scholarly journals Tissue Engineering: New Paradigm of Biomedicine

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 521-532 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sneh Gautam ◽  
Sonu Ambwani
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Growth Factors ◽  
Influencing Factor ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Normal Function ◽  
The Body ◽  
Bone Tissue Regeneration ◽  
New Paradigm ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Three Components

Tissue engineering is a multidisciplinary field of biomedicine that is being used to develop a new tissue or restore the function of diseased tissue/organ. The main objective of tissue engineering is to overcome the shortage of donor organs. Tissue engineering is mainly based on three components i.e. cells, scaffold and growth factors. Among these three components, scaffold is a primary influencing factor that provides the structural support to the cells and helps to deliver the growth factors which stimulate the proliferation and differentiation of cells to regenerate a new tissue. The properties of a scaffold mainly depend upon types of biomaterial and fabrication techniques that are used to fabricate the scaffold. Biofabrication facilitates the construction of three-dimensional complex of living (cells) and non-living (signaling molecules and extracellular matrices polymers etc.) components. Biofabrication has potential application especially in skin and bone tissue regeneration due to its accuracy, reproducibility and customization of scaffolds as well as cell and signaling molecule delivery. In this review article, different types of biomaterials and fabrication techniques have been discussed to fabricate of a nanofibrous scaffold along with different types of cells and growth factor which are used for tissue engineering applications to regenerate a new tissue. Among different techniques to fabricate a scaffold, electrospinning is simple and cost effective technique that has been mainly focused in the review to produce nanofibous scaffold. On the other hand, a tissue might be repair itself and restore to its normal function inside the body by applying the principle of regenerative medicine.

scholarly journals Spinal Cord Repair: From Cells and Tissue Engineering to Extracellular Vesicles

Cells ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 1872
Author(s):  
Shaowei Guo ◽  
Idan Redenski ◽  
Shulamit Levenberg
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Functional Recovery ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Therapeutic Modality ◽  
Spinal Cord Tissue ◽  
New Paradigm ◽  
Cord Injury ◽  
Severe Motor

Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a debilitating condition, often leading to severe motor, sensory, or autonomic nervous dysfunction. As the holy grail of regenerative medicine, promoting spinal cord tissue regeneration and functional recovery are the fundamental goals. Yet, effective regeneration of injured spinal cord tissues and promotion of functional recovery remain unmet clinical challenges, largely due to the complex pathophysiology of the condition. The transplantation of various cells, either alone or in combination with three-dimensional matrices, has been intensively investigated in preclinical SCI models and clinical trials, holding translational promise. More recently, a new paradigm shift has emerged from cell therapy towards extracellular vesicles as an exciting “cell-free” therapeutic modality. The current review recapitulates recent advances, challenges, and future perspectives of cell-based spinal cord tissue engineering and regeneration strategies.

scholarly journals Recent Cell Printing Systems for Tissue Engineering

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hyeongjin Lee ◽  
YoungWon Koo ◽  
Miji Yeo ◽  
SuHon Kim ◽  
Geun Hyung Kim
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Growth Factors ◽  
3D Printing ◽  
Cell Damage ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Human Tissues ◽  
Printing Process ◽  
Cell Printing ◽  
3D Space ◽  
Printing Ink

 Three-dimensional (3D) printing in tissue engineering has been studied for the bio mimicry of the structures of human tissues and organs. Now it is being applied to 3D cell printing, which can position cells and biomaterials, such as growth factors, at desired positions in the 3D space. However, there are some challenges of 3D cell printing, such as cell damage during the printing process and the inability to produce a porous 3D shape owing to the embedding of cells in the hydrogel-based printing ink, which should be biocompatible, biodegradable, and non-toxic, etc. Therefore, researchers have been studying ways to balance or enhance the post-print cell viability and the print-ability of 3D cell printing technologies by accommodating several mechanical, electrical, and chemical based systems. In this mini-review, several common 3D cell printing methods and their modified applications are introduced for overcoming deficiencies of the cell printing process.

scholarly journals Natural and Synthetic Polymers for Bone Scaffolds Optimization

Polymers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 905 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesca Donnaloja ◽  
Emanuela Jacchetti ◽  
Monica Soncini ◽  
Manuela T. Raimondi
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Bone Tissue ◽  
Bone Cells ◽  
The Body ◽  
Bone Tissue Regeneration ◽  
In Vivo Models ◽  
Polymeric Scaffold ◽  
Technology Improvement

Bone tissue is the structural component of the body, which allows locomotion, protects vital internal organs, and provides the maintenance of mineral homeostasis. Several bone-related pathologies generate critical-size bone defects that our organism is not able to heal spontaneously and require a therapeutic action. Conventional therapies span from pharmacological to interventional methodologies, all of them characterized by several drawbacks. To circumvent these effects, tissue engineering and regenerative medicine are innovative and promising approaches that exploit the capability of bone progenitors, especially mesenchymal stem cells, to differentiate into functional bone cells. So far, several materials have been tested in order to guarantee the specific requirements for bone tissue regeneration, ranging from the material biocompatibility to the ideal 3D bone-like architectural structure. In this review, we analyse the state-of-the-art of the most widespread polymeric scaffold materials and their application in in vitro and in vivo models, in order to evaluate their usability in the field of bone tissue engineering. Here, we will present several adopted strategies in scaffold production, from the different combination of materials, to chemical factor inclusion, embedding of cells, and manufacturing technology improvement.

Proanthocyanidin as a crosslinking agent for fibrin, collagen hydrogels and their composites with decellularized Wharton’s-jelly-extract for tissue engineering applications

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (6) ◽  
pp. 554-571
Author(s):  
Elham Hasanzadeh ◽  
Narges Mahmoodi ◽  
Arefeh Basiri ◽  
Faezeh Esmaeili Ranjbar ◽  
Zahra Hassannejad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Biomedical Application ◽  
Crosslinking Agent ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Wharton’S Jelly ◽  
The Body ◽  
Grape Seeds ◽  
Wharton's Jelly ◽  
Collagen Hydrogels

In tissue engineering, natural hydrogel scaffolds gained considerable attention due to their biocompatibility and similarity to macromolecular-based components in the body. However, their low mechanical strength and high degradation degree limit their biomedical application. By varying the composition of hydrogels, their biochemical and mechanical properties can be improved. In this study, the stability of fibrin and collagen hydrogels and their composites with decellularized Wharton’s jelly extract (DEWJ) was improved using proanthocyanidin (PA) as a cross-linker, extracted from grape seeds. The cytocompatibility, physicochemical and mechanical properties of the hydrogels were evaluated. Human endometrial stem cells (hEnSCs) were seeded on the hydrogels and their attachment, morphology, and proliferation were investigated using a scanning electron and optical microscopy. Our results showed that hydrogels containing DEWJ along with PA enhance cell proliferation and showed higher mechanical properties compared with the fibrin and collagen hydrogel. The results present the potential utility of these hydrogels in tissue engineering and for application in three-dimensional culture.

Growth-Factor Delivery in Tissue Engineering

MRS Bulletin ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 21 (11) ◽  
pp. 62-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Mark Saltzman
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Biological Activity ◽  
Growth Factors ◽  
Growth Factor ◽  
Transforming Growth Factor ◽  
The Body ◽  
Blood Levels ◽  
Growth Factor Delivery ◽  
Angiogenic Growth Factors ◽  
New Methods

Soluble signaling proteins called growth factors execute critical functions during the formation of specialized tissues throughout the developing embryo. When growth factors are provided to adult animals, they often encourage regeneration or repair of organs damaged by disease or trauma: Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and transforming growth factor ß1 (TGF-ß1) encourage wound healing hematopoetic growth factors stimulate the production of blood cells, bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) induce bone formation, nerve growth factor (NGF) enhances the survival of degenerating cholinergic neurons, and angiogenic growth factors activate new blood-vessel growth. Our understanding of the role of growth factors in development and regeneration should continue to expand dramatically over the next decade, inasmuch as new molecules (and new activities for known molecules) are appearing at a rapid rate.Protein growth factors may be useful in augmenting the new approaches for tissue engineering. Modern biotechnology permits the large-scale manufacture of highly purified proteins so that large quantities can be produced for use in humans. However proteins are often exceedingly difficult to administer, particularly if sustained levels are required. Most protein growth factors have short half-lives after intravenous injection, with their biological activity lasting only a few minutes in the circulation, so that injection must be repeated frequently to obtain sustained blood levels (Table I). Since these molecules are large, they penetrate tissue barriers, such as the capillary wall, very slowly. In addition, growth factors are extremely potent, often possessing biological activity at a number of tissue sites throughout the body. Therefore systemic administration can lead to toxicity. In view of these difficulties, new methods for growth-factor delivery are needed. The most promising new methods involve polymers, which can be engineered to provide precisely controlled, prolonged growth-factor delivery at a localized site.

scholarly journals Fibrin – a promising material for vascular tissue engineering

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 196-208
Author(s):  
V. G. Matveeva ◽  
M. U. Khanova ◽  
L. V. Antonova ◽  
L. S. Barbarash
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Growth Factors ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Vascular Tissue ◽  
Cell Attachment ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Small Diameter ◽  
Vascular Tissue Engineering ◽  
High Porosity ◽  
Fibrin Gel

This review looks at the use of fibrin in vascular tissue engineering (VTE). Autologous fibrin is one of the most affordable biopolymers because it can be obtained from peripheral blood by simple techniques. A description and comparative analysis of the methods and approaches for producing fibrin gel is provided. The ability of fibrin to promote cell attachment and migration, survival and angiogenesis, to accumulate growth factors and release them in a controlled manner, are unique and extremely useful in VTE. Fibrin gels can serve as a three-dimensional matrix molded in different sizes and shapes to be applied in a variety of ways, including as a scaffold, coating, or impregnation material. Fibrin’s high porosity and biodegradability allows controllable release of growth factors, yet fibrinolysis must be tightly regulated to avoid side effects. We discuss the main methods of regulating the rate of fibrinolysis, as well as possible side effects of such exposure. Low mechanical strength is the main limitation in using fibrin as a scaffold for vascular tissue engineering. Possible options for increasing the strength properties of fibrin matrix and evaluating their effectiveness are presented. We propose that unique biocompatibility and ideal biodegradation profile of fibrin justify its use as a scaffold material for developing an ideal fully autologous small-diameter tissue-engineered vascular graft.

scholarly journals Acellular matrix as a substrate for tissue-engineered graft of heart valve

2013 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 52-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Popandopulo ◽  
M. Petrova
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Stem Cells ◽  
Heart Valve ◽  
Heart Valves ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Tissue Scaffolds ◽  
The Body ◽  
Heart Regeneration ◽  
Acellular Matrix ◽  
Living Materials

In many cases heart valve prosthetics is the only solution to save patient’s life. All mechanical prosthetics currently used are not able to perform function in the body fully because non-living materials are used for their production. Tissue engineering provides the reconstruction of viable valves using stem cells. Acellularized three-dimensional tissue scaffolds as a matrix for autologous cells do improve function of heart valves and promote heart regeneration.

Desarrollo de un Sistema de Cultivo Tisular Híbrido y Multicomponente Usando Polímeros de Soporte Impresos 3D

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
C. A. Romero Zepeda
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Pharmaceutical Industry ◽  
3D Printing ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Alternative Methods ◽  
Structural Elements ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Organ On A Chip ◽  
Printing Method

The development of different types of Organ on a Chip has attract the attention of pharmaceutical industry to develop alternative methods for ensuring the efficiency of drugs before approval. A dual bioprinting-culturing system was developed to construct the needed elements needed for creating three dimensional tissues including the corresponding instrumented device that may keep the environment conditions that may reinforce the cells´ growth. The proposed 3D printing platform considering the principles of an Organ on a Chip for the creation of a hybrid system of scaffolds for tissue engineering using polylactic acid. The usage of the 3D printing method allows the modification and creation of a flexible platform with different structures to a low cost, including the possibility of introducing the structural elements to create multi component tissues. The developed system was tested using a traditional fibroblasts culture.

scholarly journals A Review of the 3D Designing of Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering with a Focus on Keratin Protein

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aarti Baliga ◽  
Shashikant Borkar
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Growth Factors ◽  
Porous Scaffold ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Animal Tissue ◽  
Animal Cells ◽  
Tissue Engineering Scaffolds ◽  
Structural Support ◽  
Molecular Signals ◽  
Design Aspect

In tissue engineering scaffolds take the place of the natural extra cellular matrix (ECM). The natural ECM is the extracellular part of animal tissue that usually provides structural support to the animal cells in addition to performing various other important functions. The design aspect along with the choice of the material for the artificial scaffold is very crucial to cell differentiation, adhesion, proliferation, and the transport of the growth factors or other bio molecular signals. In addition to the material and design of the scaffolds, it is necessary to replicate the normal physiological situation if the scaffold has to function as an implant. The cells have to be located in the porous scaffold to form a three dimensional assembly. The article discusses the important factors to be considered while designing a scaffold for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.

Bioscaffolds in Periodontal Regeneration

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 428-436
Author(s):  
Jothi Varghese ◽  
Rudra Mohan
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Periodontal Regeneration ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Ceramic Materials ◽  
Modern Technology ◽  
Cellular Growth ◽  
Bone Tissue Regeneration ◽  
Biomedical Science ◽  
Periodontal Tissues

Background: Tissue engineering is a highly evolving field in periodontology which incorporates the use of cells, signalling molecules and scaffolds thereby creating a three dimensional microenvironment facilitating cellular growth and function for restoration of lost tissues due to periodontal disease. This review discusses the various types, ideal characteristics, properties and applications of potential scaffolds that can be used in periodontal regeneration with the help of principles of tissue engineering. Methods: Research work pertaining to bioscaffolds for periodontal regeneration were selected using key words in major databases and internet sources. Results: Studies related to various features of scaffold and its inherent properties were searched and analysed. Data were organized considering the sources of its origin and salient features of these inert matrices. Specific probe into the techniques and medium used for developing scaffolds were cited. Further, bioactive ceramic materials which are involved in stimulating cell proliferation, and bone tissue regeneration, which may also facilitate periodontal regeneration were mentioned. Likewise, few data linked to different types of biodegradable synthetic scaffolds and its advantages were considered. The progress of science in various fabrication techniques and newer advances using modern technology such as tissue engineering approaches, 3D printing and physical & chemical methods to enhance the physical properties are being used to make them more versatile for the application in the field of biomedical science. Conclusion: In lieu of the available literature search and vast progress in material science, scaffolds construction for cellular regeneration requires wide exploration. Furthermore, when these scaffolds are placed at a particular site, it should be able to restore lost periodontal tissue. Also, the newer innovative technologies like the 3D version of biomimicking, nano/micro-based scaffolds displays potential for further extensive research and complete regeneration of periodontal tissues.

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