scholarly journals SIMULTANEOUS DIFFERENTIAL STAINING BY A CATIONIC CARBOCYANINE DYE OF NUCLEIC ACIDS, PROTEINS AND CONJUGATED PROTEINS I. PHOSPHOPROTEINS

1974 ◽  
Vol 22 (8) ◽  
pp. 767-773 ◽  
Author(s):  
MARIE R. GREEN ◽  
JULLIA V. PASTEWKA
Keyword(s):  
Nucleic Acids ◽  
Absorption Maximum ◽  
Mammary Glands ◽  
The Other ◽  
Hydrogen Ion ◽  
Differential Staining ◽  
Ion Concentrations ◽  
Carbocyanine Dye ◽  
Pregnant Mice ◽  
Multiple Interactions

The cationic carbocyanine dye l-ethyl-2-[3-(l-ethylnaphtho[l,2d]thiazolin-2-ylidene)-2-methylpropenyl]-naphtho[1,2d]thiazolium bromide interacts in different ways with several classes of polymeric anions in solution. This results in changes in absorption maxima which differ from the absorption maximum of the dye solution. The multiple interactions with macromolecules were demonstrated in histologic sections. Under appropriate electrolyte, dye and hydrogen ion concentrations, nucleic acids, proteins and conjugated proteins were distinguished from each other by color. The phosphoproteins stained blue, proteins red, nucleic acids purple and mucoproteins and mucopolysaccharides various colors. Further discrimination was obtained by chemical procedures and enzymatic digestions. Secretions in alveolar and ductal lumina in the mammary glands of pregnant mice were shown to stain differentially from the other macromolecules. It is inferred on the basis of enzymatic and chemical procedures that the secretions stained blue because of their phosphoprotein content. Conventional staining procedures did not allow this distinction to be made.

scholarly journals SIMULTANEOUS DIFFERENTIAL STAINING BY A CATIONIC CARBOCYANINE DYE OF NUCLEIC ACIDS, PROTEINS AND CONJUGATED PROTEINS II. CARBOHYDRATE AND SULFATED CARBOHYDRATE-CONTAINING PROTEINS

1974 ◽  
Vol 22 (8) ◽  
pp. 774-781 ◽  
Author(s):  
MARIE R. GREEN ◽  
JULLIA V. PASTEWKA
Keyword(s):  
Mast Cells ◽  
Nucleic Acids ◽  
Hydrogen Ion ◽  
Differential Staining ◽  
Ion Concentrations ◽  
Pathologic Diagnosis ◽  
Carbocyanine Dye ◽  
Sulfated Carbohydrate ◽  
Color Reactions ◽  
Staining Time

The cationic carbocyanine dye l-ethyl-2-[3-(l-ethylnaphtho[l,2d]thiazolin-2-ylidene)-2-methylprolpenyl]-naphtho[1, 2d]thiazolium bromide stains several classes of macromolecules differentially in histologic sections. Most proteins are red at pH 4.3 and pink or unstained at pH 2.8. The caseins are blue at pH 4.3 and unstained at pH 2.8. Nuclei stain purple, mast cells stain red-purple, cartilage stains purple and mucoproteins stain blue-green at both hydrogen ion concentrations. The nature of some of the macromolecules involved in these color reactions has been determined by the use of chemical and enzymatic procedures and by staining films of glycosaminoglycuronoglycans, proteins and conjugated proteins. The method requires less than 1 hr staining time for most tissues; the stain is stable when kept in the dark and has the advantage of distinguishing several macromolecules in tissues simultaneously. The simplicity of the method and the ability to discriminate classes of macromolecules in tissues should make this stain valuable in pathologic diagnosis.

scholarly journals Simultaneous differential staining of nucleic acids, proteins, conjugated proteins and polar lipids by a cationic carbocyanine dye.

1975 ◽  
Vol 23 (6) ◽  
pp. 411-423 ◽  
Author(s):  
M R Green
Keyword(s):  
Nucleic Acids ◽  
Polar Lipids ◽  
Differential Staining ◽  
Highly Sensitive ◽  
Carbocyanine Dye ◽  
Chloroform Methanol ◽  
Multiple Interactions

The multiple interactions of the cationic carbocyanine dye, 1-ethyl-naptho-[1,2d]thiazolin-2-ylidene)-2-methylpropenyl]naptho[1,2d]thiazolium bromide, 'Stains-described. Many of these substances could be distinguished from one another on the basis of color in conjunction with chemical and enzymatic digestions. Further studies with this dye have shown that under certain conditions polar lipids as well may be distinguished from these substances. Stains-all has a highly sensitive metachromatic reaction for the presence of polar lipids. It is possible to detect the lipids in large part because they are green and contrast with a red- or pink-stained protein background and with the blue-purple of nuclei or cartilage. Where other green substances occur as in sialoglycoproteins of mucous or membranes, the lipids can be distinguished because they are extracted by chloroform-methanol (2:1) or pyridine.

scholarly journals The influence of hydrogen-ion concentration upon the adsorption of weak electrolytes by pure charcoal.—Part II

1931 ◽  
Vol 133 (821) ◽  
pp. 155-161 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Hydrogen Ion ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
Hydrogen Ion Concentration ◽  
Adsorption From Solutions ◽  
Ion Concentrations ◽  
Preferential Adsorption ◽  
Chemical Combination ◽  
Weak Electrolytes ◽  
Adsorption Curve

In a recent communication results were described which indicate that propionic, hexoic, and succinic acids are adsorbed by purified charcoal only as unionised molecules. There was no evidence that anions of these acids were adsorbed to any measurable extent. Thus the amount of these acids adsorbed from mixed solutions of any one acid and its sodium salt is propor­tional to the amount of unionised acid present as calculated from the known ionisation constants and the hydrogen-ion concentration of the solutions. Further work has led to the conclusion that the presence of an unionised carboxyl group is essential for adsorption to take place. On the other hand, the adsorption curve for the bases n -propylamine and n -butylamine at different hydrogen-ion concentrations did not follow the ionisation curves very closely.Strong preferential adsorption of the unionised molecule was observed but there was quite considerable adsorption from solutions of such acidity that no unionised amine could exist in them. The adsorption of both bases was found to fall off gradually and continuously with increasing acidity from p H 11 to P H 3. In view of the fact that the charcoal used in this work was Norit charcoal purified by treatment with strong halogen acids, it was thought possible that very small traces of these acids remained after the washing to which the char­coal was subjected, and that these traces of acid caused the adsorption of basic ions by direct chemical combination.

scholarly journals STIMULATION BY MINERAL AND FATTY ACIDS IN THE BARNACLE BALANUS BALANOIDES

1933 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. 895-903 ◽  
Author(s):  
William H. Cole ◽  
J. B. Allison
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Carbon Chain ◽  
The Other ◽  
Hydrogen Ion ◽  
Aliphatic Acid ◽  
Ion Concentrations ◽  
Mineral Acids ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Balanus Balanoides

1. Stimulation in the rock barnacle Balanus balanoides by hydrochloric, sulfuric, and nitric acids, and by the first seven members of the normal aliphatic acid series has been studied. The hydrogen ion concentrations of the solutions tested varied from 3.2 x 10–8 to 5.889 x 10–6. The criterion of response was percentage closure in groups of individuals, recorded at 1 minute intervals until maximum closure occurred. 2. The intensity of stimulation by these acids is proportional to the effects of two forces, one related to the change in the (H+), and the other to the field of force around the anion of the acid added to the environment. 3. A preliminary interpretation of the results led to the development of the following expression which fits approximately the data obtained at the end of 4 minutes: Per cent closure = 100 – 100e–0.1z+(0.003125)2–0.1z+(0.003125)2n(z–0.4) where z is the (H+) x 107 and n is the number of carbon atoms (if present) in the anion of the acid. This equation assumes that the anions of the mineral acids enter into the reaction stoichiometrically, and emphasizes the difference in the fields of force around the anion of the fatty acids, a difference which is correlated with the length of the carbon chain. 4. A further analysis of the data revealed the presence of three or more receptor groups which appeared to be differentially affected by forces originating from the anions of the acids. 5. The order of stimulating efficiency for the mineral acids was found to be: HCl>H2SO4>HNO3. 6. The order of stimulating efficiency for the fatty acids was found to be: heptylic>caproic>valeric>butyric = acetic>propionic = formic.

On the measurement of hydrogen-ion concentrations in soil by means of the quinhydrone electrode

1924 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 232-239 ◽  
Author(s):  
Einar Biilmann
Keyword(s):  
Colorimetric Method ◽  
The Other ◽  
Hydrogen Ion ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
Hydrogen Ion Concentration ◽  
Soil Extracts ◽  
Important Method ◽  
Ion Concentrations ◽  
Soil Mixtures

The measurement of the hydrogen-ion concentration of soils often presents great difficulties. When ordinary hydrogen electrodes are used, constant potentials are, in many cases, only obtained after hydrogen has been passed for several hours, while in many instances hydrogen electrodes cannot be used at all. The other important method of determining “pH,” the colorimetric method, can only be used in testing clear and almost colourless soil extracts, but not in testing soil mixtures.

scholarly journals THE ACID AGGLUTINATION OF PNEUMOCOCCI

1914 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. J. Gillespie
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Hydrogen Ion ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
Hydrogen Ion Concentration ◽  
Ion Concentrations ◽  
Inhibiting Action ◽  
Serological Type

Eight strains of pneumococci of serological type 1, eight strains of type 2, and eleven strains belonging to neither type have been tested by the method of acid agglutination. Strains belonging to the two typical groups have, as a rule, narrow zones of agglutination. The optimum hydrogen ion concentrations are different in the two cases. Other pneumococci have broad zones or, in a few cases, narrow zones not coincident with those occupied by the typical organisms. The agglutination of most of the pneumococci of types 1 and 2 is extremely susceptible to the inhibiting action of salts. This is not true of the other pneumococci. Old broth cultures may show an optimum hydrogen ion concentration different from that shown by young broth cultures.

scholarly journals The acidity of muscle during maintained contraction

1922 ◽  
Vol 93 (654) ◽  
pp. 406-410
Keyword(s):  
Manganese Dioxide ◽  
Hydrogen Ion ◽  
Ion Concentrations

In 1913, I described a method for recording changes in hydrogen-ion concentrations in tissues, by means of a manganese dioxide electrode in combination with a calomel electrode (1). By this method it was shown that the acidity of muscle probably increased at the same time as, or slightly before, the tension increased, and that the acidity decreased as the muscle relaxed (2). In a paper, which appeared as this note was being prepared for publication, Ritchie states that he has been unable to detect a variation in acidity by the use of manganese dioxide electrodes. I am inclined to think that his failure is due to the injury to the muscles on insertion of wires into its substance. In my own experiments the wires rest on the surface of the muscle.

scholarly journals Metabolism of the nucleic acids of rumen bacteria by preruminant and ruminant lambs

1981 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 517-527 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. Razzaque ◽  
J. H. Topps ◽  
R. N. B. Kay ◽  
J. M. Brockway
Keyword(s):  
Nucleic Acids ◽  
Bacterial Culture ◽  
Total Activity ◽  
Total Radioactivity ◽  
The Other ◽  
Nucleic Acid Content ◽  
Rumen Bacteria ◽  
Total Nucleic Acid ◽  
Purine Base ◽  
Close Relationship

1. A rumen bacterial culture containing specifically labelled nucleic acids was prepared using [8-14C]adenine.2. The labelled preparation was given in a liquid diet to two preruminant lambs and via a rumen tube to two ruminant lambs. The radioactivity excreted in exhaled gases, faeces and urine and that incorporated into tissues was determined.3 The preruminant lambs absorbed 58.3% of the total radioactivity measured after 24 h and the ruminant lambs 66.6% of the total activity measured after 48 h.4. Of the total radioactivity absorbed the preruminant lambs exhaled 38%, excreted 34% in urine and retained 29% in tissues. The corresponding values for the ruminant lambs were 12,41 and 47% respectively.5. There was a close relationship between total nucleic acid content and radioactivity per g of tissues of both preruminant and ruminant lambs.6. Of the radioactivity in the urine, the ruminant and one preruminant lamb excreted most in the fraction containing allantoin, while the other lamb excreted most activity in the uric acid fraction.7. The salvaging of the breakdown products of bacterial nucleic acids to make tissue nucleic acids appears to be an important synthesis in preruminant and ruminant lambs and of the likely precursors the purine base may be more important than the nucleoside.

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