Definition of Collapse Mechanisms and Seismic Vulnerability of Historic Masonry Buildings

2003 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 479-509 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. D'Ayala ◽  
E. Speranza
Keyword(s):  
Seismic Vulnerability ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Historic Masonry ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Collapse Mechanisms ◽  
Load Factors ◽  
Historic Structures ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Historic City ◽  
Vulnerability Functions

In historic city centers the mitigation of seismic risk is dependent on the possibility of implementing strengthening programs. Given the cultural and economic value attached to the historic structures, however, interventions should be tailored to suit aesthetic and structural requirements of each building type, and provide sufficient reliability of performance in future earthquakes. A simple analytical model is developed to calculate load factors associated with various collapse mechanisms of wall assemblies, and vulnerability functions are derived. An application shows the capability of the procedure to quantify reduction in vulnerability associated with strengthening implementations for different typologies.

Seismic Vulnerability of Ancient Churches: I. Damage Assessment and Emergency Planning

2004 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 377-394 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sergio Lagomarsino ◽  
Stefano Podestà
Keyword(s):  
Damage Assessment ◽  
Seismic Behavior ◽  
Seismic Vulnerability ◽  
Collapse Mechanism ◽  
Damage Level ◽  
Bell Tower ◽  
Collapse Mechanisms ◽  
Damage Grades ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Church

This paper describes a new methodology used to assess seismic damage in the churches of Umbria and the Marches, which is based on 18 indicators, each representative of a possible collapse mechanism for a macroelement. The subdivision of the church into macroelements consists of the identification of architectonic elements in which the seismic behavior is almost independent from the rest of the structure (façade, apse, dome, bell tower, etc.). For each macroelement, by considering its typology and connection to the rest of the church, it is possible to identify the damage modes and the collapse mechanisms. During inspection operations, the surveyors must indicate: (a) the actual macroelements; (b) the damage level; and (c) the vulnerability of the church to that mechanism, related to some specific details of construction. From these data a damage score is defined, which is a number from 0 to 1, obtained as a normalized mean of the damage grades in each mechanism. The analysis of the collected data (more than 1,000 churches in Umbria) allows the definition of the correlation between macroseismic intensity and damage.

scholarly journals Rapid Seismic Vulnerability and Risk Assessment of Kermanshah Historic Mosques

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 135-148
Author(s):  
Mahnoosh Biglari ◽  
Michele D’Amato ◽  
Antonio Formisano
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Seismic Risk ◽  
Seismic Vulnerability ◽  
Historic Masonry ◽  
Risk Indices ◽  
Historic Structures ◽  
Assessment Approach ◽  
Earthquake Vulnerability ◽  
Risk Scoring ◽  
Masonry Churches

Background: In this research a rapid vulnerability and risk assessment at a territorial level is performed. Methods: The methodology used, initially proposed for ancient masonry churches, is extended and applied to ten historic masonry mosques in Kermanshah city. The method could be considered as preliminary risk assessment approach of historic structures, refers to LV0 method, since the used methodology requires simple qualitative information. It involves the application of three distinct tools; the exposure, the seismic hazard, and the seismic vulnerability. Results: The comparisons among the obtained results, by considering also the damages suffered during the last earthquakes and war blasts, validate the methodology proposed, capable of providing a seismic risk scoring at a territorial level also for ancient masonry mosques. As known, through this kind of approach, important information is obtained in order to manage and to mitigate the seismic risk of a certain territorial asset. The results show that all ten mosques has medium earthquake vulnerability condition. Emad e Doleh mosque is the most vulnerable case with vulnerability of 34. Navab mosque is located on the most hazardous place. Furthermore, the seismic vulnerability map and seismic risk indices are presented for all the investigated mosques. Conclusion: The obtained results are useful for ranking the priorities and for preliminary defining an interventions plan to be examined in detail with additional quantitative investigations carried out with more refined approaches.

CONCEPT OF THE IMPROVEMENT OF A KEY PUBLIC SPACE (USING THE EXAMPLE OF «ALLEY OF ARCHITECTS», VORONEZH)

2020 ◽  
pp. 97-109
Author(s):  
С. Л. Подвальный ◽  
О. А. Сотникова ◽  
Я. А. Золотухина
Keyword(s):  
Urban Environment ◽  
Public Space ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Ecological Condition ◽  
Territory Design ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The City ◽  
Modern Technologies ◽  
Intensive Growth

Постановка задачи. В настоящее время формирование современной комфортной городской среды приобретает особое социально-экономическое значение и выдвигается в число приоритетных государственных масштабных программ. В связи с этим необходимо разработать концепцию благоустройства ключевого общественного пространства, а именно: определить основные и сопутствующие функции данной территории, создать эскизное предложение проекта благоустройства с учетом всех необходимых норм и стандартов, внедрить современные технологии. Результаты. Выполнен эскизный дизайн-проект «Аллеи архитекторов» по ул. Орджоникидзе г. Воронеж, включающий в себя основные элементы по зонированию территории, проектированию акцентных объектов и внедрению инновационных технологий «умного города», позволяющих повысить уровень комфорта горожан. Выводы. Благоустройство населенных мест приобретает особое значение в условиях дискомфорта среды. С выполнением комплекса мероприятий, направленных на благоустройство, и с внедрением современных технологий значительно улучшается экологическое состояние, внешний облик города. Оздоровление и модернизация среды, которая окружает человека в городе, благотворно влияет на психофизическое состояние, что особенно важно в период интенсивного роста городов. Statement of the problem. Currently the formation of the modern comfortable urban environment is gaining a special social and economic value and moving forward in the priorities of state large-scale programs. The purpose of development of the concept of improvement of public space is definition of the main and accompanying functions of this territory, design of the outline offer of the project of improvement considering all necessary norms and standards and implementation of modern technologies. Results. The conceptual project of “Alley of Architects” includes the basic elements of territory zoning, design of accent objects and implementation of technologies of a “smart-city”. These elements allow one to increase the level of comfort of inhabitants. Conclusions. Improvement of the inhabited places is of particular importance in the conditions of discomfort of the environment. Carrying out a complex of the actions directed to gardening and improvement, introducing modern technologies, the ecological condition, the physical appearance of the city considerably improves. Improvement and modernization of the environment which surrounds the person in the city influences a psychophysical state well that especially important during intensive growth of the cities.

ECOLOGICAL AND ECONOMIC EFFECTIVENESS OF USE LAND IN CONDITIONS OF INFRINGEMENT OF INSTITUTIONAL TRANSFORMATIONS

2018 ◽  
pp. 58-61
Author(s):  
Oksana Sakal
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Social Welfare ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Economic Effectiveness ◽  
Land User ◽  
Total Economic Value ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Welfare Theory

The article is devoted doctrinal issues of environmental and economic effectiveness of use land in conditions of infringement of institutional transformations. The modern approaches to the definition of content of ecological and economic effectiveness of land use are analyzed. It is established that the overwhelming majority of domestic researchers interpret this notion regarding the use of agricultural land or farm land. It is proved that such an approach is justified, taking into account the structure of the land fund of Ukraine. However, this reduces other goals of the land user and functions of the land. It is proposed to investigate the category of ecological and economic effectiveness of land use in accordance with the provisions of the ecological economics, social welfare theory, and concept of total economic value. Based on the classification of land functions, the criteria of selection material content and social form of ecological and economic effectiveness of land use are determined.

Factors Associated with the Early Adoption of the SEC's Revised Auditor Fee Disclosure Rules

2006 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 41-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sharad Asthana ◽  
Jayanthi Krishnan
Keyword(s):  
Audit Fees ◽  
Auditor Independence ◽  
Securities And Exchange Commission ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Disclosure Requirements ◽  
Early Adoption ◽  
Disclosure Rules ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Auditor Fees ◽  
Considerable Concern

Corporate disclosures of auditor fees (beginning in February 2001) caused considerable concern among regulators and investors about auditor independence because they revealed that nonaudit fees were a substantial proportion of total auditor fees. However, in 2003 the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) introduced revised disclosure requirements, specifying a broader definition of audit fees, and additional fee categories (SEC 2003). About 31 percent of our sample firms adopted the new rules in advance of the required date. We investigate the pattern of early adoption of the new fee disclosure rules by companies. Our results indicate that companies with greater nonaudit fee ratios during the prior year, companies that could show a greater decline in nonaudit fee ratios due to reclassification under SEC (2003), and companies that had greater audit-related fees after the reclassification were likely to adopt the new rules early. We conjecture that companies that had the most to gain from reclassifying fees—possibly by reducing negative investor perceptions about nonaudit services—adopted the new rules earlier than required.

scholarly journals Intra-dialytic hypotension following the transition from continuous to intermittent renal replacement therapy

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
William Beaubien-Souligny ◽  
Yifan Yang ◽  
Karen E. A. Burns ◽  
Jan O. Friedrich ◽  
Alejandro Meraz-Muñoz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Renal Replacement Therapy ◽  
Hospital Mortality ◽  
Replacement Therapy ◽  
Kidney Injury ◽  
Hemodynamic Instability ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Vasopressor Use ◽  
Cumulative Fluid Balance ◽  
Intermittent Renal Replacement Therapy

Abstract Background Transition from continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) to intermittent renal replacement therapy (IRRT) can be associated with intra-dialytic hypotension (IDH) although data to inform the definition of IDH, its incidence and clinical implications, are lacking. We aimed to describe the incidence and factors associated with IDH during the first IRRT session following transition from CRRT and its association with hospital mortality. This was a retrospective single-center cohort study in patients with acute kidney injury for whom at least one CRRT-to-IRRT transition occurred while in intensive care. We assessed associations between multiple candidate definitions of IDH and hospital mortality. We then evaluated the factors associated with IDH. Results We evaluated 231 CRRT-to-IRRT transitions in 213 critically ill patients with AKI. Hospital mortality was 43.7% (n = 93). We defined IDH during the first IRRT session as 1) discontinuation of IRRT for hemodynamic instability; 2) any initiation or increase in vasopressor/inotropic agents or 3) a nadir systolic blood pressure of < 90 mmHg. IDH during the first IRRT session occurred in 50.2% of CRRT-to-IRRT transitions and was independently associated with hospital mortality (adjusted odds ratio [OR]: 2.71; CI 1.51–4.84, p < 0.001). Clinical variables at the time of CRRT discontinuation associated with IDH included vasopressor use, higher cumulative fluid balance, and lower urine output. Conclusions IDH events during CRRT-to-IRRT transition occurred in nearly half of patients and were independently associated with hospital mortality. We identified several characteristics that anticipate the development of IDH following the initiation of IRRT.

The operational efficiency of passenger aircraft

2006 ◽  
Vol 78 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald McLean
Keyword(s):  
Design Methodology ◽  
Operational Efficiency ◽  
Civil Aviation ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Transport Economics ◽  
Load Factors ◽  
Consistent Assessment ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Passenger Aircraft ◽  
Practical Implications

PurposeTo provide for the use of airlines and other civil aviation organizations a practical definition of operational efficiency and to show how it can be determined.Design/methodology/approachA brief account of air transport economics is used to demonstrate how bom load factors and aircraft utilization need to be considered in assessing operational efficiency. Then other efficiencies are treated briefly before an example is given of how the better of two fictitious aircraft can be chosen for a particular route. A second example involving the calculation of the operational efficiency achieved by an imaginary airline is also given to show that the typical value is lower than might be expected, particularly in view of the relatively high load factors involved.FindingsProvides performance values and economic figures which are typical of current airline operations.Practical implicationsUse of the proposed definition will allow the consistent assessment of the economic performance of airlines.Originality/valueAt present there is no definition of operational efficiency in general use although it is greatly needed by airlines. The definition proposed in this paper is practical and easy to use.

THE PROBLEMS OF THE INVESTIGATOR’S FORENSIC THINKING FORMATION

2021 ◽  
pp. 68-73
Author(s):  
Руслан Юрьевич Павлов
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Educational Process ◽  
Criminal Cases ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Personal Qualities ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Objective Investigation

Актуальность статьи связана с поиском новых способов и методов повышения эффективности борьбы с преступностью, оперативного раскрытия преступлений, а также с набирающим популярность среди криминалистов направлением «криминалистического мышления», овладение навыками которого будет способствовать наиболее полноценному и объективному расследованию уголовных дел. Проблемным в настоящее время является недостаточное качество следствия и необходимость повышения когнитивных способностей следователей (дознавателей). Задачей исследования являлось выявление факторов, влияющих на развитие и формирование криминалистического мышления следователей. Цель работы - провести анализ составных частей процесса становления следователя и особенностей его практической деятельности, влияющих на когнитивные способности с точки зрения криминалистики, путем изучения и сравнения имеющихся материалов по данной тематике. Анализу подвергнуты личностные качества следователя, особенности образовательного процесса и влияние опыта на результаты работы, а также факторы, сопутствующие следственной деятельности (организация труда, уровень стресса, нагрузки и т. д.). Результат проведенного исследования выражен в определении проблемных факторов, влияющих на формирование криминалистического мышления следователя (дознавателя) и возможных путей их преодоления, важности такого мышления, которое остается знанием, постоянно сориентированным в сторону практики. The relevance of the article is related to the search for new ways and methods to improve the effectiveness of the fight against crime, the prompt detection of crimes, as well as the trend of «forensic thinking», which is gaining popularity among criminalists, mastering the skills of which will contribute to the most complete and objective investigation of criminal cases. Problems at present are insufficient quality of investigation and the need to improve the cognitive abilities of investigators (inquirers). The task of the study was to identify factors that influence the development and formation of forensic thinking of investigators. The purpose of the work is- to analyze the components of the process of formation of an investigator and features of his practical activities affecting the cognitive abilities in terms of forensics by studying and comparing existing materials on this topic. The analysis is subjected to the personal qualities of an investigator, the peculiarities of the educational process and the impact of experience on the results of work, as well as factors associated with the investigative activity (organization of work, stress and stress levels, etc.). The result of the study is expressed in the definition of problematic factors affecting the formation of forensic thinking of an investigator (inquirer) and possible ways to overcome them, the importance of such thinking, which remains knowledge, constantly oriented towards practice

scholarly journals Beyond Computation: Information Technology, Organizational Transformation and Business Performance

2000 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 23-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erik Brynjolfsson ◽  
Lorin M Hitt
Keyword(s):  
Business Performance ◽  
Organizational Transformation ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Intangible Capital ◽  
Aggregate Productivity ◽  
Firm Level ◽  
The Past ◽  
Econometric Evidence ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Value Of It

To understand the economic value of computers, one must broaden the traditional definition of both the technology and its effects. Case studies and firm-level econometric evidence suggest that: 1) organizational “investments” have a large influence on the value of IT investments; and 2) the benefits of IT investment are often intangible and disproportionately difficult to measure. Our analysis suggests that the link between IT and increased productivity emerged well before the recent surge in the aggregate productivity statistics and that the current macroeconomic productivity revival may in part reflect the contributions of intangible capital accumulated in the past.

Factors associated with failure to correct the international normalised ratio following fresh frozen plasma administration among patients treated for warfarin-related major bleeding

2012 ◽  
Vol 107 (04) ◽  
pp. 662-672 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leigh White ◽  
Mark Friedman ◽  
Christine Nichols ◽  
Jordan Menzin ◽  
Jan Hoesche ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Major Bleeding ◽  
Fresh Frozen Plasma ◽  
Charlson Score ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
International Normalised Ratio ◽  
Fresh Frozen ◽  
Retrospective Database Analysis ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Frozen Plasma ◽  
Retrospective Database

SummaryThis study assessed the frequency and factors associated with failure to correct international normalised ratio (INR) in patients administered fresh frozen plasma (FFP) for warfarin-related major bleeding. This retrospective database analysis used electronic health records from an integrated health system. Patients who received FFP between 01/01/2004 and 01/31/2010, and who met the following criteria were selected: major haemorrhage diagnosis the day before to the day after initial FFP administration; INR ≥2 on the day before or the day of FFP and another INR result available; warfarin prescription within 90 days. INR correction (defined as INR ≤1.3) was evaluated at the last available test up to one day following FFP. A total of 414 patients met selection criteria (mean age 75 years, 53% male, mean Charlson score 2.5). Patients presented with gastrointestinal bleeding (58%), intracranial haemorrhage (38%) and other bleed types (4%). The INR of 67% of patients remained uncorrected at the last available test up to one day following receipt of FFP. In logistic regression analysis, the INR of patients who were older, those with a Charlson score of 4 or greater, and those with non-ICH bleeds (odds ratio vs. intracranial bleeding 0.48; 95% confidence interval 0.31–0.76) were more likely to remain uncorrected within one day following FFP administration. In an alternative definition of correction, (INR ≤1.5), 39% of patients’ INRs remained uncorrected. For a substantial proportion of patients, the INRs remain inadequately or uncorrected following FFP administration, with estimates varying depending on the INR threshold used.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document