Psychiatric Interviewing Techniques VI. Experimental Study: Eliciting Feelings

1981 ◽  
Vol 139 (2) ◽  
pp. 144-152 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Cox ◽  
D. Holbrook ◽  
M. Rutter
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Study ◽  
Emotional Expression ◽  
Psychiatric Clinic ◽  
Emotional Cues ◽  
Diagnostic Interviews ◽  
Interviewing Techniques

SummaryFour experimental interview styles, designed to differ in the extent of their use of active fact-oriented and active feeling-oriented techniques, were compared in relation to their use in the initial diagnostic interviews with the mothers of children referred to a psychiatric clinic. All four styles proved to be effective in eliciting emotions and feelings, but the findings suggested that each was effective for different reasons. It appeared that emotional expression could be encouraged by the interviewer's response to emotional cues, by a reflective style with little factual cross-questioning, by the use of direct requests for self-disclosures, by the optimal (but not necessarily maximal) use of interpretations and expressions of sympathy, and by direct requests for feelings.

Psychiatric Interviewing Techniques

1988 ◽  
Vol 152 (1) ◽  
pp. 64-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Cox ◽  
M. Rutter ◽  
D. Holbrook
Keyword(s):  
Emotional Expression ◽  
Psychiatric Clinic ◽  
Diagnostic Significance ◽  
Spontaneous Rate ◽  
Diagnostic Interviews ◽  
Interviewing Techniques

The effects of two experimental interview styles, designed to differ in the extent of their use of active feeling-oriented techniques but similar in their use of active fact-oriented techniques, were compared in initial diagnostic interviews with the mothers of children referred to a psychiatric clinic. The style that employed a higher level of actively responsive feeling-oriented techniques elicited more emotional expression and more often obtained certain feelings of potential diagnostic significance. The actively responsive style was more effective in increasing the amount of feeling expressed if mothers' spontaneous rate of expression was relatively low.

Psychiatric Interviewing Techniques III. Naturalistic Study: Eliciting Feelings

1981 ◽  
Vol 138 (5) ◽  
pp. 406-415 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Hopkinson ◽  
A. Cox ◽  
M. Rutter
Keyword(s):  
Emotional Expression ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Psychiatric Clinic ◽  
Naturalistic Study ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Interview Techniques ◽  
Video And Audio ◽  
Interviewing Techniques

SummaryA naturalistic study was undertaken of 36 video and audio-taped interviews undertaken by 7 different psychiatric trainees. The interviews studied were those conducted in the ordinary course of clinic work for diagnostic and therapeutic planning purposes by trainees when first seeing the parent or parents of a child newly referred to a psychiatric clinic. It was found that a variety of rather different interview techniques seemed to facilitate emotional expression. These included a low level of interview talk with few interruptions, a high rate of open rather than closed questions, direct requests for feelings, interpretations and expressions of sympathy. The issue of how far these associations reflected causal influences is discussed.

Psychiatric Interviewing Techniques V. Experimental Study: Eliciting Factual Information

1981 ◽  
Vol 139 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Cox ◽  
M. Rutter ◽  
D. Holbrook
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Study ◽  
Factual Information ◽  
Diagnostic Interviews ◽  
The Family ◽  
Key Issues ◽  
Clinically Significant ◽  
Interviewing Techniques ◽  
Factual Data

SummaryFour experimental interview styles, each recommended by experts in the field, were compared for their efficiency in eliciting factual information during the initial diagnostic interviews with the mothers of children referred to a psychiatric out-patient clinic. If encouraged to talk freely, mothers tended to mention most (but not all) key issues without the need for standardized questioning on a pre-determined range of topics. However, systematic questioning was essential in order to obtain good quality factual data. Better data were obtained when interviewers were sensitive and alert to factual cues and chose their probes with care. Clinically significant factual information, idiosyncratic to the family and outside the range of standard enquiry was common, but was obtained satisfactorily with all four styles. No one style was generally preferred by informants. The advantages of systematic questioning for obtaining factual information were not associated with any disadvantages with respect to the eliciting of emotions and feelings.

Psychiatric Interviewing Techniques: I. Methods and Measures

1981 ◽  
Vol 138 (4) ◽  
pp. 273-282 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Rutter ◽  
A. Cox
Keyword(s):  
Psychiatric Clinic ◽  
Factual Information ◽  
Rater Reliability ◽  
Phase Study ◽  
Diagnostic Interviews ◽  
Three Phase ◽  
Child Psychiatric ◽  
Expressed Emotions ◽  
Interviewing Techniques

SummaryAn account is given of the overall strategy and measures used in a three-phase study of styles and techniques employed in the initial diagnostic interviews with the parents of children referred to a child psychiatric clinic. The measures of interview style included interviewer activity and talkativeness, directiveness, types of questions and statements, interventions designed to elicit or to respond to feelings, and non-verbal qualities. The informant's response and the interview ‘outcome’ were assessed through measures of the quantity and quality of factual information obtained, and of the extent of expression of emotional feelings by the informant. Good inter-rater reliability was achieved with most measures. Some difficulties were experienced in achieving comparable thresholds for the recognition of expressed emotions.

scholarly journals Harmonic organisation conveys both universal and culture-specific cues for emotional expression in music

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. e0244964
Author(s):  
George Athanasopoulos ◽  
Tuomas Eerola ◽  
Imre Lahdelma ◽  
Maximos Kaliakatsos-Papakostas
Keyword(s):  
Emotional Expression ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Pitch Height ◽  
Emotional Cues ◽  
Minor Mode ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Cross Cultural Study ◽  
Expression Of Emotion ◽  
Time Harmonic ◽  
Cultural Connotations

Previous research conducted on the cross-cultural perception of music and its emotional content has established that emotions can be communicated across cultures at least on a rudimentary level. Here, we report a cross-cultural study with participants originating from two tribes in northwest Pakistan (Khow and Kalash) and the United Kingdom, with both groups being naïve to the music of the other respective culture. We explored how participants assessed emotional connotations of various Western and non-Western harmonisation styles, and whether cultural familiarity with a harmonic idiom such as major and minor mode would consistently relate to emotion communication. The results indicate that Western concepts of harmony are not relevant for participants unexposed to Western music when other emotional cues (tempo, pitch height, articulation, timbre) are kept relatively constant. At the same time, harmonic style alone has the ability to colour the emotional expression in music if it taps the appropriate cultural connotations. The preference for one harmonisation style over another, including the major-happy/minor-sad distinction, is influenced by culture. Finally, our findings suggest that although differences emerge across different harmonisation styles, acoustic roughness influences the expression of emotion in similar ways across cultures; preference for consonance however seems to be dependent on cultural familiarity.

Surprisingly unsurprising! Infants’ looking time to improbable events is modulated by others’ expressions of surprise

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yang Wu ◽  
Hyowon Gweon
Keyword(s):  
Emotional Expression ◽  
Prediction Error ◽  
Social Contexts ◽  
Design Experiment ◽  
Prediction Errors ◽  
Emotional Cues ◽  
The World ◽  
Probable Outcome ◽  
Hidden States

Research in diverse disciplines suggests that agents’ own prediction errors enhance their learning. Yet, human learners also possess powerful capacities to learn from others. Here we ask whether infants can use others’ expressions of surprise as vicarious prediction error signals to infer hidden states of the world. First, we conceptually replicated Xu & Garcia (2008), showing that infants (12.0-17.9 months) looked longer at improbable than probable sampling outcomes (Experiment 1). Then we added emotional cues to the design (Experiment 2). Before revealing an outcome to an infant, the experimenter looked at the outcome and showed either an unsurprised or surprised emotional expression. While infants still looked longer at the improbable than the probable outcome following the experimenter’s unsurprised emotional expression, this trend was reversed following the experimenter’s surprised expression. Thus, although for decades infants’ looking time has been assumed to be longer for events that are unexpected or surprising, these results suggest that infants’ inferential abilities in social contexts are powerful enough to make surprising events “surprisingly unsurprising.”

Some Effects of Lesion Level, and Emotional Cues on Affective Expression in Spinal Cord Patients

1975 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 859-870 ◽  
Author(s):  
Theodore M. Jasnos ◽  
Karl L. Hakmiller
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Emotional Expression ◽  
Expressed Emotion ◽  
Cervical Lesions ◽  
Affective Expression ◽  
Emotional Cues ◽  
Lesion Level

The effect of peripheral change on emotional expression was examined in 24 males with functionally complete transections of the spinal cord. The higher the level of lesion, the greater was the assumed restriction of afferent return from manipulated peripheral change. Consistent with expectations based on Schachter and Singer's (1962) theory of emotion, less intense feelings of arousal were expressed by subjects with higher (cervical) lesions than by subjects with lower (thoracic and lumbar) lesions. Also, expressed arousal to high and low emotion-relevant situations was similar among subjects with cervical lesions but differentiated those with lower lesions. Possible artifactual effects of several individual differences on expressed emotion were examined. None were significantly related to either lesion level or rated arousal.

Psychiatric Interviewing Techniques II. Naturalistic Study: Eliciting Factual Information

1981 ◽  
Vol 138 (4) ◽  
pp. 283-291 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Cox ◽  
K. Hopkinson ◽  
M. Rutter
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Choice ◽  
Psychiatric Clinic ◽  
Naturalistic Study ◽  
Multiple Choice Questions ◽  
Factual Information ◽  
Open Questions ◽  
Video And Audio ◽  
Directive Style ◽  
Interviewing Techniques

SummaryA naturalistic study was undertaken of 36 video and audio taped interviews made by 7 different psychiatric trainees. The interviews studied were those conducted in the ordinary course of clinic work for diagnostic and therapeutic planning purposes by trainees when first seeing the parent or parents of a child newly referred to a psychiatric clinic. It was found that a directive style with specific probes and requests for detailed descriptions was associated with the obtaining of better-quality factual information than that associated with a more free-style approach. Interviewers who talked less and who made more use of open questions and checks tended to have more talkative informants. Double questions were liable to result in ambiguous answers, but multiple-choice questions did not appear to cause distortion and in some circumstances might be helpful.

Psychiatric Interviewing Techniques IV. Experimental Study: Four Contrasting Styles

1981 ◽  
Vol 138 (6) ◽  
pp. 456-465 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Rutter ◽  
A. Cox ◽  
S. Egert ◽  
D. Holbrook ◽  
B. Everitt
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Study ◽  
Experimental Design ◽  
Video Tape ◽  
Naturalistic Study ◽  
Factual Information ◽  
Audio Tape ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Interviewing Techniques

SummaryThe development and definition of four contrasting interview styles is described. The four styles were designed using different permutations of techniques which, on the basis of an earlier naturalistic study, appeared to be most effective in eliciting either factual information or feelings. A ‘sounding board’ style utilized a minimal activity approach; an ‘active psychotherapy’ style actively sought to explore feelings and to bring out emotional links and meanings; a ‘structured’ style adopted an active cross-questioning approach; and a ‘systematic exploratory’ style aimed to combine a high use of both fact-oriented and feeling-oriented techniques. Quantitative measures based on video-tape and audio-tape analysis showed that two experienced interviewers could be trained to adopt these four very different styles and yet remain feeling and appearing natural. An experimental design to compare the four styles is described.

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