Physiological Correlates of Interspecific Variation in Acid Tolerance in Fish

1988 ◽  
Vol 136 (1) ◽  
pp. 243-258 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. FREDA ◽  
D. G. MCDONALD
Keyword(s):  
Yellow Perch ◽  
Acid Tolerance ◽  
Binding Activity ◽  
Low Ph ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Survival Times ◽  
Ion Regulation ◽  
Sodium Efflux ◽  
Na Efflux

This study investigated ion regulation in relation to water pH in three species of fish of differing tolerance to low pH (common shiners, Notropis cornutus, most sensitive; rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri, intermediate; yellow perch, Perca flavescens, least sensitive). Increasing sensitivity to exposure to low pH was characterized by shorter survival times, greater losses of whole-body ions, more complete inhibition of Na+ uptake, and greater stimulation of Na+ efflux, the latter being the most important factor in determining survival. Interspecific variations in acid tolerance were also correlated with Na+ transport characteristics at circumneutral pH; Km was directly correlated and Vmax inversely correlated with acid tolerance. In addition, there were large qualitative differences among the species in the Ca2+-dependence of Na+ efflux. Sodium efflux induced by low pH was markedly Ca2+-dependent in both trout and shiners in a manner consistent with a simple competition between Ca2+ and H+ for gill binding sites. The increased sensitivity of shiners relative to trout was related to lowered Ca2+- binding activity. In contrast, Na+ efflux in perch was virtually unaffected by water [Ca2+]. Similarly, La3+ (a Ca2+ antagonist) stimulated higher Na+ losses from shiners than from trout, but had little effect upon perch. Ionic losses produced by saturating La3+ concentrations were generally lower than those produced by H+, suggesting that Ca2+ displacement is not the only mechanism for increased gill permeability at low pH. Nonetheless, the results obtained are consistent with the notion that acid tolerance may be related to Ca2+-binding activity in some species (e.g. trout and shiners) although not in others (e.g. perch).

Population differences in acid tolerance between yellow perch, Perca flavescens, from naturally acidic and alkaline lakes

1983 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 147-152 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank J. Rahel
Keyword(s):  
Yellow Perch ◽  
Perca Flavescens ◽  
Acid Tolerance ◽  
Low Ph ◽  
Alkaline Lakes ◽  
Low Salinity ◽  
Ph Tolerance ◽  
Body Sodium ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Laboratory Acclimation

Yellow perch, Perca flavescens, from naturally acidic, Wisconsin brownwater lakes survived longer than perch from alkaline lakes when exposed to a lethal pH in the laboratory. Acclimation to a low but sublethal pH for 3 weeks did not remove the difference in acid tolerance, suggesting it is genetically based. Perch from an acidic, low salinity lake (pH 4.6, 13 μequiv. Na/L, 11 μequiv. K/L) had only slightly lower body sodium and potassium levels than perch from a nonacidic, higher salinity lake (pH 7.6,70 μequiv. Na/L, 18 μequiv. K/L). Perch from both lake types were equally susceptible to a lethal high pH, indicating that acid tolerance is not merely the result of an overall hardiness, but reflects specific adaptation to low pH. The exceptional low pH tolerance of yellow perch from Wisconsin brownwater lakes rivals that reported for tropical blackwater fishes.

Branchial and Renal Acid and Ion Fluxes in the Rainbow Trout, Salmo Gairdneri, at Low Environmental pH

1981 ◽  
Vol 93 (1) ◽  
pp. 101-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. G. McDONALD ◽  
C.M. WOOD
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Significant Contribution ◽  
Low Ph ◽  
The Body ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Ion Regulation ◽  
Progressive Decline ◽  
Blood Ph ◽  
Acid Load ◽  
Total Body

Rainbow trout were exposed for 4 days to an environmental pH averaging 4.2, an exposure which resulted in a continuous net branchial influx of acid. The influx provoked a progressive depression in blood pH and [HCO3−], virtually complete by 48 h, and a marked increase in renal acid excretion, also complete by 48 h. The increase in the latter was sufficient to remove, at maximum, about half of the protons entering at the gills; those remaining were buffered in body fluids. The low pH exposure also impaired gill ion regulation as indicated by continuous net branchial losses of Na+, Cl− and K+ and by a progressive decline in plasma Na+ and Cl− levels. Evidence is presented which indicates that there was a significant contribution by the intracellular compartment both to the total body ion losses and to the buffering of the body acid load.

Acclimation to Copper by Rainbow Trout, Salmo gairdneri: Physiology

1987 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
Darrel Jon Laurén ◽  
D. G. McDonald
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Kinetic Parameters ◽  
Maximum Rate ◽  
Sodium Concentration ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Copper Exposure ◽  
Sodium Efflux ◽  
Sodium Uptake ◽  
Body Sodium

Juvenile rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) were exposed to 55 μg copper∙L−1 for 28 d and then transferred to uncontaminated water for 7 d. Whole body sodium concentration and sodium uptake (Jin) were measured at weekly intervals; Jin was measured at various Na+ concentrations and kinetic parameters estimated. After 24 h of copper exposure, the maximum rate of sodium uptake (Jmax) was inhibited by 55%, the affinity for sodium (Km) reduced by 49%, and whole body Na+ decreased by about 12.5%. After 7 d of exposure, whole body Na+ had returned to control values, but Jmax was still inhibited by 41%. Recovery of whole body Na+ occurred largely by a reduction of sodium efflux (Jout). Both Jmax and Km continued to recover until day 28, at which time Jin had returned to control values. We conclude that acclimation to sublethal copper depends on changes in both Na+ transport and permeability.

Public Evaluation of Fish Tainting from Pulp and Paper Mill Discharges

1992 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 57-64
Author(s):  
C. G. Jardine
Keyword(s):  
Yellow Perch ◽  
Action Plan ◽  
Pulp Mill ◽  
Paper Mill ◽  
Pulp And Paper ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Pulp And Paper Mill ◽  
Advisory Committees ◽  
Public Advisory ◽  
St Lawrence River

As part of the Remedial Action Plan (RAP) programs for the St. Lawrence and Spanish Rivers in Ontario, Canada, tainting evaluations were conducted using members of the Public Advisory Committees (PACs) and the RAP teams. Triangle test sensory evaluations were conducted on caged rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) exposed insitu upstream and downstream of the pulp and paper mill diffuser outfalls In the St. Lawrence River only, evaluations were conducted on indigenous yellow perch (Perca flavescens) caught upstream and downstream of the mill discharge . In both locations, the odour of the flesh from the caged trout exposed above the diffuser outfall was not judged significantly different from caged trout exposed downstream of the discharge. However, the indigenous perch caught downstream of the mill in the St. Lawrence River were judged by the panelists to have a significantly more objectionable odour than those caught upstream of the discharge. While the effluent tainting potential appears to have been eliminated in the Spanish River, further studies are required to determine the source and magnitude of tainting concerns in the St. Lawrence River. The sensory test and results reported here provide useful tools for evaluating the tainting potential of pulp mill discharges and for assessing perceived consumer quality of the fish exposed to these effluents.

scholarly journals Acid tolerance in early colonizers of oral biofilms

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriella Boisen ◽  
Julia R. Davies ◽  
Jessica Neilands
Keyword(s):  
Acid Tolerance ◽  
Low Ph ◽  
Salivary Proteins ◽  
Confocal Scanning Laser Microscopy ◽  
Planktonic Cells ◽  
Tolerance Development ◽  
Salivary Pellicle ◽  
Oral Biofilms ◽  
Acid Tolerant

Abstract Background In caries, low pH drives selection and enrichment of acidogenic and aciduric bacteria in oral biofilms, and development of acid tolerance in early colonizers is thought to play a key role in this shift. Since previous studies have focussed on planktonic cells, the effect of biofilm growth as well as the role of a salivary pellicle on this process is largely unknown. We explored acid tolerance and acid tolerance response (ATR) induction in biofilm cells of both clinical and laboratory strains of three oral streptococcal species (Streptococcus gordonii, Streptococcus oralis and Streptococcus mutans) as well as two oral species of Actinomyces (A. naeslundii and A. odontolyticus) and examined the role of salivary proteins in acid tolerance development. Methods Biofilms were formed on surfaces in Ibidi® mini flow cells with or without a coating of salivary proteins and acid tolerance assessed by exposing them to a challenge known to kill non-acid tolerant cells (pH 3.5 for 30 min) followed by staining with LIVE/DEAD BacLight and confocal scanning laser microscopy. The ability to induce an ATR was assessed by exposing the biofilms to an adaptation pH (pH 5.5) for 2 hours prior to the low pH challenge. Results Biofilm formation significantly increased acid tolerance in all the clinical streptococcal strains (P < 0.05) whereas the laboratory strains varied in their response. In biofilms, S. oralis was much more acid tolerant than S. gordonii or S. mutans. A. naeslundii showed a significant increase in acid tolerance in biofilms compared to planktonic cells (P < 0.001) which was not seen for A. odontolyticus. All strains except S. oralis induced an ATR after pre-exposure to pH 5.5 (P < 0.05). The presence of a salivary pellicle enhanced both acid tolerance development and ATR induction in S. gordonii biofilms (P < 0.05) but did not affect the other bacteria to the same extent. Conclusions These findings suggest that factors such as surface contact, the presence of a salivary pellicle and sensing of environmental pH can contribute to the development of high levels of acid tolerance amongst early colonizers in oral biofilms which may be important in the initiation of caries.

Estrogen-related receptor γ2 controls NaCl uptake to maintain ionic homeostasis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shang-Wu Shih ◽  
Jia-Jiun Yan ◽  
Yi-Hsing Wang ◽  
Yi-Ling Tsou ◽  
Ling Chiu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mrna Expression ◽  
Body Fluid ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Ionic Homeostasis ◽  
Ion Regulation ◽  
Expression Levels ◽  
Morpholino Knockdown ◽  
Oryzias Melastigma ◽  
Euryhaline Teleost

Estrogen-related receptors (ERRs) are known to function in mammalian kidney as key regulators of ion transport-related genes; however, a comprehensive understanding of the physiological functions of ERRs in vertebrate body fluid ionic homeostasis is still elusive. Here, we used medaka (Oryzias melastigma), a euryhaline teleost, to investigate how ERRs are involved in ion regulation. After transferring medaka from hypertonic seawater to hypotonic freshwater (FW), the mRNA expression levels of errγ2 were highly upregulated, suggesting that ERRγ2 may play a crucial role in ion uptake. In situ hybridization and immunofluorescence staining showed that errγ2 was specifically expressed in ionocytes, the cells responsible for Na+/Cl- transport. In normal FW, ERRγ2 morpholino knockdown caused reductions in the mRNA expression of Na+/Cl- cotransporter (NCC), the number of NCC ionocytes, Na+/Cl- influxes of ionocytes, and whole-body Na+/Cl- contents. In FW with low Na+ and low Cl-, the expression levels of mRNA for Na+/H+ exchanger 3 (NHE3) and NCC were both decreased in ERRγ2 morphants. Treating embryos with DY131, an agonist of ERRγ, increased the whole-body Na+/Cl- contents and ncc mRNA expression in ERRγ2 morphants. As such, medaka ERRγ2 may control Na+/Cl- uptake by regulating ncc and/or nhe3 mRNA expression and ionocyte number, and these regulatory actions may be subtly adjusted depending on internal and external ion concentrations. These findings not only provide new insights into the underpinning mechanism of actions of ERRs, but also enhance our understanding of their roles in body fluid ionic homeostasis for adaptation to changing environments during vertebrate evolution.

Biological and Toxicologtcal Effects of Environmental Contaminants in Fish and Their Eggs

1983 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 306-312 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. Niimi
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Organic Contaminants ◽  
Yellow Perch ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Lake Ontario ◽  
Smallmouth Bass ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
White Bass ◽  
Morone Chrysops ◽  
Contaminant Transfer

Rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri), white sucker (Catostomus commersoni), white bass (Morone chrysops), smallmouth bass (Micropterus dolomieui), and yellow perch (Perca flavescens) were collected from Lakes Ontario and Erie to examine the relationship between contaminant levels in females and their eggs. Factors such as the percent lipid in the fish and percent of total lipid deposited in the eggs significantly influenced (P < 0.01) contaminant transfer. The percentages of the 9–11 organic contaminants transferred generally showed less variation within a species than the percentages for a substance transferred among the five species examined. This relationship was consistent even though there was over a 10-fold range in contaminant concentrations within a given species. Mercury did not demonstrate this response because the percentage in eggs was low for all species. The levels of PCB monitored in eggs of rainbow trout collected from Lake Ontario suggest that egg and fry survival rates could be affected based on the toxicological evidence from other studies. An examination of the possible effects of spawning on the kinetics of contaminants among these species suggests that relative body concentrations of organic contaminants may be decreased by 5% or be increased by 10%, and mercury levels may be increased by 6–22% following the deposition of eggs. The amount of change varies with species and is influenced by the percent egg weight of body weight, and the rate of contaminant transfer from females to eggs.Key words: toxicology, contaminants, reproduction, Lake Ontario, Lake Erie

scholarly journals Adaptational Responses of Rainbow Trout to Lowered External Nacl Concentration: Contribution of the Branchial Chloride Cell

1989 ◽  
Vol 147 (1) ◽  
pp. 147-168 ◽  
Author(s):  
STEVE F. PERRY ◽  
PIERRE LAURENT
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Primary Response ◽  
Chloride Cell ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Apical Surface ◽  
Ionic Fluxes ◽  
Area 5

1. Whole-body ionic fluxes and gill chloride cell (CC) morphology were monitored in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) exposed acutely or chronically to natural fresh water (NFW; [Na+]=0.120 mmoll−1; [Cr]=0.164 mmoll−1) or artificially prepared fresh water with reduced [NaCl] (AFW; [Na+]=0.017 mmoll−1; [CT]=0.014 mmoll−1). 2. Net fluxes of Na+ (JnetNa) and Cl− (JnetCl) became extremely negative (indicating net NaCl loss to the environment) upon immediate exposure to AFW exclusively as a result of reduced NaCl influx (JinNa and JinNa). JnetNa and JnetCl were gradually restored to control rates during prolonged (30 days) exposure to AFW. 3. The restoration of JnetCl in AFW was due both to increased JinCl and to reduced Cl− efflux (JoutCl) whereas the primary response contributing to the restoration of JnetNa a t was an increase of JNain. 4. The total apical surface area of branchial CCs exposed to the external environment increased markedly after 24 h in AFW and remained elevated for 1 month as a consequence of enlargement of individual CCs and, to a lesser extent, increased CC density. JinNa and JinNa were correlated significantly with total CC apical surface area. 5. Plasma cortisol levels rose transiently in fish exposed to AFW. Treatment of NFW-adapted fish with cortisol for 10 days (a protocol known to cause CC proliferation) caused pronounced increases in JinCl and JinNa, as measured in both NFW and AFW. 6. These results suggest that an important adaptational response of rainbow trout to low environmental [NaCl] is cortisol-mediated enlargement of branchial epithelial CCs which, in turn, enhances the NaCl-transporting capacity of the gill as a result of the proliferation of Na+ and Cl− transport sites.

Acclimation to Copper by Rainbow Trout,Salmo gairdneri: Biochemistry

1987 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 105-111 ◽  
Author(s):  
Darrel Jon Laurén ◽  
D. G. McDonald
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Specific Activity ◽  
Gill Tissue ◽  
Microsomal Protein ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Copper Accumulation ◽  
Copper Exposure ◽  
Copper Uptake ◽  
Liver Copper

Whole body, gill, and liver copper uptake, gill Na+-K+-ATPase specific activity, and gill and liver acid-soluble thiols (AST), glutathione, and cysteine of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) were measured during 28 d of exposure to 55 μg copper∙L−1. Na+-K+-ATPase specific activity was inhibited by 33% within 24 h of copper exposure, but this was compensated by a significant increase in microsomal protein so that the total Na+-K+-ATPase activity per milligram of gill tissue returned to normal by day 14. There was no accumulation of copper and no increase in AST, glutathione, or cysteine in the gill. However, after 7 d of exposure, hepatic AST and glutathione had increased by about 2 times, and a sulfhydryl-rich, acid-soluble protein, tentatively identified as metallothionein, increased by 2.8 times. Copper accumulation was highest in the liver, but other tissues also accumulated copper.

The effect of low pH and aluminum on the olfactory organ of rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri

1988 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-77 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dorthy A. Klaprat ◽  
S. B. Brown ◽  
Toshiaki J. Hara
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Low Ph ◽  
Olfactory Organ ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri
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