The Significance of Depression in the Prediction of Relapse in Chronic Schizophrenia

1988 ◽  
Vol 152 (3) ◽  
pp. 320-323 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. A. W. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Maintenance Therapy ◽  
Chronic Schizophrenia ◽  
First Year ◽  
Normal Dose ◽  
Early Relapse ◽  
Acute Relapse ◽  
Depot Maintenance ◽  
Schizophrenic Patients ◽  
Prospective Monitoring ◽  
Prediction Of Relapse

The prospective monitoring of two separate groups of chronically schizophrenic patients on regular depot maintenance therapy suggests that depression developing after an interval of 1 year from recovery from an acute relapse indicates a significant increase in the risk of a further relapse within 2 years, compared with depression within the first year, or no depression. Patients with such depression were more prone to relapses than other patients, despite regular medication within normal dose ranges. The results suggest that the aetiology of depression occurring in patients after 1 year in a stable mental state is different from that of depression within the first year, and in many patients, the former represents underlying schizophrenic activity prior to an early relapse.

Significance of Positive and Negative Syndromes in Chronic Schizophrenia

1986 ◽  
Vol 149 (4) ◽  
pp. 439-448 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. R. Kay ◽  
L. A. Opler ◽  
A. Fiszbein
Keyword(s):  
Hospital Admissions ◽  
Chronic Schizophrenia ◽  
Strongly Correlated ◽  
General Psychopathology ◽  
Developmental Impairment ◽  
Schizophrenic Patients ◽  
History Of ◽  
Patient Stay ◽  
Negative Syndrome

Positive and negative syndromes were studied in relation to demographic, historical, genealogical, clinical, psychometric, extrapyramidal, and follow-up measures of 101 chronic schizophrenic patients. The criterion scales proved to be reliable, normally distributed, and strongly correlated with general psychopathology, but otherwise inversely related to one another. Multiple regression analysis identified sets of 4–6 independent variables that explained 74%-81 % of the scales' variance. A positive syndrome was associated chiefly with productive features, family history of sociopathy, more previous hospital admissions, and longer in-patient stay during the 30-month follow-up period. A negative syndrome correlated with deficits in cognitive, affective, social, and motor spheres, higher incidence of major psychiatric illness but less affective disorder among relatives, lower education, and greater cognitive developmental impairment. The results underscore the importance of genetic and biodevelopmental variables for understanding schizophrenic syndromes.

Quantitative Brain Measurements in Chronic Schizophrenia

1972 ◽  
Vol 121 (562) ◽  
pp. 259-264 ◽  
Author(s):  
Randall Rosenthal ◽  
Llewellyn B. Bigelow
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Schizophrenia ◽  
Controlled Study ◽  
Normal Variation ◽  
Autopsy Material ◽  
Organic Brain Disease ◽  
Schizophrenic Patients ◽  
Organic Brain ◽  
Brain Measurements ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Brain

Despite extensive gross and microscopic scrutiny, no consistent pathological findings have emerged from studies of autopsy material from schizophrenic patients. Dunlap (1924) carried out the first controlled study involving schizophrenic and control brains and concluded that ‘there was not even a suspicion of consistent organic brain disease as a basis for the psychosis of schizophrenia’. More recently both Wolf and Cowen (1952), and Weinstein (1954), reviewed the neuropathological literature and concluded that there were no consistent findings at autopsy that could be construed as characteristic of schizophrenia. These authors felt that earlier claims were based on failure to appreciate the range of normal variation in the brain as well as a failure to include an adequate control population in the study.

Panic Attacks in Chronic Schizophrenia

1990 ◽  
Vol 157 (3) ◽  
pp. 430-433 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas Argyle
Keyword(s):  
Maintenance Therapy ◽  
Social Phobia ◽  
Negative Symptoms ◽  
Chronic Schizophrenia ◽  
Panic Attacks ◽  
Psychotic Symptoms ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Of 20 patients attending a clinic for maintenance therapy of schizophrenia, seven had regular panic attacks, and these were often associated with agoraphobia and social phobia. Similar fears and avoidance in other cases were associated with paranoid ideas and negative symptoms. The relationship of panic to psychotic symptoms varied greatly. In two patients neuroleptics were associated with an increase in panic attacks.

The Symptoms of Chronic Schizophrenia

1987 ◽  
Vol 151 (2) ◽  
pp. 145-151 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter F. Liddle
Keyword(s):  
Self Care ◽  
Chronic Schizophrenia ◽  
Personal Relationships ◽  
Spontaneous Movement ◽  
Schizophrenic Patients ◽  
Reality Distortion

The relationships between symptoms in 40 schizophrenic patients, selected for persistence of symptoms, were examined. The symptoms segregated into three syndromes: psychomotor poverty (poverty of speech, lack of spontaneous movement and various aspects of blunting of affect): disorganisation (inappropriate affect, poverty of content of speech, and disturbances of the form of thought): and reality distortion (particular types of delusions and hallucinations). Both the psychomotor poverty and disorganisation syndromes were associated with social and occupational impairment; in particular, the psychomotor poverty syndrome was associated with impairment of personal relationships, and the disorganisation syndrome with poor self-care and impersistence at work.

The Expectation of Outcome from Maintenance Therapy in Chronic Schizophrenic Patients

1976 ◽  
Vol 128 (3) ◽  
pp. 246-250 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. A. W. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Maintenance Therapy ◽  
Patient Population ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
Community Services ◽  
Neuroleptic Drugs ◽  
Follow Up Study ◽  
High Incidence ◽  
Schizophrenic Patients ◽  
Long Acting

SummaryThe results from a prospective follow-up study of a group of schizophrenic patients suggest that a significant proportion (41 per cent) are likely to relapse during a two-year period despite the prescription of long-acting injectable neuroleptic drugs. Some will relapse because of a failure of the regime, but others (32–37 per cent) because the pharmacological protection of these drugs would appear to be less effective in certain patients. Even with the major advantages of the long-acting injectable neuroleptics over oral medication, the schizophrenic patient population remains a group with a high incidence of psychiatric and social morbidity which continues to require the full resources of both the hospital and community services.

Three Syndromes in Chronic Schizophrenia

1989 ◽  
Vol 155 (S7) ◽  
pp. 119-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
P.F. Liddle ◽  
Thomas R.E. Barnes ◽  
D. Morris ◽  
S. Haque
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Clinical Features ◽  
Negative Symptoms ◽  
Chronic Schizophrenia ◽  
Brain Abnormalities ◽  
Brain Abnormality ◽  
Schizophrenic Patients ◽  
Extensive Body ◽  
Positive And Negative Symptoms

In recent years, exploration of the distinction between positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia has provided a fruitful basis for attempts to relate the clinical features of schizophrenia to the accumulating evidence of brain abnormalities in schizophrenic patients. By 1982, there was an extensive body of evidence supporting the hypothesis that negative schizophrenic symptoms, such as poverty of speech and flatness of affect, were associated with substantial brain abnormalities, such as increased ventricular to brain ratio, and extensive cognitive impairment (Crow, 1980; Andreasen & Olsen, 1982). However, at that stage there were several fundamental unanswered questions about the nature of negative symptoms, and their relationship to indices of brain abnormality. This paper presents some findings of a series of studies initiated in 1982 to seek answers to some of these questions.

Effectiveness of Clozapine in Hospitalised People with Chronic Neuroleptic-Resistant Schizophrenia

1995 ◽  
Vol 167 (6) ◽  
pp. 760-764 ◽  
Author(s):  
Moshe Avnon ◽  
Jonathan Rabinowitz
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Psychiatric Hospital ◽  
Chronic Schizophrenia ◽  
Schizophrenic Patients ◽  
Chronic Neuroleptic ◽  
Drop Outs

BackgroundClozapine's effectiveness in reducing symptoms and facilitating discharge among patients with chronic schizophrenia who were resistant to neuroleptics was studied.MethodAll 169 such patients in a public psychiatric hospital were given clozapine. BPRS ratings (0–5 scale) were completed before treatment and 21 months later. Patients were followed for about 2.5 years.ResultsClozapine was discontinued in 37.8% of cases due to non-compliance, non-response, or side-effects. At follow-up 41 % of clozapine recipients and 25.9% of the drop-outs were discharged and remained so, and 33% of recipients and 24.1% of drop-outs were being prepared for discharge. Longer treatment was associated with more improvement. Decline in average BPRS total scores of recipients was significantly more than drop-outs (32.7, s.d. 16.8 v. 12.1, s.d. 14.1, d.f. = 155, t = 7.5, P = 0.000).ConclusionsClozapine appears to be effective for treating some chronic neuroleptic non-responding schizophrenic patients.

Lithium withdrawal Trial in Chronic Schizophrenia

1982 ◽  
Vol 141 (4) ◽  
pp. 401-406 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. J. Delva ◽  
F. J. J. Letemendia ◽  
A. W. Prowse
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Schizophrenia ◽  
Schizophrenic Patients ◽  
One Year ◽  
Lithium Withdrawal

SummarySix schizophrenic patients treated with lithium and neuroleptics for at least two years had their lithium medication stopped. Two patients relapsed within two weeks, and four did not after one year of follow-up.

Intensive Cortisone Therapy in Schizophrenia

1956 ◽  
Vol 102 (426) ◽  
pp. 155-159 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linford Rees ◽  
G. M. King
Keyword(s):  
Personal Communication ◽  
Chronic Schizophrenia ◽  
Therapeutic Effects ◽  
Schizophrenic Patients ◽  
Physiological Tests ◽  
Cortisone Therapy ◽  
Higher Doses

Cortisone therapy has been claimed to produce favourable results in clinical schizophrenics (Cohn and Karnosh, 1951; Cohn et al., 1953). Rees and King (1952) carried out a controlled investigation on the effects of Cortisone given in moderate doses over a four-day period to a group of schizophrenic patients and found no significant changes in symptomatology, behaviour or in a series of psychological and physiological tests.In a personal communication Dr. Cohn suggested that Cortisone given in higher doses over a longer period would probably be therapeutically more effective in chronic schizophrenia.The present paper describes a controlled investigation into the therapeutic effects of Cortisone given in high dosage over a relatively prolonged period.

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