Trans-Alaska Pipeline System Performance in the 2002 Denali Fault, Alaska, Earthquake

Douglas G. Honegger; Douglas J. Nyman; Elden R. Johnson; Lloyd S. Cluff; Steve P. Sorensen

doi:10.1193/1.1779239

Trans-Alaska Pipeline System Performance in the 2002 Denali Fault, Alaska, Earthquake

Earthquake Spectra ◽

10.1193/1.1779239 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 20 (3) ◽

pp. 707-738 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

Douglas G. Honegger ◽

Douglas J. Nyman ◽

Elden R. Johnson ◽

Lloyd S. Cluff ◽

Steve P. Sorensen

Keyword(s):

System Performance ◽

Seismic Hazards ◽

Response Strategy ◽

Pipeline System ◽

Special Design ◽

Earthquake Preparedness ◽

Denali Fault ◽

Fault Displacement ◽

Major Pipeline ◽

Pipeline Crossing

The Trans-Alaska Pipeline System is one of the most significant engineering achievements of the 20thcentury and the first major pipeline system for which considerable attention was focused on the identification and quantification of potential seismic hazards and the implementation of design and operational features to address those hazards. One of these special design features included the concept for an above-ground supporting system for the pipeline crossing of the Denali fault. The 2002 M7.9 Denali fault earthquake represents the first successful test of a structure specifically designed for fault displacement. The earthquake also demonstrated the benefits of the multi-tiered earthquake preparedness and response strategy in place at the time of the earthquake.

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Pipeline Design Method Against Large Displacement of Strike-Slip Fault

Volume 8: Seismic Engineering ◽

10.1115/pvp2016-63699 ◽

2016 ◽

Author(s):

Keita Oda ◽

Takahiro Ishihara ◽

Masakatsu Miyajima

Keyword(s):

Elastic Limit ◽

Design Method ◽

Fem Analysis ◽

Relative Displacement ◽

Strike Slip ◽

Strike Slip Fault ◽

Large Displacement ◽

Pipeline System ◽

Tensile Direction ◽

Fault Displacement

This study proposes a method for designing a water pipeline system against fault displacement by incorporating earthquake resistant ductile iron pipes (ERDIPs). An ERDIP pipeline is capable of absorb the large ground displacements that occur during severe earthquakes by movement of its joint (expansion, contraction and deflection) and the use of the joint locking system. Existing ERDIP pipelines have been exposed to several severe earthquakes such as the 1995 Kobe Earthquake and the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake, and there has been no documentation of their failure in the last 40 years. In the case of a pipeline that crosses a fault, there is the possibility of the occurrence of a local relative displacement between the pipeline and the ground. It is known that an ERDIP pipeline withstands a fault of axial compression direction by past our study. Hence, this present study was targeted at developing a method for designing an ERDIP pipeline that is capable of withstanding a strike-slip fault of axial tensile direction for a pipeline. This was done by FEM analysis wherein the ERDIPs and spring elements were used to model the soil and ERDIP joints. An ERDIP pipeline can accommodate a fault displacement of about 2 m by joint expansion/contraction and deflection, while maintaining the stress in the pipeline within the elastic limit. However, additional countermeasure is required when the fault displacement exceeds 2 m because such could stress the pipeline beyond the elastic limit. The use of large displacement absorption unit is an effective countermeasure for displacements exceeding 2 m. The expansion/contraction capacity of a unit is 10 times that of an ERDIP joint and it is able to absorb a locally-concentrated axial displacement of the pipeline. It was confirmed in the present study that an ERDIP pipeline with large displacement absorption unit, referred to as a large displacement absorption system, could accommodate fault displacement in excess of 2 m within the elastic stress range of the pipeline.

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OIL SPILL RESPONSE AND EQUIPMENT FOR THE BTC PIPELINE SYSTEM IN TURKEY

International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings ◽

10.7901/2169-3358-2005-1-1099 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 2005 (1) ◽

pp. 1099-1103

Author(s):

Erich R. Gundlach ◽

Murat Cekirge ◽

Robert Castle ◽

Hamish Reid ◽

Paul Sutherland

Keyword(s):

Oil Spill ◽

Response Strategy ◽

Pipeline System ◽

Tier 2 ◽

The Caspian Sea ◽

Oil Pipeline ◽

Oil Spill Response ◽

Pipeline Equipment ◽

And Storage ◽

Spilled Oil

ABSTRACT The BTC (Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan) Project includes a 42 in (107 cm) crude oil pipeline extending west from the Caspian Sea across Azerbaijan (433 km, 260 mi), through Georgia (250 km, 150 mi), and then southward through eastern Turkey (1076 km, 645 mi) to a new marine terminal at Ceyhan on the Mediterranean Sea. In Turkey, the pipeline crosses significant mountainous terrain (>2800 m, 8,500 ft), several major rivers as well as five fault zones. The marine terminal includes 7 storage tanks and a 2.7 km (1.6 mi) jetty able to handle two 300,000-dwt tankers simultaneously. The system is designed to transport 1 million barrels per day (∼145,000 t/day). The oil spill contingency plan is designed to protect sensitive areas, catchment basins, and to prevent the migration of spilled oil. Sensitive features were determined by pre-construction surveys and risk analyses, and updated by additional fieldwork focusing on the potential movement and impacts of spilled oil. Response guidelines based on risk and logistics determined the location of equipment depots and the level of equipment necessary to recover Tier 2 spill volumes. Pipeline equipment and depots are selected to rapidly recover spilled oil and to prevent its downslope and downstream movement. The marine response strategy focuses on protection of adjacent lagoons by on-water containment at the berthing area using an oil spill response vessel (OSRV), tugboats, and other workboats, and various lengths and types of booms, skimmers and storage capabilities.

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Assessing and optimization of pipeline system performance using intelligent systems

Journal of Natural Gas Science and Engineering ◽

10.1016/j.jngse.2014.01.017 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 18 ◽

pp. 64-76 ◽

Cited By ~ 33

Author(s):

Mohamad MohamadiBaghmolaei ◽

Mohamad Mahmoudy ◽

Dariush Jafari ◽

Rezvan MohamadiBaghmolaei ◽

Firooz Tabkhi

Keyword(s):

System Performance ◽

Intelligent Systems ◽

Pipeline System

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Turbomachinery Selection Processes for Pipeline Service Revised and Updated Through Incorporation of Lessons Learned

Volume 2: Coal, Biomass and Alternative Fuels; Combustion and Fuels; Oil and Gas Applications; Cycle Innovations ◽

10.1115/2000-gt-0608 ◽

2000 ◽

Author(s):

A. Cleveland ◽

E. Humphries

Keyword(s):

Natural Gas ◽

Lessons Learned ◽

North Slope ◽

Pipeline System ◽

The North ◽

Selection Processes ◽

North Slope Of Alaska ◽

The Usa ◽

Major Pipeline

In 1975 two companies were competing for the opportunity to design and build a major pipeline system to carry natural gas from the North Slope of Alaska and the Beaufort Delta to markets in Canada and the USA.

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Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Assessment in Countries With Low Seismicity

Volume 8: Seismic Engineering ◽

10.1115/pvp2014-28937 ◽

2014 ◽

Author(s):

Katerina Demjancukova ◽

Dana Prochazkova

Keyword(s):

Seismic Hazard ◽

Ground Motion ◽

Hazard Assessment ◽

Seismic Activity ◽

Power Plants ◽

Seismic Hazard Assessment ◽

Seismic Hazards ◽

Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Assessment ◽

Geological Unit ◽

Fault Displacement

The region of the Czech Republic is mostly composed of the Bohemian Massif which is considered as a geological unit with low seismic activity. Nevertheless, all critical objects as the nuclear power plants, big dams etc. are built as aseismic structures. The nuclear installations have to satisfy the IAEA safety standards and requirements. One of important phenomena that have to be involved in the PSHA process is the diffuse seismicity. In 2010 International Atomic Energy Agency issued a specific safety guide SSG-9 Seismic Hazards in Site Evaluation for Nuclear Installations. The key chapters are focused on general recommendations, necessary information and investigations (database), construction of a regional seismotectonic model, evaluation of the ground motion hazard, probabilistic seismic hazards analysis (PSHA), deterministic seismic hazards analysis, potential for fault displacement at the site, design basis ground motion, fault displacement and other hazards, evaluation of seismic hazards for nuclear installations other than NPPs. In the paper a numerical example of seismic hazard assessment will be presented with emphasis on problems and particularities related to PSHA in countries with low seismic activity.

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Why the 2002 Denali fault rupture propagated onto the Totschunda fault: Implications for fault branching and seismic hazards

Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres ◽

10.1029/2011jb008918 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 117 (B11) ◽

pp. n/a-n/a ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

David P. Schwartz ◽

Peter J. Haeussler ◽

Gordon G. Seitz ◽

Timothy E. Dawson

Keyword(s):

Seismic Hazards ◽

Fault Rupture ◽

Denali Fault

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Calibration of PS09, PS10, and PS11 trans-Alaska pipeline system strong-motion instruments, with acceleration, velocity, and displacement records of the Denali fault earthquake, 03 November 2002

Open-File Report ◽

10.3133/ofr20061028 ◽

2006 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

John R. Evans ◽

E. Gray Jensen ◽

Russell Sell ◽

Christopher D. Stephens ◽

Douglas J. Nyman ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Strong Motion ◽

Pipeline System ◽

Denali Fault

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The Pipeline Design Method Against Large Fault Displacement

Volume 8: Seismic Engineering ◽

10.1115/pvp2015-45709 ◽

2015 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Keita Oda ◽

Shozo Kishi ◽

Masakatsu Miyajima

Keyword(s):

Fault Location ◽

Elastic Limit ◽

Design Method ◽

Fem Analysis ◽

Shell Element ◽

Large Displacement ◽

Pipeline System ◽

Joint Movement ◽

Fault Displacement ◽

Pipeline Design

This study proposes “water pipeline system and design method with Earthquake Resistant Ductile Iron Pipe (ERDIP) against fault displacement”. ERDIP pipeline can absorb the large ground displacement at the event of big earthquakes by the joint movement (expansion, contraction and deflection) and the joint locking system. Though the ERDIP pipeline has many experiences of big earthquakes such as the 1995 Kobe Earthquake, the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake, no documented failure has been reported for 40 years. In case of fault crossing pipeline, there is a possibility for relative displacement of several meters between the pipeline and ground, locally, to occur. This study examined the ERDIP pipeline design to withstand strike-slip fault by FEM analysis with shell element of 1500 mm ERDIP and spring elements which are modeling soil and ERDIP joint. ERDIP pipeline can accommodate about 2m fault displacement by the joint expansion/contraction and deflection, and keep the stress in the pipeline within elastic limit. The additional countermeasure should be required when the fault displacement is over 2m because the pipeline could be stressed beyond the elastic limit. As a countermeasure of over 2m displacement, it is effective to use “Large displacement absorption unit”, which can expand/contract 10 times compare to ERDIP joint and absorb the locally-concentrated axial displacement of pipeline. We confirmed that ERDIP pipeline with “Large displacement absorption unit”, which is named “Large displacement absorption system”, can accommodate more than 3m fault displacement within elastic range stress of the pipeline. We established the optimized layout of “Large displacement absorption unit”. We also established the design method using several “Large displacement absorption unit” when we can’t identify exact fault location, but the fault lies within the range of pipeline location.

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