Biological and Toxicologtcal Effects of Environmental Contaminants in Fish and Their Eggs

1983 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 306-312 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. Niimi
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Organic Contaminants ◽  
Yellow Perch ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Lake Ontario ◽  
Smallmouth Bass ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
White Bass ◽  
Morone Chrysops ◽  
Contaminant Transfer

Rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri), white sucker (Catostomus commersoni), white bass (Morone chrysops), smallmouth bass (Micropterus dolomieui), and yellow perch (Perca flavescens) were collected from Lakes Ontario and Erie to examine the relationship between contaminant levels in females and their eggs. Factors such as the percent lipid in the fish and percent of total lipid deposited in the eggs significantly influenced (P < 0.01) contaminant transfer. The percentages of the 9–11 organic contaminants transferred generally showed less variation within a species than the percentages for a substance transferred among the five species examined. This relationship was consistent even though there was over a 10-fold range in contaminant concentrations within a given species. Mercury did not demonstrate this response because the percentage in eggs was low for all species. The levels of PCB monitored in eggs of rainbow trout collected from Lake Ontario suggest that egg and fry survival rates could be affected based on the toxicological evidence from other studies. An examination of the possible effects of spawning on the kinetics of contaminants among these species suggests that relative body concentrations of organic contaminants may be decreased by 5% or be increased by 10%, and mercury levels may be increased by 6–22% following the deposition of eggs. The amount of change varies with species and is influenced by the percent egg weight of body weight, and the rate of contaminant transfer from females to eggs.Key words: toxicology, contaminants, reproduction, Lake Ontario, Lake Erie

Temperatures Selected Seasonally by Four Fishes from Western Lake Erie

1973 ◽  
Vol 30 (11) ◽  
pp. 1697-1703 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles A. Barans ◽  
Richard A. Tubb
Keyword(s):  
Yellow Perch ◽  
Lake Erie ◽  
Smallmouth Bass ◽  
Lake Basin ◽  
White Bass ◽  
Morone Chrysops ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Western Lake ◽  
Four Seasons ◽  
Western Lake Erie

When four species of fish were taken from western Lake Erie in each of four seasons and held usually for less than 7 days at ambient lake temperatures, the temperatures they selected during 2–3 days in a horizontal temperature gradient differed seasonally. The differences were largely attributable to the conditions at which the fish had been acclimatized in the lake, and were modified by acclimation during 2–3 days in the gradient.The selected temperatures provided insights into the temperatures that might be selected by these species each season if the lake basin or other waters with similar seasonal ambient temperatures were subjected to thermal discharges. Temperatures selected were above ambient lake temperatures except for emerald shiners (Notropis atherinoides) in summer and fall. In general, white bass (Morone chrysops) and smallmouth bass (Micropterus dolomieui) selected a high range in temperatures throughout the year (18–30 C and 18–31 C, respectively), yellow perch (Perca flavescens) an intermediate range (10–29 C) and emerald shiners the lowest range (6–23 C). Three of the species were distributed within a relatively precise temperature range in the summer and within a larger range during other seasons; emerald shiners selected a narrow range during all seasons. A fairly stable temperature preference was usually reached within several hours in summer, but the temperatures selected by three species generally increased with time in the gradient during the other seasons; emerald shiners selected constant temperatures in all seasons. Temperatures selected by young and adults differed mainly in yellow perch and emerald shiners in summer and winter, when the lake temperatures fluctuated least.

Experimental Induction of Liver Tumours in Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri) by Contaminated Sediment from Hamilton Harbour, Ontario

1988 ◽  
Vol 45 (12) ◽  
pp. 2161-2167 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. D. Metcalfe ◽  
V. W. Cairns ◽  
J. D. Fitzsimons
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Organic Contaminants ◽  
Control Site ◽  
Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Liver Tumours ◽  
Sediment Extract ◽  
Hamilton Harbour ◽  
Harbour Sediment ◽  
Route Of Exposure

Sediments from Hamilton Harbour and an uncontaminated control site were collected and extracted for organic contaminants to investigate the putative association between chemical contaminants and high incidences of fish tumours in Hamilton Harbour. Sediment extract from Hamilton Harbour had high levels of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons and was mutagenic in the Ames bacterial mutagenicity assay. In two sets of experiments using a trout sac-fry microinjection route of exposure, Hamilton Harbour sediment extract induced hepatocellular carcinomas in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri).

Synchronous changes in length at maturity across four species of Lake Erie fish with different harvest histories

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Davíð Gíslason ◽  
Robert L. McLaughlin ◽  
Beren W Robinson
Keyword(s):  
Yellow Perch ◽  
Lake Erie ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
White Perch ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
White Bass ◽  
Morone Chrysops ◽  
Harvest Intensity ◽  
Ecosystem Changes ◽  
Post Hoc

Decreases in size at maturation in harvested fish populations can reduce productivity and resilience. Delineating the causes for these changes in maturation is challenging. We assessed harvest and large-scale ecosystem variability as causes for changes in maturation in four Lake Erie fishes. Regulated harvests of Yellow Perch (Perca flavescens) and Walleye (Sander vitreus) are greater than unregulated harvests of White Perch (Morone americana) and White Bass (Morone chrysops). Our assessment considered cohort data from 1991-2012 for each species. We used a conceptual model of harvest-induced plasticity to show that changes in female length at 50% maturity (L50) were unrelated to harvest intensity in all species. We then demonstrated that changes in female L50 among cohorts were synchronous across species. Post-hoc analysis of variables capturing year-to-year variation in climatic and lake conditions suggested L50 was larger when water levels were near the norm for the study period and smaller at low and high levels. We conclude that changes in L50 were most strongly related to ecosystem changes unrelated to harvest intensity.

Toxicity of Oil Sands Plant Wastewaters and Associated Organic Contaminants

1976 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 34-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.E. Hrudey ◽  
G.A. Sergy ◽  
T. Thackeray
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Organic Contaminants ◽  
Oil Sands ◽  
Toxicity Testing ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Organic Carbon Content ◽  
Organic Analysis ◽  
Flow Through ◽  
Butyl Phthalate ◽  
Trace Organic

Abstract Acute toxicity testing using rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri Richardson) was conducted on two wastewater streams from an oil sands extraction and upgrading plant. The main effluent stream from the upgrading plant was non-acutely toxic in flow-through bioassay while the construction drainage from the tailings pond dyke was acutely lethal in static bioassay with an extrapolated LC50 of 11% (by volume). With no obvious toxicant present, trace organic analysis was undertaken based on the high indeterminate organic carbon content of the sample. Analysis by GC-MS of the sample was able to identify four compounds: 2, 6-di-tert-butyl-p-cresol, (BHT); di-n-butyl phthalate, (DBP); bis (2-ethylhexyl) adipate, (BEHA); and bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, (BEHP). Toxicity testing of the compounds required the evaluation of various schemes for the preparation of the test mixtures. Direct emulsion of the test compounds in water was ultimately adopted. Ninety-six hour static bioassays with rainbow trout indicated LC50 values of 540 mg/l for BEHP, 3 mg/l for BHT, 1.2 mg/l for DBP, and an approximate range of 54–110 mg/l for BEHA. Loss of emulsified components from the test mixture during the bioassays suggested that calculated LC50 values likely underestimate the actual toxicity of the compounds. The contribution by BEHA and BEHP to the whole effluent toxicity was likely minor while BHT and DBP indicated sufficient acute lethal toxicity to warrant further consideration. The feasibility of trace organic analysis and component toxicity testing as a means for conducting longer term research on oil sands wastewaters was demonstrated.

Body and Fin Form and Strike Tactics of Four Teleost Predators Attacking Fathead Minnow (Pimephales promelas) Prey

1984 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 157-165 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. W. Webb
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Fathead Minnow ◽  
Pimephales Promelas ◽  
Rigid Bodies ◽  
Smallmouth Bass ◽  
Response Threshold ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Large Prey ◽  
Caudal Fin ◽  
Rock Bass

Experiments with teleosts attacking fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) prey showed that piscivore locomotor tactics vary with body/fin morphology. Predators were tiger musky (Esox sp.), rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri), smallmouth bass (Micropterus dolomieui), and rock bass (Ambloplites rupestris) representing several morphological series from more flexible to more rigid bodies, elongate to gibbose bodies, soft-rayed to acanthopterygian median/paired fin patterns, and more to less myotomal muscle. Two predicted optimal tactics were common to the four predators: (1) strike at the prey center of mass and (2) strike prey from the side. Other tactics varied among the predators. Tiger musky always used S-start fast-starts, rainbow trout used steady swimming with body/caudal fin movements, and smallmouth and rock bass used steady swimming with body/caudal fin movements for closer prey and started attacks on distant prey with pectoral propulsion. Tiger musky overshot prey, this being prevented by the use of paired fins as brakes in the two centrarchids. Rainbow trout regularly chased prey, but effective braking coupled with suction feeding appeared to make chases less necessary for smallmouth and rock bass. Speeds in strikes increased according to rock bass < smallmouth bass < rainbow trout < tiger musky consistent with expectations based on morphology. Each species used attack speeds likely to minimize closure times, which is the general optimal strategy for interceptors. Tiger musky attacked at maximum speeds but rainbow trout and smallmouth and rock bass attacked at speeds very much lower than their maximum potential. The prey has a low response threshold for these three species compared with tiger musky when high speeds and associated large prey reaction distances would increase closure times.

Contaminant Accumulation and Physiological Response in Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri) Reared on Naturally Contaminated Diets

1983 ◽  
Vol 40 (11) ◽  
pp. 1987-1994 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. W. Hilton ◽  
P. V. Hodson ◽  
H. E. Braun ◽  
J. L. Leatherland ◽  
S. J. Slinger
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Pacific Ocean ◽  
Lake Michigan ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Body Burden ◽  
Lake Ontario ◽  
Abnormal Behavior ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Thyroid Hyperplasia

Juvenile rainbow trout were reared for 24 wk on practical-type diets formulated with fish meals derived from coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) taken from Lake Michigan, Lake Ontario, and the Pacific Ocean. Levels of contaminants (DDT, chlordane, dieldrin, mirex, and PCBs) increased 10-fold from control and Pacific Ocean salmon-based diets to Lake Ontario salmon-based diets. Rainbow trout accumulated contaminants in direct proportion to dietary levels. However, there were no significant differences in the final body weights, feed to gain ratios, or mortality rates of the trout reared on the different test diets. No signs of abnormal behavior or any indication of histopathological abnormalities were observed in any of the fish. There were no signs of thyroid hyperplasia or any significant decline in serum T3 or T4 levels with increasing dietary contaminant levels. Therefore, rainbow trout do not appear to have been affected by the uptake and accumulation of contaminants. However, the trout did not appear to regulate their body burden of contaminants; this ultimately could prove to be toxic and may adversely affect the ability of these fish to reproduce and survive. The final concentrations of mirex and PCBs in the Lake Ontario-fed fish exceeded the allowed limits to protect human health; therefore, fish meals produced from Lake Ontario salmon are unsuitable as a source of feed for aquaculture of rainbow trout intended for human consumption.

Observations on the glochidia of Lampsilis radiata (Gmelin) infesting yellow perch, Perca flavescens (Mitchill) in the Bay of Quinte, Lake Ontario

1969 ◽  
Vol 47 (4) ◽  
pp. 705-712 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shibru Tedla ◽  
C. H. Fernando
Keyword(s):  
Yellow Perch ◽  
White Perch ◽  
Micropterus Salmoides ◽  
Perca Flavescens ◽  
Lake Ontario ◽  
Smallmouth Bass ◽  
Lepomis Gibbosus ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Pomoxis Nigromaculatus ◽  
Rock Bass

Analysis of incidence and intensity of infestation of yellow perch, Perca flavescens (Mitchill), by the glochidia of Lampsilis radiata from weekly samples from May to September and single samples in October and November indicate that the two subspecies, Lampsilis radiata radiata and Lampsilis radiata siliquoidea, shed their glochidia in late spring and throughout the summer in the Bay of Quinte, Lake Ontario. Smaller fish are more heavily infested with these glochidia than larger ones. About 50% of the preparasitic glochidia of Lampsilis radiata siliquoidea survived for 12, 70, and 120 h at 20°, 12°, and 10 °C respectively. The parasitic period of the glochidia of L. r. siliquoidea on yellow perch under experimental conditions was 50 days at 15 °C from the May infestation. Yellow perch carried the glochidia for a longer period from an August infestation. All the glochidia recovered 50 days after infestation, both from May and August infestations, had undergone metamorphosis. There was no difference in the degrees of infestation of the different species of fish used in our experiments. Pumpkinseed, Lepomis gibbosus (Linnaeus); rock bass, Ambloplites rupestris (Rafinesque); and white perch, Roccus americanus (Gmelin) lost their infestations in a week. Presumably no metamorphosis took place under these conditions. Black crappie, Pomoxis nigromaculatus (LeSueur); largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides (Lacepede), smallmouth bass, M. dolomieui Lacepede: and yellow perch carried the infestation till they were killed 20 days later. There was no relationship between the numbers of glochidia (Lampsilis radiata) and copepods, (Ergasilus confusus Bere) on naturally infested yellow perch, nor on rock bass, smallmouth bass, and pumpkinseed which harbored Ergasilus spp. naturally and which were infested with the glochidia of L. r. siliquoidea experimentally.

Failure to detect ecological and evolutionary effects of harvest on exploited fish populations in a managed fisheries ecosystem

2018 ◽  
Vol 75 (10) ◽  
pp. 1764-1771 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fan Zhang ◽  
Davíð Gíslason ◽  
Kevin B. Reid ◽  
Allan J. Debertin ◽  
Katrine Turgeon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fisheries Management ◽  
Yellow Perch ◽  
Lake Erie ◽  
White Perch ◽  
Fish Populations ◽  
Morone Americana ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Evolutionary Mechanisms ◽  
White Bass ◽  
Morone Chrysops

Overexploitation and collapse of major fisheries raises important concerns about effects of harvest on fish populations. We tested for ecological and evolutionary mechanisms by which harvest could affect exploited fish populations in Lake Erie over the last four decades, over most of which intensive fisheries management was implemented. We did not detect evidence of long-term negative effects of harvest on yellow perch (Perca flavescens), walleye (Sander vitreus), white perch (Morone americana), or white bass (Morone chrysops) populations, either through recruitment success or through alteration of maturation schedules. Current fisheries management in Lake Erie has been relatively successful with respect to minimizing negative harvest effects, such that the dynamics of exploited fish populations in Lake Erie were more strongly affected by environment than harvest. Our study adds to the evidence that effective fisheries management is capable of rebuilding depleted fisheries and (or) maintaining healthy fisheries. Nevertheless, fisheries management needs to move beyond the ecological dimension to incorporate economic, social, and institutional aspects for society to be better assured of the sustainability of fisheries in rapidly changing ecosystems.

Chronic toxicity of water-borne and dietary lead to rainbow trout (Salmo Gairdneri) in lake Ontario water

1978 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 869-878 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter V. Hodson ◽  
Beverley R. Blunt ◽  
Douglas J. Spry
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Chronic Toxicity ◽  
Lake Ontario ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Water Borne
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