Seismic Vulnerability of Ancient Churches: I. Damage Assessment and Emergency Planning

2004 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 377-394 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sergio Lagomarsino ◽  
Stefano Podestà
Keyword(s):  
Damage Assessment ◽  
Seismic Behavior ◽  
Seismic Vulnerability ◽  
Collapse Mechanism ◽  
Damage Level ◽  
Bell Tower ◽  
Collapse Mechanisms ◽  
Damage Grades ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Church

This paper describes a new methodology used to assess seismic damage in the churches of Umbria and the Marches, which is based on 18 indicators, each representative of a possible collapse mechanism for a macroelement. The subdivision of the church into macroelements consists of the identification of architectonic elements in which the seismic behavior is almost independent from the rest of the structure (façade, apse, dome, bell tower, etc.). For each macroelement, by considering its typology and connection to the rest of the church, it is possible to identify the damage modes and the collapse mechanisms. During inspection operations, the surveyors must indicate: (a) the actual macroelements; (b) the damage level; and (c) the vulnerability of the church to that mechanism, related to some specific details of construction. From these data a damage score is defined, which is a number from 0 to 1, obtained as a normalized mean of the damage grades in each mechanism. The analysis of the collected data (more than 1,000 churches in Umbria) allows the definition of the correlation between macroseismic intensity and damage.

The Behaviour of S. Agostino Church during 6th April 2009 Earthquake in L’Aquila: Vulnerability and Damage Assessment

2010 ◽  
Vol 133-134 ◽  
pp. 771-776 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chiara Calderini ◽  
Sergio Lagomarsino
Keyword(s):  
Seismic Response ◽  
Damage Assessment ◽  
Strong Earthquake ◽  
Seismic Behavior ◽  
Xviii Century ◽  
Bell Tower ◽  
Elliptical System ◽  
The Church

The church of S.Agostino in L’Aquila was built at the beginning of XVIII century, replacing an older church collapsed during the strong earthquake of 1703. The building has a central layout. During April 6th earthquake, it suffered many damage. The lantern collapsed. Severe cracks concerned the hall-drum-dome elliptical system, the apse and the bell tower. Moreover, the façade was subjected to an overturning mechanism. The elliptical layout of the building induced a mainly longitudinal seismic response. In the paper, a extensive description of the damage is provided. Moreover, the seismic behavior of the church is discussed on the basis of observation of damage and vulnerability features of the structure. A correlation between damage, vulnerability and seismic actions is finally proposed.

Collapse Mechanisms due to Earthquake in the Structural Typologies of Historic Constructions: The Case of Mirandola

2014 ◽  
Vol 624 ◽  
pp. 59-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giosuè Boscato ◽  
Alessandra Dal Cin ◽  
Salvatore Russo
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
Seismic Event ◽  
Bell Tower ◽  
City Hall ◽  
Masonry Construction ◽  
Collapse Mechanisms ◽  
Significant Damage ◽  
Emilia Romagna Region ◽  
The City ◽  
The Church

During the seismic event of May 2012 in the Emilia-Romagna Region (Italy), several cultural heritage structures collapsed or were severely damaged. This paper gives a description of the damage/collapse mechanisms observed on some of these buildings. The Church of Gesù, the City Hall and the tower of the Cathedral in Mirandola (MO) were analyzed. In particular, this article focuses on the behavior analysis of a church, a palace and a bell-tower, mainly masonry construction, that are the most widespread types of protected monuments proposed in the Italian code as simplified models for the verifications on the entire cultural heritage of a prior assessment of the seismic risk. The survey permitted to detect the most significant damage, mainly related to the cracks of the masonry and to understand the different collapse mechanisms.

Definition of Collapse Mechanisms and Seismic Vulnerability of Historic Masonry Buildings

2003 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 479-509 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. D'Ayala ◽  
E. Speranza
Keyword(s):  
Seismic Vulnerability ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Historic Masonry ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Collapse Mechanisms ◽  
Load Factors ◽  
Historic Structures ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Historic City ◽  
Vulnerability Functions

In historic city centers the mitigation of seismic risk is dependent on the possibility of implementing strengthening programs. Given the cultural and economic value attached to the historic structures, however, interventions should be tailored to suit aesthetic and structural requirements of each building type, and provide sufficient reliability of performance in future earthquakes. A simple analytical model is developed to calculate load factors associated with various collapse mechanisms of wall assemblies, and vulnerability functions are derived. An application shows the capability of the procedure to quantify reduction in vulnerability associated with strengthening implementations for different typologies.

Assessment of the Seismic Vulnerability of Existing RC Buildings and Effect of the Irregular Position of the Masonry Panels on the Fragile Collapse Mechanisms

2012 ◽  
Vol 602-604 ◽  
pp. 1555-1565 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donato Cancellara ◽  
Fabio de Angelis ◽  
Vittorio Pasquino
Keyword(s):  
Seismic Performance ◽  
Seismic Vulnerability ◽  
Effective Interaction ◽  
Frame Structure ◽  
Collapse Mechanism ◽  
Seismic Zone ◽  
Soft Storey ◽  
Collapse Mechanisms ◽  
Masonry Infills ◽  
Displacement Based

The present work deals with the evaluation of the level of seismic vulnerability of reinforced concrete existing buildings situated in high seismic zone and designed for only gravitational loads. For assessing seismic performance, a Displacement Based Approach (DBA) is adopted and in particular the N2-metohd is used, according to Italian seismic code NTC 2008. The effect of the masonry infills on the seismic response of the structure is considered and a nonlinear model is adopted for all the panels considered in effective interaction with the frame structure. It is shown that the effect of the masonry infills, if improperly located within the building, can give rise to a worsening of the seismic performance of the structure. In fact particular locations of the masonry infills within the building can give rise to a fragile structural behavior due to a collapse mechanism of soft storey. A comparative analysis of a building is performed by considering the effects of the masonry infills and by considering the bare structural frame and it is shown that fragile collapse mechanisms can occur depending on the location of the effective masonry infills within the building. Consequently it is discussed how in a vulnerability analysis the procedure of neglecting the masonry infills not always is a procedure which operates for the benefit of security.

Analysis of Seismic Damage Patterns in Old Masonry Church Facades

2000 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 757-773 ◽  
Author(s):  
Siro Casolo ◽  
Siegfried Neumair ◽  
Maria A. Parisi ◽  
Vincenzo Petrini
Keyword(s):  
Seismic Vulnerability ◽  
Material Model ◽  
Seismic Damage ◽  
Elastic Behavior ◽  
Collapse Mechanism ◽  
Out Of Plane ◽  
Observed Damage ◽  
Masonry Churches ◽  
Semi Empirical ◽  
The Church

The semi-empirical assessment of seismic vulnerability of ancient church buildings is possible only if sufficient knowledge of the expected seismic behavior is available for a wide variety of typologies. For this reason, the information inferred from seismic damage observation may need to be complemented by numerical analysis. A simplified material model is proposed here for predicting the damage from out-of-plane behavior of large walls in old masonry churches subjected to seismic loading. For a specific substructure, the church façade, the effects of geometry, strength and post-elastic behavior of the material, as well as excitation characteristics are then analyzed with reference to the formation of a collapse mechanism. Comparison with observed damage thoroughly confirms the crack patterns developed numerically. Thence, the material model proposed may be considered satisfactory and suitable for use in seismic vulnerability studies.

A Further Dilemma for British Divines

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jay T. Collier
Keyword(s):  
Church Of England ◽  
International Trends ◽  
Narrow Definition ◽  
Reformed Churches ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Church

Chapter 5 continues to investigate the Montagu affair by surveying adjacent doctrines related to the perseverance debate. For instance, Dort’s more narrow definition of perseverance caused difficulties for those holding a more traditionalist view of baptism and regeneration. After looking at Montagu’s baptismal argument against perseverance of the saints, the chapter evaluates published responses to Montagu’s advocacy of baptismal regeneration as well as more private debates where John Davenant and Samuel Ward tried to reconcile a form of baptismal regeneration with Dort’s determination on perseverance. This survey shows division on the efficacy of baptism even within the pro-Dortian party, with readings and receptions of Augustine factoring in. It also reveals further evidence of how a broad-church approach to being Reformed set the Church of England at odds with the international trends of the Reformed churches.

scholarly journals Fragility assessment of existing low-rise steel moment-resisting frames with masonry infills under mainshock-aftershock earthquake sequences

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (6) ◽  
pp. 2483-2504
Author(s):  
Luigi Di Sarno ◽  
Jing-Ren Wu
Keyword(s):  
Seismic Vulnerability ◽  
Steel Frames ◽  
Steel Frame ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Moment Frames ◽  
Damage Level ◽  
Masonry Infills ◽  
Aftershock Sequences ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Multiple Earthquakes

AbstractThis paper presents the fragility assessment of non-seismically designed steel moment frames with masonry infills. The assessment considered the effects of multiple earthquakes on the damage accumulation of steel frames, which is an essential part of modern performance-based earthquake engineering. Effects of aftershocks are particularly important when examining damaged buildings and making post-quake decisions, such as tagging and retrofit strategy. The procedure proposed in the present work includes two phase assessment, which is based on incremental dynamic analyses of two refined numerical models of the case-study steel frame, i.e. with and without masonry infills, and utilises mainshock-aftershock sequences of natural earthquake records. The first phase focuses on the undamaged structure subjected to single and multiple earthquakes; the effects of masonry infills on the seismic vulnerability of the steel frame were also considered. In the second phase, aftershock fragility curves were derived to investigate the seismic vulnerability of infilled steel frames with post-mainshock damage caused by mainshocks. Comparative analyses were conducted among the mainshock-damaged structures considering three post-mainshock damage levels, including no damage. The impact of aftershocks was then discussed for each mainshock-damage level in terms of the breakpoint that marks the onset of exceeding post-mainshock damage level, as well as the probability of exceeding of superior damage level due to more significant aftershocks. The evaluation of the efficiency of commonly used intensity measures of aftershocks was also carried out as part of the second phase of assessment.

The Political Theory of the Disruption

1916 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 437-464 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harold J. Laski
Keyword(s):  
Political Theory ◽  
Political Authority ◽  
The State ◽  
The Political ◽  
The Reformation ◽  
Secular Society ◽  
The One ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Political Principles ◽  
The Church

“Of political principles,” says a distinguished authority, “whether they be those of order or of freedom, we must seek in religious and quasi-theological writings for the highest and most notable expressions.” No one, in truth, will deny the accuracy of this claim for those ages before the Reformation transferred the centre of political authority from church to state. What is too rarely realised is the modernism of those writings in all save form. Just as the medieval state had to fight hard for relief from ecclesiastical trammels, so does its modern exclusiveness throw the burden of a kindred struggle upon its erstwhile rival. The church, intelligibly enough, is compelled to seek the protection of its liberties lest it become no more than the religious department of an otherwise secular society. The main problem, in fact, for the political theorist is still that which lies at the root of medieval conflict. What is the definition of sovereignty? Shall the nature and personality of those groups of which the state is so formidably one be regarded as in its gift to define? Can the state tolerate alongside itself churches which avow themselves societates perfectae, claiming exemption from its jurisdiction even when, as often enough, they traverse the field over which it ploughs? Is the state but one of many, or are those many but parts of itself, the one?

Damage assessment mapping of rural environments; integration of SAR and Optical data

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shiran Havivi ◽  
Stanley R. Rotman ◽  
Dan G. Blumberg ◽  
Shimrit Maman
Keyword(s):  
Natural Disaster ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Damage Assessment ◽  
Vegetation Index ◽  
Urban Environments ◽  
Optical Data ◽  
Damage Level ◽  
Rural Environments ◽  
Rural And Urban

<p>The damage caused by a natural disaster in rural areas differs in nature, extent, landscape and in structure, from the damage in urban environments. Previous and current studies focus mainly on mapping damaged structures in urban areas after catastrophe events such as an earthquake or tsunami. Yet, research focusing on the damage level or its distribution in rural areas is absent. In order to apply an emergency response and for effective disaster management, it is necessary to understand and characterize the nature of the damage in each different environment. </p><p>Havivi et al. (2018), published a damage assessment algorithm that makes use of SAR images combined with optical data, for rapid mapping and compiling a damage assessment map following a natural disaster. The affected areas are analyzed using interferometric SAR (InSAR) coherence. To overcome the loss of coherence caused by changes in vegetation, optical images are used to produce a mask by computing the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and removing the vegetated area from the scene. Due to the differences in geomorphological settings and landuse\landcover between rural and urban settlements, the above algorithm is modified and adjusted by inserting the Modified Normalized Difference Water Index (MNDWI) to better suit rural environments and their unique response after a disaster. MNDWI is used for detection, identification and extraction of waterbodies (such as irrigation canals, streams, rivers, lakes, etc.), allowing their removal which causes lack of coherence at the post stage of the event. Furthermore, it is used as an indicator for highlighting prone regions that might be severely affected pre disaster event. Thresholds are determined for the co-event coherence map (≤ 0.5), the NDVI (≥ 0.4) and the MNDWI (≥ 0), and the three layers are combined into one. Based on the combined map, a damage assessment map is generated. </p><p>As a case study, this algorithm was applied to the areas affected by multi-hazard event, following the Sulawesi earthquake and subsequent tsunami in Palu, Indonesia, which occurred on September 28th, 2018. High-resolution COSMO-SkyMed images pre and post the event, alongside a Sentinel-2 image pre- event are used as inputs. The output damage assessment map provides a quantitative assessment and spatial distribution of the damage in both the rural and urban environments. The results highlight the applicability of the algorithm for a variety of disaster events and sensors. In addition, the results enhance the contribution of the water component to the analysis pre and post the event in rural areas. Thus, while in urban regions the spatial extent of the damage will occur in its proximity to the coastline or the fault, rural regions, even in significant distance will experience extensive damage due secondary hazards as liquefaction processes.     </p>

‘Ask, and it will be Given …’ Toward Writing the History of a Logion

1989 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 254-265 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dale Goldsmith
Keyword(s):  
Kingdom Of God ◽  
History Of ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Church

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS: We have attempted to indicate that the ask-logion of Matthew 7. 7a, 8a is an independent saying (probably of Jesus himself) which originally called for or described a response within the context of the earliest, eschatological preaching of the Kingdom of God. The uncontrolled and volatile possibilities inherent in this independent saying led the church to begin a process of ‘definition’ of the saying. In this process the context in which the saying is found changes and often its form undergoes changes in order to bring the saying within the church's understanding of what was possible and permissible. The pressures of the ecclesiastical and the eschatological ethical traditions are both present in the Matthean version. A very sketchy suggestion (arising from our study) for the plotting of this development is offered in the accompanying diagram.

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