scholarly journals Current Challenges in Commercially Producing Biofuels from Lignocellulosic Biomass

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Venkatesh Balan
Keyword(s):  
First Generation ◽  
Good Alternative ◽  
Market Place ◽  
Transportation Fuel ◽  
Transportation Fuels ◽  
Biobased Materials ◽  
Processing Cost ◽  
Lignocellulosic Biofuels ◽  
The Government ◽  
Processing Steps

Biofuels that are produced from biobased materials are a good alternative to petroleum based fuels. They offer several benefits to society and the environment. Producing second generation biofuels is even more challenging than producing first generation biofuels due the complexity of the biomass and issues related to producing, harvesting, and transporting less dense biomass to centralized biorefineries. In addition to this logistic challenge, other challenges with respect to processing steps in converting biomass to liquid transportation fuel like pretreatment, hydrolysis, microbial fermentation, and fuel separation still exist and are discussed in this review. The possible coproducts that could be produced in the biorefinery and their importance to reduce the processing cost of biofuel are discussed. About $1 billion was spent in the year 2012 by the government agencies in US to meet the mandate to replace 30% existing liquid transportation fuels by 2022 which is 36 billion gallons/year. Other countries in the world have set their own targets to replace petroleum fuel by biofuels. Because of the challenges listed in this review and lack of government policies to create the demand for biofuels, it may take more time for the lignocellulosic biofuels to hit the market place than previously projected.

scholarly journals The potential of forest-derived bioenergy to contribute to China's future energy and transportation fuel requirements

2012 ◽  
Vol 88 (05) ◽  
pp. 547-552
Author(s):  
Ling Li ◽  
Sergios Karatzos ◽  
Jack Saddler
Keyword(s):  
Cellulosic Ethanol ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Fossil Fuel ◽  
Large Population ◽  
Forest Biomass ◽  
Marginal Land ◽  
Transportation Fuel ◽  
Transportation Fuels ◽  
Energy Dependent

Increasing concerns of oil security, greenhouse gas emissions, and sustainability have encouraged nations to consider the contribution that agriculture/forestry for bioenergy (and biofuels in particular) could make as alternatives to current fossil-based energy and transportation fuels. Despite China's large population and geographical size, it has only relatively recently developed into a highly industrialized and energy-dependent economy. Coal is, and will remain, China's dominant energy source. However, over the last few years with China's growing middle class, increasing growth in production and sale of cars/trucks and a growing chemical based sector, oil and its derivatives are predicted to experience the fastest fossil fuel growth. China's ability to produce so-called “first-generation” or conventional biofuels from sugar, starch or vegetable oil based plants is very restricted because of “food vs. fuel” issues. Thus, biomass-based and forest-based biofuels, in particular, can form a medium-to-long-term solution that could contribute to China's national biofuels targets. Oilseed trees have been suggested as an initial forest-based biodiesel strategy with about 13 million ha of marginal land identified for possible plantation. It is also estimated that 17 million tonnes of cellulosic ethanol per annum could be derived from forest biomass that is currently available in China.

A Study On Challenges Faced By Small Scale Entrepreneurship Management In Tirunelveli City

2019 ◽  
Vol 118 (10) ◽  
pp. 244-251
Author(s):  
Dr. V. Sangeetha ◽  
S.Selva Kumari ◽  
M. Deena ◽  
K. Chandra
Keyword(s):  
First Generation ◽  
Central Government ◽  
New Products ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
The Government

In modern days entrepreneurship are increased and they were faced a lot of issues and challenges. Entrepreneur is one who has creative and innovative ideas for a business. The entrepreneurship reduces the unemployment. The Government was encouraged the Entrepreneurs and give award for them. Main objective for these awards is to recognize the business and business man and improve the marketability introduced new products for a market. The Central Government issues award for entrepreneurs who have a age of 40 years and they must be first generation entrepreneurs. They were holding a 51% of equity and ownership of business and then women must individually own 75% or more of the enterprise.

Introduction

2011 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 251-254 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Pattison
Keyword(s):  
First Generation ◽  
Democratic Republic ◽  
Democratic Republic Of Congo ◽  
Humanitarian Intervention ◽  
Peace Operations ◽  
Ethnic Cleansing ◽  
Target State ◽  
Gray Area ◽  
The Government ◽  
Nato Intervention

The NATO-led intervention in Libya, Operation Unified Protector, is noteworthy for two central reasons. First, it is the first instance in over a decade of what Andrew Cottey calls “classical humanitarian intervention”—that is, humanitarian intervention that lacks the consent of the government of the target state, has a significant military and forcible element, and is undertaken by Western states. Not since the NATO intervention in 1999 to protect the Kosovar Albanians from ethnic cleansing has there been such an intervention. To be sure, since 2000 there have been some robust peace operations that fall in the gray area between classical humanitarian intervention and first-generation peacekeeping (such as MONUC, the UN Mission in the Democratic Republic of Congo). But, even if these operations were to some extent forcible, they had the consent of the government of the target state.

scholarly journals Current Status and Prospects of Lignocellulosic Butanol as a Road Transportation Fuel in Indonesia: A Review

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dieni Mansur ◽  
Syahrul Aiman
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Road Transportation ◽  
Transportation Fuel ◽  
Production Scale ◽  
Waste Gas ◽  
Petroleum Resources ◽  
The Government ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
And Chemical Properties

An increase in the demand for fuel, depleting petroleum resources, and enhancing for a better atmospheric are significant reasons to drive countries competing to find out petroleum fuel alternatives. Bio-alcohol, especially ethanol (C2H5OH) and butanol (C4H9OH), are considered by experts as potential substances for future fuel, especially for road transportation fuel. Compared with ethanol, the physical and chemical properties of butanol are close to gasoline. Hence the studies of butanol as a fuel alternative for transportation were conducted comprehensively in several countries. Butanol could derive from various resources such as petroleum-derived products, lignocellulosic biomass, food crops, microalgae, or waste gas from specific manufacturing industries. This study reviewed the advancement of lignocellulosic butanol production technology and challenges for increasing production scale. Besides that, it is also considered local R&D activities on biobutanol and its results and evolution of the government plan and regulation to utilize Alcohol as a transportation fuel.  

The MLE Teacher: An Agent of Change or a Cog in the Wheel?

2014 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 195-207
Author(s):  
Urmishree Bedamatta
Keyword(s):  
Elementary Education ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Mother Tongue ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Specific Knowledge ◽  
Eastern State ◽  
Multilingual Education ◽  
The Government ◽  
Agent Of Change

This article examines the role of the multilingual education (MLE) teacher in the mother tongue-based MLE program for the Juangas, a tribe in Odisha, an eastern state of India, and is part of a broader study of the MLE program in the state. For the specific purpose of this article, I have adopted Welmond's (2002) three-step process: identifying culture-specific knowledge about the role of a teacher; examining the state's education objectives that influence teachers’ behaviour and experiences; and focusing on the behaviour and experience of teachers at the local level. These three steps constantly merged into one another during the examination of the subject under discussion. The paper recognises that the MLE teachers are not only first-generation teachers, but also first-generation practitioners of MLE, and therefore need to be resourceful and experimental in their classroom practices. However, given the national imperative to achieve universal elementary education by 2015, within the para-teacher framework adopted by the Government of India, the MLE teacher seems to be just a means to an end.

scholarly journals XI.—Farewell Address of General Ludlow to the authorities of Vevay. Communicated by H. L. Long, Esq., through J. Y. Akerman, Esq, Secretary

Archaeologia ◽  
1853 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 114-115
Author(s):  
H. L. Long
Keyword(s):  
Coming Out ◽  
Market Place ◽  
The South ◽  
Large Bell ◽  
The Dead ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Town ◽  
The Mansion ◽  
The Church

Among the archives of the municipality at Vevay are a few notices respecting General Ludlow. He was under constant apprehension of assassination, and by way of protection he was allowed, if necessary, to ring a large bell, suspended in an old tower, since pulled down, which stood on the edge of the lake, at the south-east corner of the market-place, and which was his first habitation at Vevay. His last abode was the house adjoining the eastern gate of the town, which is still in perfect preservation, and well known as Ludlow's residence. Until within the last few years the original inscription remained over the door; it was carved on wood in the form of a scroll, and was given by the present possessor of the mansion to an Englishman travelling through Vevay, who represented himself as a descendant of Ludlow. Permission was accorded him by the government at Berne to erect a small guardhouse in front of the house, in the lake, to watch any boat coming from Savoy; one attempt was made upon his person, as he was coming out of the church in which his ashes now repose, but was frustrated by the authorities of the town surrounding and protecting him. The permissions to ring the bell and to build the guard-house are recorded in the archives. There is also some memorandum relating to “Madame la Genérale Ludlow,” after his decease. On the 6th of June, 1832, having obtained the obliging permission of the syndic to search the records, I proceeded to their examination. One of the conseil d'etat, and the secretary, whose name was Demontel, attended me; unfortunately there was no index, and the person belonging to the establishment, said to be the only man capable of laying his hand upon anything required, happened to be absent at Orbe. So I was left to hunt along the margin for the name of Ludlow,—a tedious and somewhat unprofitable task, for I could not find all I wanted. I have a friend here, at Lausanne, who has engaged to furnish me with some particulars respecting the investigations that followed the assassination of Lisle, in the Place St. François. It would be satisfactory to discover some remnant of the papers and correspondence of the regicides, but none are known to exist, and Ludlow's widow no doubt carried off all his literary remains when she left his mortal remains in the church of St. Martin. The epitaph she put up to him is well known: so are those of Broughton and Love. Interment in the church is no longer permitted, so the old Parliamentarians are likely to have it all to themselves, and to lie there undisturbed until the “crack of Doom,” for we can hardly calculate upon churches being pulled down, and the dead pulled up, in this tranquil, neutralised, unchanging country.

scholarly journals A review on bioethanol production using lignocellulosic biomass

2021 ◽  
pp. 189-203
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Lignocellulosic Biomass ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Lower Cost ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Environmental Benefits ◽  
Transportation Fuels ◽  
Density Values ◽  
Lignocellulosic Fuel

Declining supplies of fossil fuels, increasing population, global industrialization, and demand for transportation fuels have triggered an increase in the demand for renewable energy sources. To address such problems most of the green research in recent years has focused on the development of bioethanol (23 MJ/L) as a substitute to conventional gasoline (34.3 MJ/L) based fuels owing to the similarity in energy density values in addition to several other advantages (American Council on renewable energy, 2010). Second-generation biofuels are derived from lignocellulosic biomass or woody crops, mostly coming from agricultural residues. Extraction of fuel from such biomass is difficult because of their recalcitrant nature (corn stover, rice straw, wheat straw, sugar cane, and sweet sorghum). Lignocellulosic fuel has the potential to solve several problems (food competing with fuel) that are currently associated with first-generation biofuels. Moreover, lignocellulosic fuels can supply a larger proportion of the global fuel leading to sustainability at a lower cost, and with greater environmental benefits (Liz Marsall, 2009). The production of ethanol from the complex sugars in leaves and stalks is a promising strategy to radically broaden the range of possible ethanol feedstock.

scholarly journals Analysis of Financial Sector Reforms and Impacts: Reflections from Pakistan

2011 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 91-102
Author(s):  
Ali Raza ◽  
Muhammad Usman . ◽  
Muhammad Akram .
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Financial Sector ◽  
Financial Indicators ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Financial Restructuring ◽  
Sector Performance ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Impact

The purpose of this paper is to examine all efforts made by the Government of Pakistan in order to uplift the efficiency of financial sector through financial restructuring institutions such as banks, as well as to recognize the impact of these reforms on various financial indicators. Results of this study suggested that financial sector performance was very much better after the completion of first generation reforms but many new reforms are still required for macroeconomic stability and economic growth of Pakistan. This was the first attempt made by researcher in which detailed discussion was provided about financial sector reforms and it will help out the policy makers while developing policies for future and it will enhance the knowledge of economists and all other beneficiaries as well. Moreover, discussion for further reforms and gap for future studies was also provided.

scholarly journals Entrepreneurship and Indian Economy

1970 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Vijayalcikshrni D
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
First Generation ◽  
International Markets ◽  
Critical Element ◽  
Tertiary Sector ◽  
System A ◽  
Job Opportunities ◽  
Entrepreneurial Development ◽  
The Government ◽  
Role Of The Government

Entrepreneurship introduces a critical element of dynamism into an economic system. A range of significant contributions by entrepreneurs and entrepreneurship include - creation of job opportunities, commercialisation of new innovations, products and political power in an economically positive manner, creation of new markets and expansion into international markets. In developing countries, entrepreneurship development has special significance for two reasons: increase in the pace of economic growth and the growth of small / tiny / tertiary sector generating more employment. An attempt has been made in this paper to briefly analyse the significance of entrepreneurship in India's economic development. It emphasises the changed scenario of entrepreneurship since 1991, the year of New Industrial Policy. The role of the Government in entrepreneurial development is highlighted. While emphasising the changed phase of entrepreneurial development, both through first generation entrepreneurs and diversified family business, the paper explicitly slates that India, with her people who are professionally talented, can prosper better when the leap is from labour to intellect. With tremendous intellectual capabilities, the challenge for India is to build, shape and market her advantage to the world. That India's economic development, to a great extent can be determined by the entrepreneurial growth is stated by way of conclusion.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document