Sodium, Chloride and Water Balance of the Intertidal Teleost, Xiphister Atropurpureus

1967 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 513-517
Author(s):  
DAVID H. EVANS
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Water Balance ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Xiphister Atropurpureus

1. Studies were undertaken to determine the degree of regulation of sodium, chloride and water displayed by the intertidal teleost, Xiphister atropurpureus, over a range of salinities. 2. The plasma concentrations of sodium and chloride declined by approximately 15 % in 10 % sea water (48 mM-Na/kg.) and the intracellular and extracellular spaces increased by approximately 6 % in 10% sea water.

Sodium, Chloride and Water Balance of the Intertidal Teleost, Xiphister Atropurpureus

1967 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 519-524
Author(s):  
DAVID H. EVANS
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Water Balance ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Urine Flow ◽  
Drinking Rate ◽  
Euryhaline Teleost ◽  
Xiphister Atropurpureus ◽  
Low Rate

1. The rate of loss of sodium, chloride and water via the urine and the rate of intake of sodium, chloride and water by ingestion of the medium was determined for the euryhaline teleost, Xiphister atropurpureus. 2. The urinary losses of sodium and chloride were approximately 0.5 mM/kg. fish/day in both 100 % sea water (480 mM-Na/kg.) and 10% sea water. The ingestion of sodium and chloride by drinking the medium amounted to approximately 4 mM/kg. fish/day in 100% sea water and approximately 0.1 mM/kg. fish/day in 10% sea water. 3. The low rate of urine flow in 10 % sea water and the low drinking rate in 100 % sea water indicate a relative impermeability to water in both salinities.

Sodium, Chloride and Water Balance of the Intertidal Teleost, Xiphister Atropurpureus

1967 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 525-534 ◽  
Author(s):  
DAVID H. EVANS
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Water Balance ◽  
Active Transport ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Tritiated Water ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Exchange Diffusion ◽  
Diffusion Component ◽  
Euryhaline Teleost ◽  
Xiphister Atropurpureus

1. The effluxes of 22Na, 36Cl and tritiated water from the euryhaline teleost, Xiphister atropurpureus were determined in 100 % sea water (480 mM-Na/kg.) and 10 % sea water. 2. Only the flux of sodium in 100% sea water contained an exchange diffusion component. The relative impermeability of Xiphister is shown by its low fluxes of sodium, chloride and water in both salinities. 3. In 10 % sea water the permeability to sodium declined while the permeability to chloride and water remained at sea water levels. 4. In both salinities diffusion and active transport are the major components of the sodium and chloride balance of Xiphister.

Observations on the Intake of Water and Electrolytes by the Duck (Anas Platyrhynchos) Maintained on Fresh Water and on Hypertonic Saline

1968 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 325-339 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. L. FLETCHER ◽  
W. N. HOLMES
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Hypertonic Saline ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Gradual Loss ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Food And Water Intake

1. Intake of food, water and electrolyte by ducks maintained on fresh water and on hypertonic saline were measured over periods up to several months. 2. Transfer to saline approximately equivalent to 60% sea water was followed during the first 24 hr. by a sharp rise and fall in the plasma concentrations of sodium and chloride, which thereafter remained similar to the concentrations found in the freshwater-maintained birds. 3. Transfer to saline equivalent to 100% sea water resulted in a rise in these concentrations during the first 10 hr., which continued for a period up to 14 days, after which the birds either died or became unhealthy. 4. Upon transfer to saline drinking water (284 mM/l. Na+, 6.0 mM/l. K+) there was a gradual loss of body weight accompanied by a reduction in the food and water intake. Body weights tended to become stable after about 3 weeks, but some individuals continued to lose weight while others regained what they had lost. 5. When the concentration of sodium chloride in the drinking water exceeded 143 mM/l. the amount of sodium chloride ingested remained constant. Thus there was progressive decline in the volume of water drunk as the concentration increased. It would appear therefore that the saline-adapted duck possessed some mechanism whereby the daily intake of sodium chloride was regulated. 6. The cloacal output from saline-adapted ducks over a 24 hr. period showed that only 10% of the ingested sodium was excreted via this pathway as compared with over 70% of the ingested potassium. Most of the sodium appeared to be excreted via the nasal glands. 7. The possible interactions between the renal and extra-renal excretory pathways in the maintenance of homeostasis during adaptation to diets including hypertonic saline or seawater are discussed.

Secretory dynamics of 1α-hydroxycorticosterone in the elasmobranch fish, Scyliorhinus canicula

1984 ◽  
Vol 103 (2) ◽  
pp. 205-211 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Hazon ◽  
I. W. Henderson
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Specific Activity ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
High Specific Activity ◽  
Constant Infusion ◽  
Metabolic Clearance ◽  
Plasma Osmolarity ◽  
Scyliorhinus Canicula ◽  
Infusion Technique

ABSTRACT Peripheral plasma concentrations, metabolic clearance rates (MCR) and blood production rates (BPR) of 1α-hydroxycorticosterone (1-OH-B) were determined in female dogfish (Scyliorhinus canicula) under varying environmental conditions. The constant-infusion technique, using high specific activity tritiated 1-OH-B, was applied to measure the MCR, and BPR were derived from the product of plasma concentration and MCR at equilibrium. Urea plasma clearances and apparent BPR were assessed in a similar manner. Fish were adapted stepwise to 140, 120, 90, 80, 70, 60 and 50% normal sea water (about 1000 mosmol/l). In all cases 1-OH-B was the major corticosteroid, cortisol and corticosterone were sought but never detected. In environments of reduced osmolarity, plasma osmolarity, sodium, chloride and urea concentrations all declined, alongside increases in plasma concentrations, MCR and BPR of 1-OH-B. In fish held in environments at concentrations greater than normal sea water, plasma osmolarity, sodium, chloride and urea concentrations all increased. Plasma clearance of urea increased in fish held in environments more dilute than sea water, while it decreased in the more hyperosmotic waters. It is tentatively concluded that homeostasis of plasma composition, with particular respect to urea, is in part regulated by 1-OH-B in the dogfish. J. Endocr. (1984) 103, 205–211

scholarly journals STUDIES ON THE SUPRARENAL CORTEX

1935 ◽  
Vol 61 (6) ◽  
pp. 839-860 ◽  
Author(s):  
George A. Harrop ◽  
Louis J. Soffer ◽  
William M. Nicholson ◽  
Margaret Strauss
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Hydrochloric Acid ◽  
Water Balance ◽  
Sodium Bicarbonate ◽  
Adult Male ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Free Hydrochloric Acid ◽  
Plasma Sodium ◽  
Direct Influence ◽  
Intracellular Compartments

1. A group of experiments is reported in which bilaterally suprarenalectomized adult male dogs have been maintained in apparently normal condition over prolonged periods, up to 5 months, without the use of any suprarenal gland preparation or extract and by the administration of sodium chloride and sodium bicarbonate alone. Withdrawal of the salts then produced typical suprarenal insufficiency. 2. The relation of the absence of free hydrochloric acid in the gastric juice of suprarenalectomized animals, in addition to, or independent of the factor of dehydration, for the production of anorexia and hypoglycemia, is discussed. 3. Further evidence is presented in these experiments in support of the view that the suprarenal cortical hormone in the adult male dog is concerned with the regulation of sodium excretion by the kidney, and thus eventually with the proper maintenance of water balance in the organism. It has no direct influence on carbohydrate metabolism. 4. The reciprocal changes in the plasma concentrations of urea and of potassium which take place as the concentrations of plasma sodium and chlorides vary, are pointed out as furnishing a mechanism whereby abrupt alterations in osmotic pressure are dampened, and the volumes of fluids in extracellular and intracellular compartments more efficiently stabilized.

Food-deprivation affects seawater acclimation in tilapia: hormonal and metabolic changes

1996 ◽  
Vol 199 (11) ◽  
pp. 2467-2475 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Vijayan ◽  
J Morgan ◽  
T Sakamoto ◽  
E Grau ◽  
G Iwama
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Water ◽  
Food Deprivation ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Nutritional State ◽  
Total Amino Acid ◽  
Hepatic Glycogen ◽  
Plasma Prolactin ◽  
Seawater Acclimation

We tested the hypothesis that nutritional state affects seawater acclimation by transferring either fed or food-deprived (2 weeks) male tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) from fresh water to full-strength sea water. Food-deprivation resulted in a significant increase in plasma concentrations of Na+, Cl-, cortisol, glucose, total amino acid, glutamate, serine and alanine, and in hepatic pyruvate kinase (PK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activities, whereas the prolactin-188 to prolactin-177 ratio (tPRL188:tPRL177) and plasma prolactin-188 (tPRL188), lactate, arginine and hepatic glycogen content and hepatic alanine aminotransferase (AlaAT) and 3-hydroxyacyl-Coenzyme A dehydrogenase (HOAD) activities were lower than in the fed group. Seawater transfer significantly increased the tPRL188:tPRL177 ratio and plasma concentrations of Na+, Cl-, K+, growth hormone (GH), glucose, aspartate, tyrosine, alanine, methionine, phenylalanine, leucine, isoleucine and valine levels as well as gill Na+/K+-ATPase activity and hepatic PK and LDH activities, whereas plasma tPRL177, tPRL188, glycine and lysine concentrations were significantly lower than in fish retained in fresh water. There was a significant interaction between nutritional state and salinity that affected the tPRL188:tPRL177 ratio and plasma concentrations of Cl-, GH, glucose, aspartate, tyrosine, serine, alanine, glycine, arginine and hepatic PK, LDH, AlaAT, aspartate aminotransferase, glutamate dehydrogenase and HOAD activities. These results, taken together, indicate that food-deprived fish did not regulate their plasma Cl- levels, despite an enhancement of plasma hormonal and metabolic responses in sea water. Our study also suggests the possibility that plasma prolactin and essential amino acids may be playing an important role in the seawater acclimation process in tilapia.

The Water Balance of a Serpulid Polychaete, Mercierella Enigmatica (Fauvel)

1974 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
pp. 321-330
Author(s):  
HELEN LE B. SKAER
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Water Balance ◽  
Blood Volume ◽  
Blood Concentration ◽  
Volume Regulation ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
External Medium ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Natural Range ◽  
Passive Movements

1. The serpulid polychaete Mercierella enigmatica is found naturally in a wide range of salinities - from fresh water to 150% sea water (< 1-55‰ < 25.8-1421 mOsm). 2. Changes in body weight, blood volume and blood osmolality have been measured both during and after equilibration of animals with media of altered salinity. 3. The blood remains similar in osmolality to the external medium over a very wide range of salinity (43-1620 mOsm); osmoregulation occurs only at the lowest limit of the natural range. 4. Mercierella enigmatica shows volume regulation; after 4 days of equilibration with a medium of altered salinity the blood volume shows much less change than the blood concentration. 5. During equilibration there appear to be passive movements of both water and salts between the animals and their environment.

Salt and Water Balance in Salmon Smolts

1970 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 553-564
Author(s):  
W. T. W. POTTS ◽  
MARGARET A. FOSTER ◽  
J. W. STATHER
Keyword(s):  
Water Balance ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Sodium Pump ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Exchange Diffusion ◽  
Rapid Changes ◽  
Alternative Hypotheses ◽  
Salt And Water Balance

1. Salmon smolts adapted to sea water maintain a high rate of turnover of both sodium and chloride, but when adapted to fresh water the rate of turnover is low. 2. Only a small part of the influx takes place through the gut. 3. On immediate transfer from sea water to dilute sea water or to fresh water the influxes decline rapidly, but on transfer from fresh water to sea water the restoration of the fluxes takes place slowly. 4. The alternative hypotheses that the rapid changes are due to exchange diffusion or to rapid adjustments of the sodium pump are discussed.

Osmoregulation in the Larva of the Marine Caddis Fly, Philanisus Plebeius (Walk.) (Trichoptera)

1972 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
pp. 821-838
Author(s):  
JOHN P. LEADER
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Osmotic Pressure ◽  
Body Surface ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Electrical Potential ◽  
Chloride Ion ◽  
Chloride Ions ◽  
The Body ◽  
Electrical Potential Difference ◽  
Caddis Fly

1. The larva of Philanisus plebeius is capable of surviving for at least 10 days in external salt concentrations from 90 mM/l sodium chloride (about 15 % sea water) to 900 mM/l sodium chloride (about 150 % sea water). 2. Over this range the osmotic pressure and the sodium and chloride ion concentrations of the haemolymph are strongly regulated. The osmotic pressure of the midgut fluid and rectal fluid is also strongly regulated. 3. The body surface of the larva is highly permeable to water and sodium ions. 4. In sea water the larva is exposed to a large osmotic flow of water outwards across the body surface. This loss is replaced by drinking the medium. 5. The rectal fluid of larvae in sea water, although hyperosmotic to the haemolymph, is hypo-osmotic to the medium, making it necessary to postulate an extra-renal site of salt excretion. 6. Measurements of electrical potential difference across the body wall of the larva suggest that in sea water this tissue actively transports sodium and chloride ions out of the body.

The role of the nasal glands in the survival of ducks (Anas platyrhynchos) exposed to hypertonic saline drinking water

1972 ◽  
Vol 50 (5) ◽  
pp. 611-617 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. L. Bradley ◽  
W. N. Holmes
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Water Balance ◽  
Hypertonic Saline ◽  
Anas Platyrhynchos ◽  
Active Material ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Plasma Osmolality ◽  
The Body ◽  
Nasal Glands

The supraorbital nasal glands were removed from the duck (Anas platyrhynchos) 1 week before experimentation. When sham-operated birds were given hypertonic saline drinking water (282 mM NaCl, 6 mM KCl) for 70 h they maintained their body weights and remained in positive water balance. When the ducks lacking nasal glands were similarly treated they became severely dehydrated, lost body weight at the rate of 5.59 ± 1.1 g/h and showed significant increases in the plasma concentrations of Na+, Cl−, K+, and total osmotically active material. When the glandless birds were given hypertonic saline drinking water, the disparity between the measured plasma osmolality and the osmolality calculated on the basis of the Na+, Cl−, and K+ concentrations in plasma increased two-fold. No such change in disparity between the measured and calculated osmolalities of plasma in the sham-operated birds was observed. Forty-eight hours after their return to a diet containing fresh drinking water, the birds without nasal glands regained some of the body weight they had lost and the plasma electrolyte concentrations were restored towards normal. It is concluded that in the absence of nasal glands, the kidney alone is incapable of maintaining positive water balance in ducks fed hypertonic saline as their only source of drinking water.

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