Acute Toxicity of Cypermethrin on Nile tilapia Fry

The present study aimed to evaluate the acute toxicity effect of cypermethrin contaminated aquatic ecosystems by using a 30 days post-hatching fry of Nile tilapia as a test model. The control and six test experiments, each comprising 10 animals, were repeated three times and evaluated with the static test method. The lethal concentrations at 50 % (LC50) and 70 % (LC70) for 96 h were determined using the probit analysis. Behavioural and histological changes were observed in fish exposed with cypermethrin at both 96 h LC50 and 96 h LC70. The values of 96 h LC50 and 96 h LC70 were estimated at 32.496 and 40.311 ppb, respectively. The affected fish exhibited the loss of equilibrium with erratic and darting swimming movements, hyperactivity, secretion of mucous and increasing rate of opercula activity. Severity of histopathological lesions were related to concentration levels and exposure times. The histological changes of gill tissues included the swelling of epithelial cells and the fusion of secondary lamella. An enlargement of sinusoids, pyknotic nuclei, vacuole formation and degeneration in hepatic parenchyma were observed in liver. The degeneration of glomerulus combining with oedema of renal tubule was also noticed in kidney. No alter lesion was seen on skin tissue. The results in the present study suggest that low levels of cypermethrin in the aquatic environment may alter adverse effect on growth and development in Nile tilapia.

Histological and Hepatic Enzymes Response of Oreochromis niloticus and Clarias anguillaris to Pollution in Asa River, Ilorin

Fish can be considered as a good organism for bio-indicator in aquatic habitats as they accumulate contaminant from the water bodies through food. Aquatic ecosystem pollutants response in fishes can lead to biochemical changes and histological alterations. This present the need in assessing ecological and public health effect of toxicity in Asa river on the selected fish samples that are commercially important in the environment. Two stations of Asa river were selected where water and fish were collected for physicochemical parameters of the water, enzymatic and histological investigations in the laboratory in April, 2019. The heavy metals of the water in Unity area of Asa river was higher than that of the standard limit and Asa reservoir. There was an increase in the ALT, AST and ALP biochemical analysis carried out on Oreochromis niloticus and Clarias anguillaris with reduction in total protein level in Unity station. The histopathology of the gills of both Clarias anguillaris and Oreochromis niloticus found in Unity station of Asa river revealed thinner and loner secondary lamella in degenerating secondary lamella and mildly distorted cartilage with epithelial lining in Clarias anguillaris. Hence, proper management of the river is necessary to restore the ecology and make the water fit for use.

Analisis Histopatologis Insang dan Kandungan Logam Berat Pb, Cd dan Fe pada Ikan Nila (Oreochromis niloticus) yang Dibudidayakan di Kolam Bekas Tambang Kota Samarinda

Coal mining activities openly cause the formation of mine pits and are currently used by the community for fish farming. This research aims to determine the histopathological status of gills, heavy metal content (Pb, Cd, and Fe) in tilapia fish (Oreochromis niloticus) and water bodies ponds. Samples were taken by purposive sampling technique at four locations with different ages, namely Senong Pit (5 years), Goldstar Pit (10 years), Bendang Galactic Pit (15 years) and Control. Measuring heavy metal content was carried out using AAS. Fish gills are processed by the paraffin method and hematoxylin-eosin staining. The results of the analysis of the heavy metal content of Pb, Cd, and Fe in surface water in all ponds are below the Class II Water quality standard based on the Provincial Regulation of East Kalimantan No. 02 of 2011. The value of heavy metal concentrations in sediments is higher than in water. Pb content in Tilapia (O.niloticus) meat from all ponds is between 2.92 to 4.41 mg / kg, while Cd is between 0.02 to 0.03 mg / kg. The Pb metal content status of the results of this study is above the limit of heavy metal contamination determined by BPOM Decree No. 5 of 2018 which is 0.02 mg / kg, while the heavy metal Cd is still below the specified limit of 0.10mg / kg.The total content of Fe metal ions in fish meat is 83.64 sd 144.92 mg/kg bw These results indicate the total content of Fe ions is far above the safe limit standard for the presence of Fe contaminants in all food sources based on FAO / WHO (2011) of 0.8 mg/kg. Fish originating from all post-mining pond ages indicate damage to the histological structure gills which are characterized by damage to epithelial cells, changes in secondary lamella structures characterized by hyperplasia, destruction of secondary lamella structures and filaments, lamella aneurism and secondary lamella fusion. The results showed that histopathologically and bioaccumulation of heavy metals in fish meat from post-mining ponds showed unhealthy conditions

The Anatomy of Respiratory Organ of Climbing Perch (Anabas testudineus)

The study aims to find out about the anatomical and histological structure of gill organ and labyrinth in Anabas Testudineus. The organ used is gill and labyrinth of climbing perch. The histological observation is done by making the histological preparation applied to a Hematoxylin-Eosin staining. The result of this study shows that the anatomical gill of climbing perch consists of the gill filaments and gill rakers attaching to the gill arch and the cartilage fold which are shaped like a rose. Then, the histological observation of climbing perch gill consists of the gill filament and gill arch. The gill arch is composed of gill rakers, mucosal epithelium, adipose tissue, basal membrane, mucous cell, submucosa, artery, and bone tissue. The gill filament consists of primary and secondary lamella. Primary lamella is composed of cartilage coated by perichondrium, central venous sinus, chloride cell, while secondary lamella is composed of squamous epithelium cell, mucous cell, pillar cell, and erythrocyte. Labyrinth is made up of adipose tissue, elastic cartilage, perichondrium, epithelium, blood vessel, connective tissue, and mucous cell.

Studi Bioakumulasi Timbal (Pb) pada Ikan Bandeng (Chanos chanos Forskall) di Tambak Sekitar Perairan Sungai Buntung, Kabupaten Sidoarjo [ Studies Bioaccumulation of Lead (Pb) in Milkfish (Chanos chanos Forskall) at The Fishponds Around Buntung River, Sidoarjo]

Lead (Pb) has been recognized as hazardous metal because it is commonly found as contaminant, interfere the survival of aquatic organisms, and cause bioaccumulation process in aquatic biota at the waters. Bioaccumulation refers to the accumulation of substances in organism that can trough the food chain reaction of aquatic tissue. Bioaccumulation may occur in milkfish cultivated in fishponds around the Buntung river, Sidoarjo, because there are a lot of factories or industrial activities operating and disposing the waste along the river. The purposes of this study are to measure the lead (Pb) content in milkfish at pond around Buntung river, Sidoarjo, and to determine concentration of water and sediment river, water and sediment of fishponds, klekap, and milkfish meat from fishponds, and also to has exceeded specified maximum limit. Design of this study is descriptive study. The samples were collected from 4 stations that located in Buntung river, Sidoarjo, include water and sediment of river, water and sediment of fishponds, klekap, meats and gills from milkfish. Analyze the lead (Pb) content of water, sediment, and biota used Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS). The histopathology slide was made by Haematoxylin-Eosin coloration. Cells of controls are the gill filaments at magnification up to 1000 times. The results showed concentration of lead (Pb) in the river water was about 0,018–0,028 ppm, the sediment of river (2,664–3,072 ppm), the water of fishponds (0,000-0,011 ppm), the sediment of fishponds (2,974-3,220 ppm), klekap (0,176-0,192 ppm), and milkfish meat (0,175-0,190 ppm). The lead concentration of each objects have lower than standardization of quality. The injuries found on the gill filaments of milkfish sample histopathologicaly are cell necrosis, rupture of secondary lamella, and congestion.

Peppermint essential oil as an anesthetic for and toxicity to juvenile silver catfish

The objective of this work was to evaluate peppermint (Mentha piperita) essential oil toxicity to and potential as an anesthetic for juvenile silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen). To determine the lethal concentration at 4 hours (LC50-4h), 210 fish (3.08±0.8 g and 7.59±0.67 cm) were exposed to 0, 20, 50, 80, 110, and 140 mg L-1 essential oil. To evaluate the anesthetic potential, nine fish were individually exposed to each oil concentration (50, 80, 110, and 140 mg L-1) used. Water quality parameters were controlled. The mortality rate and the severity and extent of the gill injuries of silver catfish juveniles at 4 hours of exposure increased with increasing peppermint essential oil concentrations, with LC50-4h estimated to be 75.06 mg L-1. The main gill injuries were: congestion of the venous sinus of the primary lamella and at the base of the secondary lamella; interlamellar hyperplasia with fusion of lamellae; epithelial detachment; dilation of the venous sinus; edema adjacent to the lamella; and aneurysm. However, this oil is an effective anesthetic for silver catfish juveniles at the concentration of 80 mg L-1, with a short time of anesthesia (<4 min) and recovery (<10 min), with no mortality.

HISTOPATOLOGI INSANG IKAN PATIN SIAM (Pangasius hypophthalmus) YANG TERINFESTASI TREMATODA MONOGENEA

Ikan patin siam (Pangasius hypophthalmus) yang terinfestasi parasit trematoda monogenea tidak mudah dikenali gejala klinisnya secara spesifik, mengingat parasit ini menyerang organ insang. Infeksi parasit ini dapat menyebabkan kematian ikan sehingga sangat merugikan budidaya ikan patin siam. Tujuan penelitian adalah memberikan informasi secara histopatologi tentang perubahan jaringan insang ikan patin siam yang terinfestasi parasit trematoda monogenea. Penelitian ini diawali dengan pemeriksaan natif insang patin siam yang terinfestasi parasit trematoda monogenea dan dilanjutkan dengan pemeriksaan histopatologi. Pengambilan sampel ikan patin siam dilakukan sebanyak dua kali pada Mei dan Oktober 2015 di beberapa kolam budidaya. Pengamatan sampel dilakukan secara mikroskopik di Laboratorium Balai Karantina Ikan, Pengendalian Mutu dan Keamanan Hasil Perikanan, Palembang. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa dari total 150 sampel yang diamati terdapat 35 sampel atau kasus insang ikan yang terinfestasi parasit trematoda monogenea yaitu: masing-masing sebanyak 10 sampel diperoleh pada Mei dan 25 sampel pada Oktober. Pemeriksaan patologi terhadap organ insang yang terinfestasi trematoda monogenea menunjukkan bahwa lamella insang mengalami pembengkakan dan berwarna merah pucat. Parasit trematoda monogenea pada insang atau yang lebih dikenal dengan cacing insang memiliki panjang tubuh berkisar antara 0,7-0,9 mm dengan lebar 0,05-0,10 mm. Pengamatan histopatologi menunjukkan bahwa jaringan insang yang terinfestasi parasit trematoda monogenea ditandai adanya perubahan yang konsisten, yaitu hiperplasia tulang rawan hyalin, proliferasi sel mukus, hiperplasia lamella sekunder, dan fusi lamella sekunder. Perubahan ini dapat mengakibatkan kematian pada ikan akibat kekurangan oksigen dan perubahan osmoregulasi ion dalam tubuh ikan.The gills of striped catfish (Pangasius hypophthalmus) infested with parasitic trematodes monogenea are not easy to observe specifically clinical symptoms, the parasite is very harmful to the striped catfish farming. The objective of the study was to provide histopathologic information about changes in gill tissue of infected pangasius fish infested with monogeneous trematoda parasites. This study begun with an examination of native gill of striped catfish and fish infested with parasitic trematodes monogenea and continued with histopathologic examination. Striped catfish samplings were performed twice in May and October 2015 in some aquaculture ponds. Sampel analysis was done microscopically in Laboratorium of Fish Quarantine, Quality Control and Fisheries Product Safety Palembang. The results showed that among of 150 samples there were 35 samples of fish infested with parasitic trematodes monogenea, which of 10 and 25 samples were collected in May and October, respectively. The results on clinical symptoms of infected gills trematodes monogenea showed that gills swelled in lamella gills and pale red. The parasitic trematodes monogenea found in the gills which are well known as the gill worm had a body length ranging from 0.7 to 0.9 mm with a width of 0.05 to 0.10 mm. On examination of the gills infested with parasitic trematodes monogenea the histopathological changes were consistent, namely hyalin cartilage hyperplasia, mucous cell proliferation, hyperplasia secondary lamella, and the fusion of the secondary lamella. These changes could be affected on fish mortality due to lack of oxygen and ion osmoregulation changes in the body of the fish.

Metal pollution assessment in a Brazilian hydroelectric reservoir: Geophagus brasiliensis as a suitable bioindicator organism

Vossoroca is a reservoir in the Brazilian state of Paraná. Although it is located near big cities and can be used as a human water supply, it has remained unstudied. Concentrations of toxic metals and arsenic in sediments, water, liver, gills, and muscle of Geophagus brasiliensis from the reservoir were analyzed using atomic absorption spectrometry. Histological analyses were performed on the gills and the livers using scanning electron microscopy and light microscopy, respectively. The results showed that Vossoroca sediments were moderately polluted by copper, chromium, nickel and arsenic. Cadmium was above legal limits in the water. Histopathological assessment revealed epithelial alterations in the secondary lamella to be the most common abnormality observed in the gills and necrosis, melanomacrophage centers in the livers. In conclusion, although the reservoir is located in an Environmental Protection Area, it is negatively affected by human activity. Further, Geophagus brasiliensis was a suitable bioindicator for metal pollution studies.

Histology and Surface Ultra-Structure of the Gill of A Minor Carp, Labeo bata (Hamilton)

The histology and surface ultra-structures of the gill epithelium of Labeo bata has been examined through light and electron microscopy. Gill arches bear double rows of primary lamellae and each primary lamella is provided with two rows of delicate rectangular secondary lamellae on its upper and lower surfaces. Gill arches and filaments are lined by thick stratified epithelium while the epithelium of secondary lamella is made up of thin single layered pavement cells. The thin epithelium is supported and kept apart from each other by the pillar cells. The pavement cells are polygonal with well-defined cell boundary and microridges on its apical surface. The epithelial cells are interspersed by large chloride cells located at the base of secondary lamellae and PAS positive mucous cells. Mucous cells are found abundant at the base and tip of the primary lamellae. Taste buds are found on the concave anterior faces of gill arches. The short and soft gill rakers are covered with stratified epithelium. This finding demonstrated that the fish has well developed respiratory system matching to its active life.

Histopathological Effects on Gills of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus, Linnaeus, 1758) Exposed to Pb and Carbon Nanotubes

The effect of heavy metal in fish has been the focus of extensive research for many years. However, the combined effect of heavy metals and nanomaterials is still a new subject that needs to be studied. The aim of this study was to examine histopathologic alterations in the gills of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) to determine possible effects of lead (Pb), carbon nanotubes, and Pb+carbon nanotubes on their histological integrity, and if this biological system can be used as a tool for evaluating water quality in monitoring programs. For this, tilapia were exposed to Pb, carbon nanotubes and Pb+carbon nanotubes for 4 days. The main alterations observed were epithelial structure, hyperplasia and displacement of epithelial cells, and alterations of the structure and occurrence of aneurysms in the secondary lamella. The most severe alterations were related to the Pb+carbon nanotubes. We conclude that the oxidized multi-walled carbon nanotubes enhanced the acute lead toxicity in Nile tilapias. This work draws attention to the implications of carbon nanomaterials released in the aquatic environment and their interaction with classical pollutants.