Prof. Zondek Idr Bier "The Pituitary Gland and Sleep". Message III (Klinische Wschrf., 1932, No. 18)

The reason for the work was the fact that manic depressive 6s had insomnia as an extremely frequent symptom.

Family Role on Schizoaffective Type Patients Treatment

Schizoaffective disorder is a mental disorder accompanied by schizophrenic and affective symptoms that both stand out at one time. Affective symptoms that appear are manic, depressive or both. The prevalence of patients with schizoaffective disorder is about 0.3% of the general population. Women suffer more from schizoaffective disorder and usually suffer from depressive type schizoaffective disorder. The case that will be discussed here is a young adult woman who first suffered from a schizoaffective mixed type disorder. The difficulty faced in handling this case is to provide an understanding of the patient and family about schizoaffective disorders and how patients take medication regularly for a long time. Therefore, a biopsychosocial approach is considered the most suitable to overcome the difficulties in handling this case.

DSM

The decline of psychopharmacology began with the growing view that many of the diagnoses in the official Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) did not really exist. The paper that began the revolution in diagnosis in psychiatry was written by a discussion group of residents led by John Feighner. Then the DSM was drawn up using the diagnostic criteria known as the “Feighner criteria,” which Fritz Henn admitted were based on Emil Kraepelin's work. The various editions of Kraepelin's textbook in the 1900s lumped all the mood disorders into one big basin: manic-depressive insanity. In contrast, the ideas of Karl Leonhard provided a revolutionary recasting of the major illnesses that dismissed the Kraepelinian illness pool and implemented a strict division on the basis of polarity: unipolar depression vs. bipolar disorder.

Understanding of “Feeling” and “Self-Consciousness” on the Border of the XIX–XX Centuries and M. Loewy’s Concept of Depersonalization

The aim was to review the understanding of the phenomena of “feeling” and “self-consciousness” in the concepts of the leading European scientists at the second half of XIX — beginning of the XX centuries.Method: H.R. Lotze, I.M. Sechenov, A. Bain, W. Wundt, G. Stoerring, Th. Lipps, K. Oesterreich, E. Kraepelin and some others are analyzed.Conclusion: while Th. Lipps, H.R. Lotze, W. Wundt and K. Oesterreich were striving for strict differentiation of the notions of “sensations” and “feelings”, A. Bain, I.M. Sechenov, G. Stoerring were not following an effi cient distinction of these phenomena. H.R. Lotze, I.M. Sechenov, A. Bain distinguished in the consciousness and self-consciousness the affective and intellectual components; Th. Lipps considered as the core of self-consciousness the feelings that were very manifold and accompanied different mental acts including the act of perception: “perceptions feeling”. G. Stoerring paid attention to the lack of the feeling of activity by depersonalization, and the Austrian psychiatrist and neurologist M. Loewy elaborated the concept of “ubiquitous” “action feelings” (Actionsgefuehle) that exist outside of “pleasure — displeasure” modality. According to M. Loewy’s concept every mental act is accompanied normally by two “feelings of act”: general and specifi c, in the abnormal case one or both of them may disappear. The clinical description of weakening or loss of the action feelings: impulse feeling, perception feeling of vital sensation, perception feelings of sensations from organs of sense, “feelings of the feeling process”, “thinking feeling”, M. Loewy accomplished by “personalizing” approach to the account of one of his patient, Russian female student. M. Loewy considered the depersonalization disorders in this case as a symbolic neurosis according to S. Freud and as a psychasthenia according to P. Janet. Although E. Kraepelin defi ned selfconsciousness as merely cognitive phenomenon he interpreted depersonalization as a kind of emotional disturbance including the disorders on the level of sensations in the frames of light depressive phase of the manic-depressive illness. The M. Loewy’s concept of the “action feelings” can be applied not only for the understanding of “neurotic” depersonalization but also for depersonalization cases on the ground of depressive and mixed phase affective states.

THROUGH THE LENS OF A WOMAN WITH SCHIZOAFFECTIVE DISORDER: A CASE STUDY

Motivation/Background: Historically speaking, the distinction between manic-depressive disorders and schizophrenia finds itself in an unclear and vast spectrum bordered by the two illnesses. In this paper, we will present a case study that raises a question of diagnosis: bipolar disorder or schizoaffective disorder? Following the description of the symptoms and diagnosis criteria of each of the disorders, along with the personal data of the patient (the ones that are available to us), we will attempt analyzing the case as thoroughly as possible. The paper introduces the case of a 40-year-old woman who presents affective/mood related symptoms. Method: psychiatric evaluation, psychiatric interview, psychodynamic interview and psychodynamic interpretation. Results: The subject has a pathology of attachment developed over a structure with homosexual attachment choices. The multiple psychotraumas of childhood and the busy life history overlap with a vulnerability for emotional manifestations. She develops as axis I pathology a bipolar affective disorder, which at the moment takes the form of a mixed dispositional episode with psychotic phenomena. The artistic side makes it work markedly on delirious interpretativity, as it is to be appreciated the patient's effort not to completely detach from reality. Conclusions: Late detection of these habits by the relatives, as well as other signs of psychiatric conditions, has contributed to an alteration of the identity of the patient and an inability to develop proper social behavior. After an overview of the patient's life experience, we can presume that the psychiatric condition is present and that it is evolving. The aim of the paper is to provide a theoretical viewpoint on this specific pathology, with particular features for this case study

"I am either all the way there or I am not. I don't know how to walk this middle line" (Skorczewski 109). The Impact of Manic and Depressive States on Anne Sexton's Poetic Depictions of Food.

This research explores poet Anne Sexton’s use of food imagery in To Bedlam and Part Way Back, focusing on the way food is presented in contextual relation to the manic-depressive cycles Sexton was experiencing. This is placed within the socio-political climate of the 1950s-1960s which influences Sexton’s relationship with food.

Art in suicide treatment and prevention

The theme ‘suicide’ in paintings mirror social, cultural, religious, and philosophical stances to suicide. However, behind these more public aspects of the artist’s work there is often a personal meaning. The motives and interests of the artists go beyond the theme of suicide. An important factor in suicidal behaviour is a depressive mood or disorder. However, the depressive mood as well as the underlying manic-depressive illness of some artists may be seen as an important prerequisite for their creativity. Despite the importance of suicidality in art and that art therapy is well-established for treating patients in psychiatry and psychotherapy, only a small body of empirical literature about the role of art therapy in depressed and suicidal patients exists. In paintings and sculptures of art therapy, done by patients primarily reflect the inner experiences of their illness and biography. Art therapy can help the patient to alleviate self-destructive ways of acting.