Ty jako wartość w debacie o słowie Murzyn

Akceptowalność słowa na M. jest przedmiotem debaty w mediach społecznościowych. Uczestnicy debaty w różny sposób formułują i uzasadniają swoje stanowiska. W artykule analizujemy wpisy na Facebooku wyodrębnione ze względu na to, że ich autorzy nie tylko odwołują się do opinii osób czarnoskórych, ale również traktują uwzględnienie takich głosów jak wyraz troski o dobro drugiej osoby. Przyjmujemy, że wypowiedzi takie mogą stanowić akty zagrożenia wizerunku adresata (FTA) i badamy, w jaki stopniu autorzy wypowiedzi stosują strategie grzeczności językowej osłabiające to zagrożenie. Analiza ma charakter wyłącznie jakościowy i prowadzona jest z perspektywy interdyscyplinarnej, łączącej socjologię i językoznawstwo. You as value in the debate concerning the lexeme Murzyn Summary: The acceptability of the Polish M-word (corresponding to the N-word in English) has been debated in the social media. In the debate, the adversaries vary not only in their views, but also in ways they formulate and justify them. In the present paper, we analyze a sample of Facebook posts in which the authors not only express the opinions of Polish Blacks as a key argument in favor of rejecting the M-word, but also argue that giving hearing to Black voices shows regard for the well-being of the Other. On the other hand, we assume that such posts may constitute Face Threatening Acts against those who consider the M-word non-offensive. Therefore, we study the degree to which politeness strategies are employed by the authors to weaken this threat. The analysis presented in the paper is only qualitative, while the adopted interdisciplinary perspective draws on sociology and linguistics.

POLITENESS STRATEGIES USED BY JO AND AMY MARCH ON LITTLE WOMEN

This study aims to determine the identity captured from the politeness strategies used by Jo and Amy March on Little Women movie. To analyze the description of politeness strategies used by Jo and Amy March as the main characters in the film, the researcher used the theory of Leech on maxim politeness. Then, this study is using a qualitative descriptive method. Based on the results that have found from Jo and Amy March’s dialogue, they are dominant using agreement maxim because of a close relationship between their family, and also they have close relation and intensiveness with their sisters.

The Power of Politeness Strategies in EFL Student-Teacher Interaction: Teacher’s Gender Perspective

The nature of student-teacher interaction is often influenced by the teachers’ actions and utterances. In fact, student-teacher interaction could be felt like either threatening or enjoyable. Teachers’ politeness will result in enjoyable student-teacher interaction. Very few studies about politeness on the teachers’ gender perspectives have been conducted. Therefore, this study is aimed to investigate the kinds of politeness strategies used by male and female teachers in powering EFL classroom, and to elaborate how the power of politeness strategies run the EFL student-teacher interaction. The participants are several teachers and students who conduct the English Intensive Course Program in an undergraduate university. Many students-teacher interactions using English are found in those course program, since the courses require the classroom participants to communicate in English. This research followed qualitative research design and used observation to collect data. Applying Brown and Levinson’s theory of politeness, the results show that politeness strategies bring a lively and friendly atmosphere during the classroom interaction. Specifically for female teachers who mostly use positive politeness strategy, they build more interaction with the student rather male teachers. Positive politeness strategy focused on the students’ positive face by expressing the number of utterances that want to be listened to by the students. It keeps students to have willingness to communicate so that the student-teacher interaction in EFL classroom can be maximized.

Expressive Speech Acts of Politeness in The Counselling Process

This study discusses the expressive speech acts of politeness in the counseling process. The study attempts to 1) identify the sub-types of expressive speech acts and their functions in the counseling process and (2) explain the realization of expressive speech act of politeness strategies in the counseling process. Data for the study were collected using passive participation observation and recording with closed-circuit television (CCTV). Data in this study were analyzed following the goal, heuristic method, and contextual methods. The findings of this study are associated with the stages of the counseling process. First, Building Relationships consists of sub-speech acts; Second, the Problem Identification Stage consists of sub-speech acts; Third, Facilitating Therapeutic Change consists of sub-actions speech act. Based on the findings of the study, praising is the most dominant utterance that always appears in every stage of the counseling process. It shows that the communication that happened in the counseling process is in a close, familial, warm, and comfortable atmosphere. This study demonstrates that language plays a critical role in the process of resolving human problems.

NEGATIVE POLITENESS STRATEGIES USED BY MAIN CHARACTER IN “THE IMITATION GAME”

This research aims to find out types of negative politeness strategies expressed by the main character in the movie titled The Imitation Game. This research is categorised as descriptive qualitative research. The data of the research were taken from utterances identified as negative politeness strategies by the main character “Alan Turing” and analysed with theory proposed by (Brown & Levinson, 1988). Data were collected using the observation and non-participatory method. Additionally, to analyse the data, pragmatic identity method were used. The result discovered in this research are; 5 be conveniently indirect, 16 question and hedge, 1 be pessimistic, 6 give deference, 4 impersonalise interlocutors, and 4 state the FTA as the general rule, totalling to 36 indication of negative politeness strategies. Question and hedge became the most frequently used strategy the main character tends to assume unwillingness to comply to the other characters in The Imitation Game movie.

The Politeness Strategies Found in @kulinersby’s Instagram Account in Promoting Culinary Businesses

This study aims to find out the types of politeness2 that are found in @kulinersby’s promotion culinary business promotion, and from there, the comments that are included as politeness1. The analysis is based on the theories of Brown and Levinson (1987) and Watts (2003). Watts (2003) states that what is theoretically considered as politeness (politeness2) in Brown and Levinson (1987) may not be the case in reality (politeness1). This qualitative study is limited to video-based posts, with the comments only related to how the account’s administrator promotes culinary businesses. From this research, the writers find that even though both politeness2 and politeness1 conflict with each other, there are some similarities that are found in analyzing both politeness. In conclusion, despite the lasting influence of Brown and Levinson’s (1987) theory, it still has some notable flaws, notably with universality and multiple interpretation of the strategies by different individuals, among others.

Analysis on the use of politeness strategies in a scene of The Crown

This article aims to analyze the positive and negative politeness strategies speakers employ to avoid threatening the addresses’ face in the series The Crown (2017) in season 02, episode 08 entitled Dear Mrs. Kennedy. The analysis is held in light of the Politeness Theory by Brown and Levinson (1987, first published in 1978). It could be observed through a qualitative analysis that when there is a relation of power between the speaker and the hearer, the speaker tends to use bald on record expressions, whereas when the speaker is the subordinate, he/she tends to utter negative strategies and hedges to mitigate the threat to the hearer’s face.

CROSS-CULTURAL STUDY OF REFUSAL STRATEGIES OF AMERICAN AND ARMENIAN ENGLISH SPEAKERS

Several studies have been carried out on refusal strategies that native and non-native English speakers employ to mitigate potential threat to listener’s face when forming refusals to various speech acts, such as requests, offers, invitations, etc. This study adds the perspective of Armenian English speakers in using such mitigation strategies. The objective of the study is to identify similarities and differences in the use of various politeness strategies used in refusal acts by native English speakers (NES) and Armenian non-native English speakers (ANNES) with the aim of establishing the extent of cultural impact on pragmatic competence of ANNES. Language data was collected among 24 Armenian English speakers of high level of English proficiency and 15 American English speakers. A modified version of the Discourse Completion Test (DCT) developed by Beebe, Takahashi, and Uliss-Weltz (Beebe et al., 1990) was used to collect data. Along with considerable similarities in the use of politeness strategies in refusals between the two groups which indicate the high degree of pragmatic competence of ANNES, the analysis of the data also revealed some differences which attest to certain impact of the Armenian culture on this competence. The differences are mainly observed in frequency of use and in the content of the same strategies used by the two groups.

The Role of Adjacency Pairs to Create Politeness Strategies in Students’ Phatic Utterances

Adjacency pair is one of the language features to make utterances more polite as it creates turn-taking, which means that none of the participants dominates. Adjacency pairs also create functions of phatic communication as stated by Padilla Cruz. According to Levinson, there are nine patterns of adjacency pairs, and most could be found in utterances. The data were taken from 24 students’ phatic utterances, and they were chosen because all participants are classmates. COVID-19 pandemic has forced them not to meet each other for almost 2 semesters, yet they show their closeness and solidarity. After all the data were analyzed using the qualitative method, it can be concluded that there are 7 adjacency pairs: Question-Answer, Offer-Accept, Taking leave-Taking leave, Summons-Answer, Request for information-Grant, Request-Apology, and Greeting-Greeting, and most of them have phatic functions of communication. Using adjacency pairs employs politeness strategies and negative and positive politeness strategies from Brown and Levinson. Negative politeness strategies found are Be conventionally indirect, Question, hedge, and Quality-hedges, while positive politeness strategies found are: Offer, promise, Include both S and H in the activity, and Give gifts to H. One of adjacency- pairs and phatic utterances’ functions is to maintain politeness though the students are classmates with close social distance and equal power, they perform politeness strategies to keep their social relations. The appearance of politeness strategies shows that no matter how informal utterances are, closeness and politeness must stay together.Keywords: adjacency-pairs; phatic utterances; politeness; strategies