A field experiment was conducted in a Riviera fine sand (Alfisol) with 25-year-old `White Marsh' grapefruit trees on Sour orange rootstock to monitor the downward transport of nutrients from fertilization practices. Fertilizer was applied as either dry granular broadcast (three applications/year) or fertigation (15 applications/year) at N rates of 56, 112, 168, and 336 kg/ha per year using a N:P:K blend (1.0:0.17:1.0). Soil solution was sampled bi-weekly from suction lysimeters, installed under the tree canopy, about 120 cm from the tree trunk, at two depths representing above (120 cm) and below (180 cm) the hard pan. The concentrations of K, Ca, and Mg were greater at the 180- than at 120-cm depth, whereas, the converse was true with respect to the concentration of P in soil solution. Over a 2-year period, the mean concentrations of P and K varied from 0.031-0.976 and 150-250 mg·L–1, respectively. Increased rate of fertilization also appeared to increase the concentrations of Ca and Mg in the soil solution. This could be due to effects of slight acidification of the soil with increased rates of ammonium form of N. A parallel study on pH measurements has shown evidence of soil acidification, under the tree canopy, with increased rates of ammonium fertilization. In a bedded grove, the soil solution above the hard pan is likely to seep into the water furrow, which is discharged into the drainage water.
pH measurements in 16-nL-volume solutions using terahertz chemical microscopy