The Symptoms of Chronic Schizophrenia

1987 ◽  
Vol 151 (2) ◽  
pp. 145-151 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter F. Liddle
Keyword(s):  
Self Care ◽  
Chronic Schizophrenia ◽  
Personal Relationships ◽  
Spontaneous Movement ◽  
Schizophrenic Patients ◽  
Reality Distortion

The relationships between symptoms in 40 schizophrenic patients, selected for persistence of symptoms, were examined. The symptoms segregated into three syndromes: psychomotor poverty (poverty of speech, lack of spontaneous movement and various aspects of blunting of affect): disorganisation (inappropriate affect, poverty of content of speech, and disturbances of the form of thought): and reality distortion (particular types of delusions and hallucinations). Both the psychomotor poverty and disorganisation syndromes were associated with social and occupational impairment; in particular, the psychomotor poverty syndrome was associated with impairment of personal relationships, and the disorganisation syndrome with poor self-care and impersistence at work.

Syndromes of Chronic Schizophrenia

1990 ◽  
Vol 157 (4) ◽  
pp. 558-561 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter F. Liddle ◽  
Thomas R. E. Barnes
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Schizophrenia ◽  
Spontaneous Movement ◽  
Reality Distortion

Confirmation is reported of an earlier finding that the symptoms of patients with chronic schizophrenia segregate into three syndromes: psychomotor poverty (poverty of speech, flatness of affect, decreased spontaneous movement); disorganisation (disorders of the form of thought, inappropriate affect); and reality distortion (delusions and hallucinations).

Significance of Positive and Negative Syndromes in Chronic Schizophrenia

1986 ◽  
Vol 149 (4) ◽  
pp. 439-448 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. R. Kay ◽  
L. A. Opler ◽  
A. Fiszbein
Keyword(s):  
Hospital Admissions ◽  
Chronic Schizophrenia ◽  
Strongly Correlated ◽  
General Psychopathology ◽  
Developmental Impairment ◽  
Schizophrenic Patients ◽  
History Of ◽  
Patient Stay ◽  
Negative Syndrome

Positive and negative syndromes were studied in relation to demographic, historical, genealogical, clinical, psychometric, extrapyramidal, and follow-up measures of 101 chronic schizophrenic patients. The criterion scales proved to be reliable, normally distributed, and strongly correlated with general psychopathology, but otherwise inversely related to one another. Multiple regression analysis identified sets of 4–6 independent variables that explained 74%-81 % of the scales' variance. A positive syndrome was associated chiefly with productive features, family history of sociopathy, more previous hospital admissions, and longer in-patient stay during the 30-month follow-up period. A negative syndrome correlated with deficits in cognitive, affective, social, and motor spheres, higher incidence of major psychiatric illness but less affective disorder among relatives, lower education, and greater cognitive developmental impairment. The results underscore the importance of genetic and biodevelopmental variables for understanding schizophrenic syndromes.

Quantitative Brain Measurements in Chronic Schizophrenia

1972 ◽  
Vol 121 (562) ◽  
pp. 259-264 ◽  
Author(s):  
Randall Rosenthal ◽  
Llewellyn B. Bigelow
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Schizophrenia ◽  
Controlled Study ◽  
Normal Variation ◽  
Autopsy Material ◽  
Organic Brain Disease ◽  
Schizophrenic Patients ◽  
Organic Brain ◽  
Brain Measurements ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Brain

Despite extensive gross and microscopic scrutiny, no consistent pathological findings have emerged from studies of autopsy material from schizophrenic patients. Dunlap (1924) carried out the first controlled study involving schizophrenic and control brains and concluded that ‘there was not even a suspicion of consistent organic brain disease as a basis for the psychosis of schizophrenia’. More recently both Wolf and Cowen (1952), and Weinstein (1954), reviewed the neuropathological literature and concluded that there were no consistent findings at autopsy that could be construed as characteristic of schizophrenia. These authors felt that earlier claims were based on failure to appreciate the range of normal variation in the brain as well as a failure to include an adequate control population in the study.

Three Syndromes in Chronic Schizophrenia

1989 ◽  
Vol 155 (S7) ◽  
pp. 119-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
P.F. Liddle ◽  
Thomas R.E. Barnes ◽  
D. Morris ◽  
S. Haque
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Clinical Features ◽  
Negative Symptoms ◽  
Chronic Schizophrenia ◽  
Brain Abnormalities ◽  
Brain Abnormality ◽  
Schizophrenic Patients ◽  
Extensive Body ◽  
Positive And Negative Symptoms

In recent years, exploration of the distinction between positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia has provided a fruitful basis for attempts to relate the clinical features of schizophrenia to the accumulating evidence of brain abnormalities in schizophrenic patients. By 1982, there was an extensive body of evidence supporting the hypothesis that negative schizophrenic symptoms, such as poverty of speech and flatness of affect, were associated with substantial brain abnormalities, such as increased ventricular to brain ratio, and extensive cognitive impairment (Crow, 1980; Andreasen & Olsen, 1982). However, at that stage there were several fundamental unanswered questions about the nature of negative symptoms, and their relationship to indices of brain abnormality. This paper presents some findings of a series of studies initiated in 1982 to seek answers to some of these questions.

Effectiveness of Clozapine in Hospitalised People with Chronic Neuroleptic-Resistant Schizophrenia

1995 ◽  
Vol 167 (6) ◽  
pp. 760-764 ◽  
Author(s):  
Moshe Avnon ◽  
Jonathan Rabinowitz
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Psychiatric Hospital ◽  
Chronic Schizophrenia ◽  
Schizophrenic Patients ◽  
Chronic Neuroleptic ◽  
Drop Outs

BackgroundClozapine's effectiveness in reducing symptoms and facilitating discharge among patients with chronic schizophrenia who were resistant to neuroleptics was studied.MethodAll 169 such patients in a public psychiatric hospital were given clozapine. BPRS ratings (0–5 scale) were completed before treatment and 21 months later. Patients were followed for about 2.5 years.ResultsClozapine was discontinued in 37.8% of cases due to non-compliance, non-response, or side-effects. At follow-up 41 % of clozapine recipients and 25.9% of the drop-outs were discharged and remained so, and 33% of recipients and 24.1% of drop-outs were being prepared for discharge. Longer treatment was associated with more improvement. Decline in average BPRS total scores of recipients was significantly more than drop-outs (32.7, s.d. 16.8 v. 12.1, s.d. 14.1, d.f. = 155, t = 7.5, P = 0.000).ConclusionsClozapine appears to be effective for treating some chronic neuroleptic non-responding schizophrenic patients.

Lithium withdrawal Trial in Chronic Schizophrenia

1982 ◽  
Vol 141 (4) ◽  
pp. 401-406 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. J. Delva ◽  
F. J. J. Letemendia ◽  
A. W. Prowse
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Schizophrenia ◽  
Schizophrenic Patients ◽  
One Year ◽  
Lithium Withdrawal

SummarySix schizophrenic patients treated with lithium and neuroleptics for at least two years had their lithium medication stopped. Two patients relapsed within two weeks, and four did not after one year of follow-up.

Intensive Cortisone Therapy in Schizophrenia

1956 ◽  
Vol 102 (426) ◽  
pp. 155-159 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linford Rees ◽  
G. M. King
Keyword(s):  
Personal Communication ◽  
Chronic Schizophrenia ◽  
Therapeutic Effects ◽  
Schizophrenic Patients ◽  
Physiological Tests ◽  
Cortisone Therapy ◽  
Higher Doses

Cortisone therapy has been claimed to produce favourable results in clinical schizophrenics (Cohn and Karnosh, 1951; Cohn et al., 1953). Rees and King (1952) carried out a controlled investigation on the effects of Cortisone given in moderate doses over a four-day period to a group of schizophrenic patients and found no significant changes in symptomatology, behaviour or in a series of psychological and physiological tests.In a personal communication Dr. Cohn suggested that Cortisone given in higher doses over a longer period would probably be therapeutically more effective in chronic schizophrenia.The present paper describes a controlled investigation into the therapeutic effects of Cortisone given in high dosage over a relatively prolonged period.

The Positive Correlation between Insulin Resistance and Duration of Hospitalization in Untreated Schizophrenia

1971 ◽  
Vol 118 (545) ◽  
pp. 429-436 ◽  
Author(s):  
Werner H. Schimmelbusch ◽  
Peter S. Mueller ◽  
Jack Sheps
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Free Fatty Acids ◽  
Chronic Schizophrenia ◽  
Intravenous Glucose ◽  
Plasma Free Fatty Acids ◽  
Chronic Schizophrenic ◽  
Duration Of Hospitalization ◽  
Schizophrenic Patients

Various abnormalities have been demonstrated in schizophrenic patients in response to injected insulin. Thomaset al.(22), Harris (8), Freemanet al.(7), Mayer-Gross (10), and Bracelandet al.(4) have shown a delayed or decreased response of blood glucose to insulin in schizophrenic patients. Meduna and McCulloch (11) observed that those schizophrenic patients who suffered from confusion and clouding of the sensorium particularly displayed a delayed or decreased response to injected insulin as well as a urinary hyperglycaemic factor and decreased tolerance to oral and intravenous glucose. Subsequent studies by Mueller (12, 13) demonstrated a rise or lack of fall in the plasma free fatty acids (FFA) following the administration of insulin intramuscularly or intravenously in chronic schizophrenic patients. Van Sickleet al.(23) confirmed these findings of insulin resistance in chronic schizophrenia and noted that this low FFA response was neither related to an abnormal release of, nor response to, epinephrine.

Gender differences in facial emotion recognition in persons with chronic schizophrenia

2007 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 116-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elisabeth M. Weiss ◽  
Christian G. Kohler ◽  
Colleen M. Brensinger ◽  
Warren B. Bilker ◽  
James Loughead ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Emotion Recognition ◽  
Recognition Test ◽  
Chronic Schizophrenia ◽  
Error Rates ◽  
Recognition Of Facial Expressions ◽  
Facial Expressions Of Emotion ◽  
Schizophrenic Patients ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Recognition Errors

AbstractBackgroundThe aim of the present study was to investigate possible sex differences in the recognition of facial expressions of emotion and to investigate the pattern of classification errors in schizophrenic males and females. Such an approach provides an opportunity to inspect the degree to which males and females differ in perceiving and interpreting the different emotions displayed to them and to analyze which emotions are most susceptible to recognition errors.MethodsFifty six chronically hospitalized schizophrenic patients (38 men and 18 women) completed the Penn Emotion Recognition Test (ER40), a computerized emotion discrimination test presenting 40 color photographs of evoked happy, sad, anger, fear expressions and neutral expressions balanced for poser gender and ethnicity.ResultsWe found a significant sex difference in the patterns of error rates in the Penn Emotion Recognition Test. Neutral faces were more commonly mistaken as angry in schizophrenic men, whereas schizophrenic women misinterpreted neutral faces more frequently as sad. Moreover, female faces were better recognized overall, but fear was better recognized in same gender photographs, whereas anger was better recognized in different gender photographs.ConclusionsThe findings of the present study lend support to the notion that sex differences in aggressive behavior could be related to a cognitive style characterized by hostile attributions to neutral faces in schizophrenic men.

Laterality of visuo-spatial attention in acute and chronic schizophrenia, major depression and in healthy controls

1995 ◽  
Vol 25 (5) ◽  
pp. 1091-1095 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. E. O'Carroll ◽  
A. Rogers ◽  
S. M. Lawrie ◽  
C. Murray ◽  
M. Van Beck ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Major Depression ◽  
Spatial Attention ◽  
Chronic Schizophrenia ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Opposite Pattern ◽  
Chronic Schizophrenic ◽  
Schizophrenic Patients ◽  
Schizophrenic Group ◽  
Two Measures

SYNOPSISPrevious studies have suggested that schizophrenia is characterized by an asymmetry of visuo-spatial attention, in particular that acute unmedicated schizophrenics demonstrate relative inattention to right hemispace, whereas chronically medicated patients demonstrate the opposite pattern. In the present study, 30 unmedicated schizophrenic patients, 32 chronically medicated schizophrenic patients, 30 patients suffering from major depression and 60 healthy controls were assessed using two measures of hemispatial attentional neglect, namely letter and star cancellation. The results demonstrated that the chronic schizophrenic group made more total omissions for star cancellation (in both right and left hemispace), but that there was no difference between the groups in terms of omission asymmetry for either letter or star cancellation.

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