The Assessment and Prediction of Outcome in Affective Disorders

1972 ◽  
Vol 121 (561) ◽  
pp. 167-174 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. A. Kerr ◽  
Martin Roth ◽  
Kurt Schapira ◽  
Clair Gurney
Keyword(s):  
Affective Disorders ◽  
Prediction Of Outcome ◽  
Anxiety States ◽  
Manic Depressive

While detailed and systematic studies have been carried out on the course and outcome of manic-depressive psychoses (Kraepelin, 1921; Rennie, 1942; Poort, 1945; Lundquist, 1945; Astrup et al., 1959; Olsen, 1961; Bratfos and Haug, 1968), depressive illnesses (Lewis, 1936; Kay et al, 1969) and anxiety states (Miles et al., 1951; Eitinger, 1955; Greer and Cawley, 1966), there is little information concerning the prognosis of affective disorders as a whole.

A Clinical and Physiological Relationship between Anxiety and Depression

1969 ◽  
Vol 115 (521) ◽  
pp. 401-406 ◽  
Author(s):  
Desmond Kelly ◽  
C. J. S. Walter
Keyword(s):  
Affective Disorders ◽  
Anxiety And Depression ◽  
Depression And Anxiety ◽  
Anxiety States ◽  
The Past ◽  
Manic Depressive ◽  
Depressive States

There has been a great deal of argument during the past 30 years about the symptomatic differences between anxiety and depressive states. Mapother (1926) thought that anxiety states should be regarded merely as one of the numerous sub-divisions of the manic-depressive illnesses, since they merged through a series of patients into agitated depression. Lewis (1966) too saw no sharp division between anxiety states and depression and classified agitated depression and anxiety states together as one sub-division of the affective disorders. Garmany (1956, 1958) and Mayer-Gross, Slater and Roth (1960), however, felt that anxiety states and depression were basically different forms of illness.

The Prognosis of Affective Disorders: the Differentiation of Anxiety States from Depressive Illnesses

1972 ◽  
Vol 121 (561) ◽  
pp. 175-181 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kurt Schapira ◽  
Martin Roth ◽  
T. A. Kerr ◽  
Clair Gurney
Keyword(s):  
Affective Disorders ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Anxiety States

That a distinction may be made on clinical grounds between anxiety states and depressive illnesses has been affirmed by some authors (Garmany, 1956, 1958; Stenbäck, 1963), and rejected by others (Mapother, 1926; Conrad, 1958; Ey, 1963; Lewis, 1950–1966). This problem is also of interest from a biological point of view in that anxiety neuroses represent in an exaggerated form an emotion that is ‘directly serviceable’ (Cannon, 1928) and one which has potential survival value for the organism. Moreover, analogous conditions can be reproduced experimentally in animals, while no convincing models have so far been described of states akin to depressive illnesses (McKinney and Bunney, 1969).

The Effect of Lithium Carbonate on the Electroencephalogram of Patients with Affective Disorders

1969 ◽  
Vol 115 (527) ◽  
pp. 1185-1188 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. R. Platman ◽  
R. R. Fieve
Keyword(s):  
Affective Disorders ◽  
Alpha Rhythm ◽  
Lithium Carbonate ◽  
Harmonic Mean ◽  
Common Pattern ◽  
Manic Depressive ◽  
Two Phases ◽  
Depressive Patients ◽  
Three Phases

This paper examines the degree of electroencephalogram abnormality among the three phases of manic-depressive disease and the changes brought about by lithium carbonate. The earlier investigators (Berger, 1931; Lemere, 1936) reported no abnormalities in the EEGs of manic-depressive patients. Later workers (Davis, 1941; Hurst et al., 1954; Hes, 1960) found prominent changes between the two phases. However, Harding et al. (1966) noted no common pattern in their three cases when analysed for mean abundance, harmonic mean and variability of alpha rhythm.

Depressed patients with schizophrenic or paranoid symptoms

1980 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 665-675 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. F. Brockington ◽  
R. E. Kendell ◽  
S. Wainwright
Keyword(s):  
Family History ◽  
Affective Disorders ◽  
Final Diagnosis ◽  
Good Prognosis ◽  
Response To Treatment ◽  
Psychotic Symptoms ◽  
Affective Psychosis ◽  
Manic Depressive ◽  
Paranoid Symptoms ◽  
Definition Of

SYNOPSISFamily history, response to treatment and outcome are reported in a series of 76 patients presenting with both depression and schizophrenic or paranoid symptoms. About 10% of psychotic admissions to the Maudsley and Bethlem Royal Hospitals met a study definition of ‘schizodepressive’ illness. The patients were highly heterogeneous in history, clinical picture and outcome. Many followed a typical schizophrenic course, and others a typical course for affective disorders, but only 4 were given a final diagnosis of manic depressive disease. The best predictors of poor outcome were a mode of onset as an exacerbation of previous psychotic symptoms and the presence of schizophrenic symptoms at some time without depression. The best predictors of good outcome were Stephens' criteria of good prognosis schizophrenia and Kasanin's concept of ‘acute schizo-affective psychosis’. These findings are not easily reconciled with Kraepelin's two entities principle but suggest a continuum of outcome between schizophrenia and unipolar depressive psychosis.

The Relationship between Premature Death and Affective Disorders

1969 ◽  
Vol 115 (528) ◽  
pp. 1277-1282 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. A. Kerr ◽  
Kurt Schapira ◽  
Martin Roth
Keyword(s):  
High Frequency ◽  
Affective Disorders ◽  
Mental Hospital ◽  
Premature Death ◽  
Practice Survey ◽  
Manic Depressive ◽  
Involutional Melancholia ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The One ◽  
The Relationship

The relationship between mental illness and physical disease in elderly patients has been the subject of a number of studies, notably those by Kay and Roth (1955) and Roth and Kay (1956). Stenstedt (1952, 1959) reported a high mortality rate among patients with manic-depressive psychosis and involutional melancholia, which he attributed to ‘the high frequency of suicide and to the fact that several patients had died in a mental hospital’. In a survey of elderly people living in the community, Kay and Bergmann (1966) demonstrated a relationship between physical illness and diminished life expectancy on the one hand and functional psychiatric disorders on the other. Shepherd et al. (1964), in a general practice survey in London, found a 'strongly marked association between psychiatric disorder and chronic organic illness'.

Normothymotics, “Mood-Normalizers”

1963 ◽  
Vol 109 (463) ◽  
pp. 803-809 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mogens Schou
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Psychiatry ◽  
Affective Disorders ◽  
Psychopathological Symptoms ◽  
Manic Depressive Psychosis ◽  
Manic Depressive ◽  
Mental Diseases ◽  
Drug Compounds ◽  
Almost All

The action of almost all drugs used so far in psychiatric pharmacotherapy has been directed against psychopathological symptoms or syndromes and not against mental diseases as such, the nosological entities defined by classical clinical psychiatry. In this paper the attention will be drawn towards a different type of drug: compounds with an action specific to a disease rather than to a symptom, and evidence will be presented for the existence within this class of a group that is characterized by being active against affective disorders (manic-depressive psychosis).Normothymotics, “mood-normalizers”, is proposed as a collective name for drugs belonging to this group.

Information processing deficits in relatives of manic depressive patients

2000 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 545-555 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. PIERSON ◽  
R. JOUVENT ◽  
P. QUINTIN ◽  
F. PEREZ-DIAZ ◽  
M. LEBOYER
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Affective Disorders ◽  
Right Hemisphere ◽  
Event Related Potentials ◽  
P300 Amplitude ◽  
Button Press ◽  
Manic Depressive ◽  
Related Potentials ◽  
Bipolar Patients ◽  
Depressive Patients

Background. The importance of genetic factors in the aetiology of manic-depressive illness (MDI) has been repeatedly confirmed and indicators of vulnerability to the illness in families with affective disorders are needed. Abnormal event-related potentials (ERP) may be markers of genetic vulnerability to mental illness. Long latency and low amplitude of P300 have consistently been reported in schizophrenic patients and their relatives. A few studies have also shown P300 deficits in MDI patients, but no ERP study has been performed on their relatives.Methods. ERPs were recorded during an auditory oddball task in 19 relatives belonging to families with two or more bipolar patients and in controls with no familial or personal history of affective disorders. The relatives were selected as having no affective disorders on a lifetime basis, but eight had an anxiety disorder.Results. In all relatives, a lower P300 amplitude and a longer P300 latency was found, with much longer reaction time and post-N200 duration till button-press than controls. A lack of P300 amplitude dominance in the right hemisphere was also found in relatives in comparison with controls. There also appeared to be a frontal predominance of ERP abnormalities in relatives.Conclusion. We report the first evidence of deficits in reaction time and in P300 amplitude and latency, and a lack of P300 right-sided dominance, in relatives of manic-depressive patients. This pattern may constitute an endophenotypic marker of manic-depressive disorder.

Skin melanin concentrations in the affective disorders: possible relationships to the catecholamine hypothesis

1972 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 391-396 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ashley H. Robins
Keyword(s):  
Affective Disorders ◽  
Active Phase ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Normal Sample ◽  
Reflectance Spectrophotometry ◽  
Bipolar Illness ◽  
Negative Results ◽  
Manic Depressive ◽  
Male Patients ◽  
Male Subjects

SynopsisSYNOPSIS Skin melanin concentrations were measured by reflectance spectrophotometry in patients during the active phase of a primary affective illness and in normal subjects. There were no significant differences between 27 females with depression (unipolar illness) and 17 females with mania (bipolar illness) or between a mixed group of 30 male patients with mania and depression (predominantly mania) and a normal sample of 27 male subjects. These negative results are discussed in terms of the catecholamine hypothesis of the affective disorders. A study of brain pigmentation is suggested as being a potentially useful investigation in manic-depressive psychosis.

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