Sodium, Chloride and Water Balance of the Intertidal Teleost, Xiphister Atropurpureus

1967 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 519-524
Author(s):  
DAVID H. EVANS
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Water Balance ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Urine Flow ◽  
Drinking Rate ◽  
Euryhaline Teleost ◽  
Xiphister Atropurpureus ◽  
Low Rate

1. The rate of loss of sodium, chloride and water via the urine and the rate of intake of sodium, chloride and water by ingestion of the medium was determined for the euryhaline teleost, Xiphister atropurpureus. 2. The urinary losses of sodium and chloride were approximately 0.5 mM/kg. fish/day in both 100 % sea water (480 mM-Na/kg.) and 10% sea water. The ingestion of sodium and chloride by drinking the medium amounted to approximately 4 mM/kg. fish/day in 100% sea water and approximately 0.1 mM/kg. fish/day in 10% sea water. 3. The low rate of urine flow in 10 % sea water and the low drinking rate in 100 % sea water indicate a relative impermeability to water in both salinities.

Sodium, Chloride and Water Balance of the Intertidal Teleost, Xiphister Atropurpureus

1967 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 525-534 ◽  
Author(s):  
DAVID H. EVANS
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Water Balance ◽  
Active Transport ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Tritiated Water ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Exchange Diffusion ◽  
Diffusion Component ◽  
Euryhaline Teleost ◽  
Xiphister Atropurpureus

1. The effluxes of 22Na, 36Cl and tritiated water from the euryhaline teleost, Xiphister atropurpureus were determined in 100 % sea water (480 mM-Na/kg.) and 10 % sea water. 2. Only the flux of sodium in 100% sea water contained an exchange diffusion component. The relative impermeability of Xiphister is shown by its low fluxes of sodium, chloride and water in both salinities. 3. In 10 % sea water the permeability to sodium declined while the permeability to chloride and water remained at sea water levels. 4. In both salinities diffusion and active transport are the major components of the sodium and chloride balance of Xiphister.

Sodium, Chloride and Water Balance of the Intertidal Teleost, Xiphister Atropurpureus

1967 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 513-517
Author(s):  
DAVID H. EVANS
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Water Balance ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Xiphister Atropurpureus

1. Studies were undertaken to determine the degree of regulation of sodium, chloride and water displayed by the intertidal teleost, Xiphister atropurpureus, over a range of salinities. 2. The plasma concentrations of sodium and chloride declined by approximately 15 % in 10 % sea water (48 mM-Na/kg.) and the intracellular and extracellular spaces increased by approximately 6 % in 10% sea water.

Glycerol and water balance in a near-isosmotic teleost, winter-acclimatized rainbow smelt

1993 ◽  
Vol 71 (9) ◽  
pp. 1849-1854 ◽  
Author(s):  
James A. Raymond
Keyword(s):  
Water Balance ◽  
Freezing Point ◽  
Urine Flow ◽  
Osmerus Mordax ◽  
Rainbow Smelt ◽  
Water Losses ◽  
Drinking Rate ◽  
Osmotic Water ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Reduced Drinking

Rainbow smelt, Osmerus mordax, have previously been shown to produce high concentrations of glycerol in winter to avoid freezing, becoming almost isosmotic in a marine environment when temperatures reach the freezing point of seawater. Here it is shown that osmotic water losses, as shown by drinking rate, decrease dramatically in winter as a result of the increased osmolality. Urine flow also appears to decrease in winter in response to reduced drinking. Glycerol is lost through the skin and gills, and probably through intestinal discharge, at total rates ranging from 3.5 to 9.5 mg∙100 g−1∙h−1. Combined permeabilities to glycerol of the gills and skin in the head were in the range 0.9–2.6 × 10−7 cm∙s−1. Glycerol concentrations, efflux, and permeability of the gills were comparable to those for urea in marine elasmobranchs. However, mechanisms for conserving the two osmolytes may differ.

Effects of rapid changes in salinity on the renal function of a euryhaline teleost

1965 ◽  
Vol 209 (5) ◽  
pp. 1025-1030 ◽  
Author(s):  
Warren R. Fleming ◽  
Jon G. Stanley
Keyword(s):  
Renal Function ◽  
Glomerular Filtration ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Tubular Reabsorption ◽  
Urine Flow ◽  
Estimated Gfr ◽  
Rapid Changes ◽  
Euryhaline Teleost ◽  
Urine And Serum

Techniques developed to study renal function of the euryhaline teleost, Fundulus kansae, are described. Effects of a sudden transfer from fresh water to sea water on urine flow and urine and serum osmotic pressures were studied. Glomerular filtration rates (GFR) of animals adapted to fresh water and to sea water for 7 days were estimated. Urine flow was found to be a function of size and of handling, as well as of salinity. Animals held in fresh water showed an initial diuresis which reached a peak approximately 2 hr after cannulation. Urine flow thereafter was in the range of 200 ml/kg per day for fish weighing 1.58 ± 0.3 g, and the estimated GFR was 600 ml/kg per day. Animals held in sea water had urine flows ranging from 5 to 20 ml/kg per day, and filtration rates ranging from 20 to 45 ml/kg per day were estimated. The urine collected from the 2nd to approximately the 10th day after a sudden transfer into sea water was hypertonic to the serum. It is concluded that both a reduction in GFR and an increase in the tubular reabsorption of water are elements of renal function utilized when this animal moves from a hypotonic to a hypertonic environment.

scholarly journals Intestinal Na+ and Cl- levels control drinking behavior in the seawater-adapted eel Anguilla japonica

1996 ◽  
Vol 199 (3) ◽  
pp. 711-716 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Ando ◽  
K Nagashima
Keyword(s):  
Sea Water ◽  
Direct Action ◽  
Choline Chloride ◽  
Drinking Behavior ◽  
Anguilla Japonica ◽  
Urine Flow ◽  
Perfusion Medium ◽  
Drinking Rate ◽  
Gastrointestinal Fluid ◽  
High Concentrations

To analyze drinking mechanisms in seawater teleosts, seawater-adapted eels were used as a model system. When the intestine of the eel was perfused with iso-osmotic mannitol, the eels drank sea water. However, when the perfusion medium was switched to iso-osmotic NaCl, seawater drinking was depressed. This depression was observed even after blocking NaCl absorption across the intestine by replacement of the perfusate with choline chloride or by treatment with furosemide, an inhibitor of NaCl and water absorption across the eel intestine. Furthermore, depression of drinking rate preceded an increase in urine flow by over 1 h. These results indicate that this depression is not due to a recovery of blood volume and suggest that intestinal Cl- itself inhibits drinking. Direct action of luminal Cl- on drinking behavior was further supported by the observation that perfusion with iso-osmotic NMDG-HCl, Tris-HCl, choline chloride and RbCl all inhibited seawater drinking. When NaCl in the perfusion medium was replaced with sodium acetate, sodium butyrate, sodium methylsulfate or NaSCN, the drinking rate was enhanced threefold, suggesting that Na+ itself stimulates drinking in the absence of Cl-. In the present study, concentrations of Na+ and Cl- in the swallowed fluid were also measured simultaneously. As the drinking rate was enhanced, the Na+ and Cl- concentrations in the gastrointestinal fluid were increased. On the basis of these results, it seems possible that high concentrations of Cl- in the intestine reduce the drinking rate, thus lowering esophageal Cl- concentration due to desalination of the ingested sea water. When Cl- concentration in the intestine falls below a certain level, Na+ will stimulate seawater drinking again.

Drinking Rate and Oxygen Consumption in the Euryhaline Teleost Aphanius Dispar in Waters of High Salinity

1974 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
pp. 547-556
Author(s):  
E. SKADHAUGE ◽  
R. LOTAN
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
High Salinity ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Transport Rate ◽  
Drinking Rate ◽  
Osmotic Permeability ◽  
Euryhaline Teleost

1. The drinking rate and the oxygen consumption were measured in Aphanius in sea water (SW) at 17, 20 and 24.5 °C and at 20 °C in 2-fold and 3½-fold SW. Both untrained (shocked) and trained fish were used. In this species shock was observed to reduce the drinking rate. 2. In trained fish the drinking rate was 11.0±1.0 µl/g.h (mean±S.E.) in SW at 20 °C. The oxygen comsumption was 346±16 µl O2/g. h. These parameters were not significantly changed in 2 SW and 3½ SW. 3. At 17 °C both drinking rate and oxygen consumption were reduced, and at 24.5 °C were increased. 4. The results suggest that adaptation to waters of high salinity primarily involves a reduced effective osmotic permeability of the integument (the gills) and an increase in the transport rate of NaCl by the intestine, roughly proportional to the salinity.

scholarly journals Adaptations to a Terrestrial Existence by the Robber Crab Birgus Latro: VI. The Role of the Excretory System in Fluid Balance

1990 ◽  
Vol 152 (1) ◽  
pp. 505-519 ◽  
Author(s):  
PETER GREENAWAY ◽  
H. H. TAYLOR ◽  
S. MORRIS
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Fluid Balance ◽  
Filtration Rate ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Urine Flow ◽  
Water Losses ◽  
Drinking Rate ◽  
The Difference

Primary urine is formed by filtration in the antennal organ of Birgus latro L. Urine isosmotic with the haemolymph is released into the anterior branchial chambers where substantial reabsorption of water and ions may occur. Some of the branchial fluid is ingested and the remainder (final excretory fluid, P) is released. Crabs supplied with fresh water have a low drinking rate (1.82 ml 100 g−1 day−1). Primary urine is partially reabsorbed (27%) in the antennal organ and urine flow (4.48 ml 100 g−1 day−1) is significantly lower than filtration rate (5.77 ml 100 g−1 day−1). The volume of P released is small in crabs drinking fresh water (0.45 ml 100 g−1 day−1) and the fluid is dilute (≈25 mmol l−1 NaCl). The difference between P flow and drinking rate (1.37 ml 100 g−1 day−1) represents evaporative and faecal water losses. Provision of saline drinking water (300, 600 or 1000 mosmol kg−1 sea water) doubles rates of drinking, filtration and urine flow and increases P flow fourfold. Evaporative/faecal water loss remains constant. Reabsorption of salts from the P rapidly decreases when saline media are provided for drinking.

The effect of external salinity on drinking rate and rectal secretion in the larvae of the saline-water mosquito Aedes taeniorhynchus

1977 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-110
Author(s):  
T. J. Bradley ◽  
J. E. Phillips
Keyword(s):  
Sea Water ◽  
External Medium ◽  
Narrow Range ◽  
Saline Water ◽  
Fluid Secretion ◽  
Osmotic Concentration ◽  
Drinking Rate ◽  
Aedes Taeniorhynchus ◽  
External Salinity ◽  
Kinetics Of

1. The drinking rate of the saline-water mosquito larva Aedes taeniorhyncus (100 nl.mg-1.h-1) is unaffected by the salinity of the external medium, but is directly proportional to the surface area of the animal. 2. Haemolymph Na+, Mg2+, K+, Cl-, SO42- and osmotic concentrations were measured in larvae adapted to 10%, 100% and 200% seawater and were found to be regulated within a narrow range. 3. With the exception of potassium, ionic concentrations in rectal secretion were found to increase with increasing concentrations of the sea water in which larvae were reared. 4. The osmotic concentration of rectal secretion was unaffected by changes in haemolymph osmotic concentration but did rise when sodium or chloride concentrations of the haemolymph were increased. High levels of these ions also stimulated the rate of fluid secretion. 5. Transport of chloride and sodium by the rectum exhibits the kinetics of allosteric rather than classical enzymes.

The Water Balance of a Serpulid Polychaete, Mercierella Enigmatica (Fauvel)

1974 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
pp. 321-330
Author(s):  
HELEN LE B. SKAER
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Water Balance ◽  
Blood Volume ◽  
Blood Concentration ◽  
Volume Regulation ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
External Medium ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Natural Range ◽  
Passive Movements

1. The serpulid polychaete Mercierella enigmatica is found naturally in a wide range of salinities - from fresh water to 150% sea water (< 1-55‰ < 25.8-1421 mOsm). 2. Changes in body weight, blood volume and blood osmolality have been measured both during and after equilibration of animals with media of altered salinity. 3. The blood remains similar in osmolality to the external medium over a very wide range of salinity (43-1620 mOsm); osmoregulation occurs only at the lowest limit of the natural range. 4. Mercierella enigmatica shows volume regulation; after 4 days of equilibration with a medium of altered salinity the blood volume shows much less change than the blood concentration. 5. During equilibration there appear to be passive movements of both water and salts between the animals and their environment.

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