Gill Dimensions for Three Species of Tunny

1969 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 271-285 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. S. MUIR ◽  
G. M. HUGHES
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Regression Line ◽  
Thunnus Albacares ◽  
Limited Data ◽  
Katsuwonus Pelamis ◽  
Secondary Lamellae ◽  
Gill Area ◽  
Mode Of Life ◽  
Gill Filaments ◽  
Secondary Lamella

1. Estimates have been made of the total area of the secondary lamellae in the gills of skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis), yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares), and bluefin tuna (T. thynnus). A sampling method is described which takes into account the variation in size and spacing of the secondary lamellae in different portions of the sieve. 2. Twenty-six specimens in the weight range 1-40 kg. were examined and analysed by logarithmic plots of different gill dimensions against body weight. A good fit was found to the general equation A=aWb. 3. The slope (b) of the regression line for the total area (A) against body weight (W) was found to be about 0.85 for all three species. This relationship is similar to that (0.81) between oxygen consumption and body weight for a large number of species of teleost fish. 4. The corresponding regression coefficients for the relationships between body size and average area of a secondary lamella, number of secondary lamellae per millimetre and total filament length were +0.53, -0.08 and +0.38 respectively. 5. A comparison is made between the three species of tunny and the limited data available for size ranges of other teleosts. On the basis of values obtained by extra polating the regression lines, it is concluded that the tunny has a larger gill area per unit of body weight than any other fish so far investigated. This is mainly due to the large total length of the gill filaments and the very close spacing (up to 120 per mm. have been measured) of relatively small secondary lamellae. 6. It is concluded that the extensive gill area of the tunny is related to its very active mode of life.

The Dimensions of the Gills of Fwo Species of Loach, Noemacheilus Barbatulus and Cobitis Taenia

1978 ◽  
Vol 76 (1) ◽  
pp. 181-184
Author(s):  
P.W.J. ROBOTHAM
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Freshwater Fish ◽  
Gill Filament ◽  
Fish Length ◽  
Secondary Lamellae ◽  
Gill Area ◽  
Gill Filaments ◽  
Cobitis Taenia ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Main Factor

The gill area to body weight relationship of two species of loach, Noemacheilus barbatuhu (L.) and Cobitis taenia (L.) was measured. It was found that the secondary lamellar area and the total length of the gill filaments were independently related to the lengths of the fish in each of the species. Both these measurements were similar in the two species. The number of secondary lamellae per mm of gill filament was independent of fish length, and was greater in C. taenia than in N. barbatuhu (45.5 and 36.4 respectively), being the main factor for the far greater total gill area/g calculated for C. taenia than for N. barbatuhis (507.9 and 316 mm2/g respectively). These gill area measurements are, in general, higher than those of other freshwater fish. It is suggested that this is related to the sedentary burrowing habits of the two species.

Gill Dimensions as a Function of Fish Size

1969 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 165-170 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. S. Muir
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
General Equation ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Fish Size ◽  
Secondary Lamellae ◽  
Fish Weight ◽  
Gill Area ◽  
The Relationship

The relationship between total gill area and body weight can be expressed as Y + aWb where "b" varies from about 0.8 to 0.9 for different species. The area for a 1-g fish ("a") ranges 22-fold for published data on different species. Expressed by the same general equation, the number of secondary lamellae per millimeter of filament ranges 4-fold for different species and decreases with increasing fish weight within each species by a power of about −0.1.

Distribution and relative proportions of red muscle in scombrid fishes: consequences of body size and relationships to locomotion and endothermy

1983 ◽  
Vol 61 (9) ◽  
pp. 2087-2096 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. B. Graham ◽  
F. J. Koehrn ◽  
K. A. Dickson
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Body Size ◽  
White Muscle ◽  
The Body ◽  
Thunnus Albacares ◽  
Katsuwonus Pelamis ◽  
Scaling Relationships ◽  
Red Muscle ◽  
Scombrid Fish ◽  
Scombrid Fishes

The scaling of red muscle with body weight and the distribution of red muscle within the body were compared in seven scombrid fish species to determine relationships between red muscle function and the maintenance of endothermy by tunas. In ectothermic Sarda chiliensis and Scomber japonicus, red muscle occurs along the body edge, is concentrated posteriorly, and the total amount of this tissue is proportional to body weight raised to a power significantly greater than 1.0. In five endothermic tunas, Auxis thazard, Euthynnus lineatus, Katsuwonus pelamis, Thunnus albacares, and T. alalunga, red muscle scaling coefficients are 1.0 or less, and red muscle is positioned deep and anterior in the body. The power needed to overcome drag increases with fish body size (weight and length) and velocity and is reflected in the red muscle scaling relationships of both Sarda and Scomber. By contrast, decreasing relative amounts of red muscle in larger tunas suggest these fishes increase propulsion efficiency as they grow. This may be a result of either or both greater muscle efficiency and reduced division of labor between red and white muscle to which both endothermy and thermoregulation could contribute.

Ultrastructure and morphometry of the gills of Latimeria chalumnae , and a comparison with the gills of associated fishes

1980 ◽  
Vol 208 (1172) ◽  
pp. 309-328 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Basic Structure ◽  
Phylogenetic Relations ◽  
Secondary Lamellae ◽  
Grande Comore ◽  
Mode Of Life ◽  
Gill Filaments ◽  
Gill Surface Area ◽  
Epithelial Layers ◽  
Shallow Water Species

The gross morphology of Latimeria gills is characterized by well developed interbranchial septa that extend almost to the tips of the filaments of each hemibranch and among living fish resembles most closely that of the gills of the lungfish, Neoceratodus . Morphometric studies have shown that Latimeria has a very small gill surface area ( ca . 18 mm 2 /g body mass). The total length of the gill filaments is low and comparable with that of other fishes caught at similar depths (200 m) off Grande Comore. These fish also have smaller gill areas than those of shallow water species collected during the British-French-American expedition. The second gill arches of embryonic and very small Latimeria have a similar number of filaments to those of the adults and regression analysis suggests that filament length increases more gradually with body size in Latimeria than in most other fish, except for some Pacific fish collected from depths of 1300 m. Latimeria gills were examined in the electron microscope and compared with those of Neoceratodus . In both species the basic structure is similar to that of other fishes, having a water-blood barrier consisting of two epithelial layers, a basement membrane and pillar cell flange layers. The outer surface of the epithelium is covered with microvilli and microridges beneath which are a series of bodies reminiscent of those found in elasmo-branch fish. In Latimeria the spaces between the two epithelial layers contained lymphocytes of several types that were similar to those present in the blood channels. As in other fish secondary lamellae, the marginal channels are lined by endothelial cells containing typical osmiophilic granules, but, unlike in Latimeria and all other fish examined, such bodies were also present in the pillar cells of Neoceratodus . The distance between water and red blood cells in Latimeria is greater (6-8 μm) than in most fish and this, together with the low gill surface area, shows that this fish is ill-equipped for high oxygen uptake. A very sluggish mode of life is indicated and excessive exercise would result in hypoxic stress. The gills thus combine features related to the phylogenetic relations of Latimeria with others that it shares with unrelated fish living in similar habitats.

Gill Morphometry of the Mudskipper, Boleophthalmus Boddarti

1986 ◽  
Vol 66 (3) ◽  
pp. 671-682 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. M. Hughes ◽  
N. K. Kadhomiy-Al
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Specific Area ◽  
Basic Structure ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
The Body ◽  
Average Weight ◽  
Filament Length ◽  
Morphological Studies ◽  
Secondary Lamellae ◽  
Gill Area

Measurements of gill dimensions in relation to body weight have been carried out in a mudskipper, Boleophthalmus boddarti. The data was analysed with respect to body weight using logarithmic transformations (log Y = log a + b log W). The slope (b) of the log/log regression lines for the gill area, total filament length, average number of secondary lamellae/mm, bilateral area of an average secondary lamella, and total gill area/g were 1·0496, 0·427, -0·229, 0·851 and 00496 respectively.These results indicate variations in growth patterns for the different dimensions of the gills. The analysis shows that the increase in gill surface area with the body size is mainly due to an increase in the area of individual secondary lamellae and, to a lesser extent, an increase in filament length and total number of lamellae.The average weight-specific area for 14 specimens measured (3·6–35·4 g) was 108–15 mm2/g. This value is consistent with results obtained with some other intertidal species.Marked differences were found in the thickness of the water/blood barrier, which is thinner around the marginal channels. Morphometric diffusing capacity taking this heterogeneity into account was estimated as 0·0208 ml O2 min1 mmHg−1 kg−1.INTRODUCTIONMorphological studies on the gills of many fish have shown adaptations of the basic structure which can be related to the particular mode of life. Among these adaptations, air-breathing species show many remarkable structural modifications (Munshi, 1976), which extend to the gills forming air sacs in species such as Heteropneustes fossilis (Hughes & Munshi, 1979). Fish which inhabit the intertidal zone, like other seashore animals, are subjected to periodic exposure to air, which may produce problems of water loss and reduction in support for the gills, with consequent collapse and restriction of gas exchange surfaces.

Spatial distribution of the parasite Kroyeria carchariaeglauci Hesse, 1879 (Copepoda: Siphonostomatoida: Kroyeriidae) on gills of the blue shark (Prionace glauca (L., 1758))

1987 ◽  
Vol 65 (5) ◽  
pp. 1275-1281 ◽  
Author(s):  
George W. Benz ◽  
Kevin S. Dupre
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Natural Selection ◽  
Distribution Pattern ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Blue Shark ◽  
Prionace Glauca ◽  
Homogeneous Groups ◽  
Secondary Lamellae ◽  
Gill Filaments ◽  
Gill Surface Area

Five blue sharks (Prionace glauca) were examined for gill-infesting copepods. Three species of siphonostomatoid copepods were collected: Gangliopus pyriformis, Phyllothyreus cornutus, and Kroyeria carchariaeglauci. The spatial distribution of K. carchariaeglauci was analyzed. The number of K. carchariaeglauci per shark was positively related to gill surface area and host size. Copepods were unevenly distributed amongst hemibranchs; flanking hemibranchs could be arranged into three statistically homogeneous groups. Female K. carchariaeglauci typically attached themselves within the middle 40% of each hemibranch; males were more evenly dispersed. Eighty percent of all K. carchariaeglauci attached themselves to secondary lamellae, the remainder were in the underlying excurrent water channels. Most K. carchariaeglauci were located between 10 and 25 mm along the lengths of gill filaments. Overall, the spatial distribution of K. carchariaeglauci was quite specific in all study planes. Explanation of this distribution is set forth in terms of natural selection pressures; however, the equally plausible explanation that the distribution pattern exhibited by these copepods is phylogenetically determined and may have little to do with contemporary selective constraints should not be ignored.

Red muscle activation patterns in yellowfin (Thunnus albacares) and skipjack (Katsuwonus pelamis) tunas during steady swimming

1999 ◽  
Vol 202 (16) ◽  
pp. 2127-2138 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Knower ◽  
R.E. Shadwick ◽  
S.L. Katz ◽  
J.B. Graham ◽  
C.S. Wardle
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Activation ◽  
Fork Length ◽  
Force Transducer ◽  
The Body ◽  
Thunnus Albacares ◽  
Katsuwonus Pelamis ◽  
Activation Patterns ◽  
Muscle Activation Patterns ◽  
Red Muscle ◽  
Swimming Mode

To learn about muscle function in two species of tuna (yellowfin Thunnus albacares and skipjack Katsuwonus pelamis), a series of electromyogram (EMG) electrodes was implanted down the length of the body in the internal red (aerobic) muscle. Additionally, a buckle force transducer was fitted around the deep caudal tendons on the same side of the peduncle as the electrodes. Recordings of muscle activity and caudal tendon forces were made while the fish swam over a range of steady, sustainable cruising speeds in a large water tunnel treadmill. In both species, the onset of red muscle activation proceeds sequentially in a rostro-caudal direction, while the offset (or deactivation) is nearly simultaneous at all sites, so that EMG burst duration decreases towards the tail. Muscle duty cycle at each location remains a constant proportion of the tailbeat period (T), independent of swimming speed, and peak force is registered in the tail tendons just as all ipsilateral muscle deactivates. Mean duty cycles in skipjack are longer than those in yellowfin. In yellowfin red muscle, there is complete segregation of contralateral activity, while in skipjack there is slight overlap. In both species, all internal red muscle on one side is active simultaneously for part of each cycle, lasting 0.18T in yellowfin and 0.11T in skipjack. (Across the distance encompassing the majority of the red muscle mass, 0.35-0.65L, where L is fork length, the duration is 0.25T in both species.) When red muscle activation patterns were compared across a variety of fish species, it became apparent that the EMG patterns grade in a progression that parallels the kinematic spectrum of swimming modes from anguilliform to thunniform. The tuna EMG pattern, underlying the thunniform swimming mode, culminates this progression, exhibiting an activation pattern at the extreme opposite end of the spectrum from the anguilliform mode.

Morphometric study of trout gills: a light-microscopic method suitable for the evaluation of pollutant action

1976 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
pp. 447-460
Author(s):  
G. M. Huges ◽  
S. F. Perry
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Estimation ◽  
Control Fish ◽  
Morphometric Study ◽  
Diffusing Capacity ◽  
Estimation Of Parameters ◽  
Microscopic Method ◽  
Surface Areas ◽  
Secondary Lamellae ◽  
Gill Area ◽  
Polluted Waters

1. Methods are described for the morphometric estimation of parameters of the gill system of trout which are relevant to its function in gas exchange. The methods have been used with 1 mum sections viewed under the light microscope. 2. In particular the diffusion distances between water and blood are measured, which together with determinations of gill area, provide figures for the morphometrically estimated diffusing capacity. 3. The methods have been used to compare the diffusing capacity of gills from control fish and those treated in polluted waters. The concept of relative diffusing capacity (Drel) is introduced which enables comparisons to be made without the need to determine the absolute diffusing capacity. 4. Quantitative estimation of changes in relative volumes and surface areas of components of the secondary lamellae were determined, and employed to explain the possible anatomical causes of changes in Drel. 5. It is suggested that these methods can be of value in the comparison of the gills of fish treated in different waters.

Distribution of Oxygen Tension in the Blood and Water Along the Secondary Lamella of the Icefish Gill

1972 ◽  
Vol 56 (2) ◽  
pp. 481-492
Author(s):  
G. M. HUGHES
Keyword(s):  
Current Flow ◽  
Dissociation Curve ◽  
Exchange Area ◽  
Gill Area ◽  
Secondary Lamella ◽  
Oxygen Tensions ◽  
Counter Current ◽  
O2 Dissociation Curve ◽  
Very High ◽  
O2 Transfer

1. Measurements of the gill area of two specimens of Chaenocephalus aceratus indicate that the resistance to water flow and overall exchange area are even less than had been supposed from work with other icefish. 2. Measurements of the oxygen tensions in the water and in blood entering and leaving the gills are used to determine the expected distribution of O2 tensions along a typical secondary lamella profile. The advantage of counter-current over co-current flow is clearly indicated by such analyses. 3. The absence of complications due to the O2 dissociation curve of the blood facilitates an extension of the analysis to different theoretical secondary lamellar profiles. It is shown that profiles similar to those usually found in fish gills are more efficient in maintaining O2 transfer. 4. Although the percentage utilization of O2 in the water passing through the gills is relatively low, the effectiveness of oxygenating the blood is very high in the icefish gill.

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