (Hyperbole) is the prevalent stylistic device used in Arabic. Arabic officials usually exaggerate the glorification of people in authoritative positions, while English high officials tend to be more moderate. The findings will be helpful in cross-cultural comparative studies and other related fields.

scholarly journals THE CHALLENGES OF HOSPITAL INFORMATION SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION: A CASE STUDY OF A PUBLIC HOSPITAL IN INDONESIA

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 56-64
Author(s):  
Fabianus Herman Kurnia Agung Widiyanto ◽  
Aris Widayati
Keyword(s):  
Information System ◽  
Hospital Information System ◽  
Public Hospital ◽  
Qualitative Approach ◽  
The Other ◽  
Implementation Success ◽  
Implementation Challenges ◽  
Different Types ◽  
It Personnel

The Indonesian government has mandated using the Hospital Information System (HIS) since 2013. Until now, not all hospitals in Indonesia have implemented HIS, however. Some barriers have prevented them from applying HIS. This study explores the opportunities and barriers regarding implementing the Hospital Information System (HIS) in Indonesia through a public hospital case study. This study applied a qualitative approach. The approach used interviews to gather data using a pre-tested interview guideline. The guideline used several constructs to structure the questions, i.e., predisposing, enabling, reinforcing, barrier, and projected behavior. Participants were different types of HIS users in the studied hospital, i.e., physician, nurse, pharmacist, administrators, laboratory personnel, and Information Technology (IT) personnel. Data were transcribed verbatim and analyzed thematically. The interviews involved twenty-one participants. Nine themes describe HIS implementation challenges in this case study, i.e., familiarity, flexibility, empowerment, discipline, facilities, data sharing, quality assurance, pragmatism, and capacity building. Pragmatism could be a barrier, while the other values would be opportunities. These challenges are promising in guiding HIS implementation success. The values found in this study convince that HIS implementation in Indonesia is promising. Those challenges are required to be taken into account to implement HIS successfully.

scholarly journals Strategie grzecznościowe w akcie mowy KONDOLENCJE (na materiale polsko- i niemieckojęzycznym)

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (2/2020(771)) ◽  
pp. 82-93
Author(s):  
Dominika Janus
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Politeness Theory ◽  
Research Material ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Diffi Cult ◽  
Politeness Strategies ◽  
The Face ◽  
The One

CONDOLENCE, as an act of courtesy, belongs to acts of speech which might give rise to face threatening acts (FTA) and the resulting confl icts. On the one hand, the face of the mourner, who must fi nd his or her way in the new extremely diffi cult situation, is threatened; on the other hand, the face of the speaker, whose task is to react properly to the fact of someone’s death, is threatened. What is helpful in avoiding confl icts is politeness strategies used by both senders and recipients. They constitute the research material excerpted from Polish and German obituaries and entries in books of condolence. The author of this paper has proved that both parties signalise there both positive politeness, which arises from the need of appreciation and support, and negative politeness, which is connected with the need of unlimited autonomy of acting. The nature of the performed analysis is pragmalinguistic and is based on the politeness theory of P. Brown and S.C. Levinson [1987], the focus of which is the concept of face understood as an image or representation.

scholarly journals The Politeness Strategies of Negation Used by English and Buginese

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Najmiah Daud
Keyword(s):  
English Language ◽  
Research Result ◽  
Social Situation ◽  
The Other ◽  
American People ◽  
Good Communication ◽  
Politeness Strategies ◽  
The Face ◽  
Qualitative Descriptive ◽  
Descriptive Approach

A good communication is a cooperate communication, but when someone wants to deny someone or something, it can be FTA (Face Threatening Acts) in some situations, so she/he needs to express it in polite way to save the face of each through the use of the politeness strategies. This research is aimed to investigate (1) the politeness strategies used by Buginese and American people in using the negation expression; (2) the influence of social and cultural relationship on the politeness strategies used by the Buginese and American people when using negation expression. This was a comparative study between Buginese and English language in using negation. The research used the qualitative descriptive approach. English and Buginese data were obtained through DCT, questionnaire. The research result indicates that three politeness strategies are used by American and Buginese people in using negation namely: the bald on record, positive politeness, and negative politeness. The American people tend to use those strategies in polite way to negate something by being more friendly and using the casual language with other people. On the other hand, Buginese people tend to use formal language as the politeness strategies in making negation. The significant differences between both languages can be seen from the indirect and direct strategies in making negation. English tends to use direct strategies, while Buginese tends to apply indirect negation. The research also indicates that the other aspects influencing the politeness strategies used are; gender, social situation, social distance or intimacy, social status, relationship between interlocutors. Buginese people indicate the politeness by giving the formal treatment because they are more hierarchical and pay more attention to use honorific address term and politeness marker such as iye’. On the other case, American people are more friendly and emphasize the solidarity.Keywords: Politeness Strategies, Negation, Face Threatening Acts.

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