scholarly journals Investigation of CPD and HMDS Sample Preparation Techniques for Cervical Cells in Developing Computer-Aided Screening System Based on FE-SEM/EDX

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yessi Jusman ◽  
Siew Cheok Ng ◽  
Noor Azuan Abu Osman
Keyword(s):  
Image Quality ◽  
Sample Preparation ◽  
Processing Time ◽  
Preparation Technique ◽  
Screening System ◽  
Cell Image ◽  
Cervical Cell ◽  
Computer Aided ◽  
Cervical Cells ◽  
Preparation Techniques

This paper investigated the effects of critical-point drying (CPD) and hexamethyldisilazane (HMDS) sample preparation techniques for cervical cells on field emission scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray (FE-SEM/EDX). We investigated the visualization of cervical cell image and elemental distribution on the cervical cell for two techniques of sample preparation. Using FE-SEM/EDX, the cervical cell images are captured and the cell element compositions are extracted for both sample preparation techniques. Cervical cell image quality, elemental composition, and processing time are considered for comparison of performances. Qualitatively, FE-SEM image based on HMDS preparation technique has better image quality than CPD technique in terms of degree of spread cell on the specimen and morphologic signs of cell deteriorations (i.e., existence of plate and pellet drying artifacts and membrane blebs). Quantitatively, with mapping and line scanning EDX analysis, carbon and oxygen element compositions in HMDS technique were higher than the CPD technique in terms of weight percentages. The HMDS technique has shorter processing time than the CPD technique. The results indicate that FE-SEM imaging, elemental composition, and processing time for sample preparation with the HMDS technique were better than CPD technique for cervical cell preparation technique for developing computer-aided screening system.

scholarly journals A protocol for Enhanced imaging and Quantification of Cervical Cell Under Scanning electron Microscope

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yessi Jusman ◽  
Agus Jamal ◽  
May Valzon ◽  
Khairunnisa Hasikin ◽  
Siew Cheok Ng
Keyword(s):  
Sample Preparation ◽  
Osmium Tetroxide ◽  
Attenuated Total Reflection ◽  
Elemental Distribution ◽  
Preparation Technique ◽  
Sem Images ◽  
Cervical Cell ◽  
Cervical Cells ◽  
Time Required ◽  
Scanning Electron

The application of Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy and Energy Dispersive X-Ray (FE-SEM/EDX) for the characterization of biological samples can produce promising results for classification purpose. The limitations of the established sample preparation technique of cervical cells for FE-SEM/EDX study that differentiate between normal and abnormal cells prompted the development of a proposed protocol for the preparation of cervical cells. The proposed protocol was conducted by a McDowell-Trump fixative prepared in 0.1M phosphate buffer without osmium tetroxide at 4°C for 2 h in the fixation process. Morphologically, the cervical cells scanned under the FE-SEM/EDX did not present blackening effects, and the structure of the cells was not broken based on the FE-SEM images. Quantitatively, the possible elemental distributions in the cells, such as carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and sodium, are detected in samples prepared by the proposed protocol. The analysed elements were validated using the Attenuated Total Reflection and Fourier Transform Infrared (ATR/FTIR) spectroscopy. Moreover, by avoiding osmium tetroxide fixation, the time required for sample preparation decreased significantly. This sample preparation protocol can be used for normal and abnormal cervical cells in achieving better results in terms of morphological, detected elemental distribution, and rapid in time.

scholarly journals A comparison of two common sample preparation techniques for lipid and fatty acid analysis in three different coral morphotypes reveals quantitative and qualitative differences

PeerJ ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. e3645 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica A. Conlan ◽  
Melissa M. Rocker ◽  
David S. Francis
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Sample Preparation ◽  
Lipid Analysis ◽  
Lipid Extraction ◽  
Fatty Acid Analysis ◽  
Preparation Technique ◽  
Pocillopora Damicornis ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
Coral Holobiont ◽  
Preparation Techniques

Lipids are involved in a host of biochemical and physiological processes in corals. Therefore, changes in lipid composition reflect changes in the ecology, nutrition, and health of corals. As such, accurate lipid extraction, quantification, and identification is critical to obtain comprehensive insight into a coral’s condition. However, discrepancies exist in sample preparation methodology globally, and it is currently unknown whether these techniques generate analogous results. This study compared the two most common sample preparation techniques for lipid analysis in corals: (1) tissue isolation by air-spraying and (2) crushing the coral in toto. Samples derived from each preparation technique were subsequently analysed to quantify lipids and their constituent classes and fatty acids in four common, scleractinian coral species representing three distinct morphotypes (Acropora millepora, Montipora crassotuberculata, Porites cylindrica, and Pocillopora damicornis). Results revealed substantial amounts of organic material, including lipids, retained in the skeletons of all species following air-spraying, causing a marked underestimation of total lipid concentration using this method. Moreover, lipid class and fatty acid compositions between the denuded skeleton and sprayed tissue were substantially different. In particular, the majority of the total triacylglycerol and total fatty acid concentrations were retained in the skeleton (55–69% and 56–64%, respectively). As such, the isolated, sprayed tissue cannot serve as a reliable proxy for lipid quantification or identification in the coral holobiont. The in toto crushing method is therefore recommended for coral sample preparation prior to lipid analysis to capture the lipid profile of the entire holobiont, permitting accurate diagnoses of coral condition.

New Approach—Sample Preparation Techniques for Plastic Small Outline Package (Frontside and Backside)

2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erwin Marquez ◽  
Dat Nguyen
Keyword(s):  
Sample Preparation ◽  
Preparation Technique ◽  
Lead Frame ◽  
Front Side ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Sample Preparation Technique ◽  
Bond Wires ◽  
Bond Pads ◽  
Preparation Techniques

Abstract As device packages become smaller, the job of failure analysts becomes more difficult. Other complex configurations such as Small Outline Packages (SOP) pose unique problems. The difficulty of removing the encapsulant while preserving the integrity of the die, bond pads, bond wires and lead frame interconnects on a small outline package pose a serious problem. A new sample preparation technique is offered in order to expose the front side and backside of the die. This technique dramatically reduced the risk of damage and ensures the functionality of the device after decapsulation.

A Sample Preparation Technique to Localize Gate Oxide Defects in Memory Arrays Using Conducting Atomic Force Microscopy

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lakshminarayanan Lakshmanan ◽  
Lowell Herlinger ◽  
Kathryn Miller
Keyword(s):  
Atomic Force Microscopy ◽  
Sample Preparation ◽  
Gate Oxide ◽  
Silicon On Insulator ◽  
Preparation Technique ◽  
Force Microscopy ◽  
Atomic Force ◽  
Sample Preparation Technique ◽  
Oxide Defects ◽  
Preparation Techniques

Abstract Shrinking gate lengths have led to increased challenges in isolating defects using conventional physical failure analysis methods. Conducting atomic force microscopy (CAFM) has been proven to be a powerful tool to isolate gate oxide defects in silicon-on-insulator devices. Some sample preparation techniques of exposing polysilicon and gate oxide, which were critical to perform CAFM scan, are discussed in this paper.

Comparison of Different Sample Preparation Techniques for Untargeted Metabolomics utilizing Q-TOF LC/MS and MetaboAnalyst 4.0

2020 ◽  
Vol 08 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ozan Kaplan ◽  
Engin Koçak ◽  
Mustafa Çelebier
Keyword(s):  
Sample Preparation ◽  
Solid Phase Extraction ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Phase Extraction ◽  
Preparation Technique ◽  
Sample Preparation Technique ◽  
Ms Analysis ◽  
Ionization Mode ◽  
Human Blood Samples ◽  
Preparation Techniques

Background: Profiling the whole metabolome with a single injection is not an easy process because the chemical and physical properties of metabolites are totally different within each other and the analytical methodologies and datamining procedures need lots of effort to make such an approach for real. This reality leads researchers to select an already applied methodology for metabolite profiling and analyze the samples through identical techniques. Objective: In this study, it was focused whether the sample preparation techniques on human blood samples prior to QTOF LC/MS analysis affect the number of detectable peaks and to analyze the matched metabolites of these peaks. The results were compared within each other. Method: Precipitation of proteins with methanol, ultrafiltration (Amicon® Ultra 3 kDa 0.5 mL Centrifugal Filters), liquidphase extraction (EXtrelut® NT 3 cartridges) and solid-phase extraction (Supelco HybridSPE®-Phospholipid Cartridge) were used for sample preparation on commercial pooled plasmas samples. C18 column (Agilent Zorbax 1.8 μM, 50 x 2.1 mm) was used as the chromatography column. Q-TOF LC/MS analysis was performed on positive ionization mode. XCMS and MetaboAnalyst 4.0 - MS Peaks to Pathways utility were used to evaluate the raw data. Results: Although the number of detected peaks through precipitation with methanol was the highest one (624 peaks), the detected peaks observed through ultrafiltration sample preparation technique matched with the highest number of metabolite peaks (151 metabolites). The number of the matched peaks with metabolites on liquid phase extraction (81 metabolites) was higher than the ones for solid phase extraction (29 metabolites). Conclusion: The results in this study may provide a novel perspective to analytical chemists working with clinicians to select their sample preparation technique prior to Q-TOF LC/MS based untargeted metabolomic approaches.

scholarly journals Sample Preparation for Textile Nanofiber Composites

2005 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 38-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Garcia ◽  
N. Fedorova ◽  
V. Knowlton ◽  
C. Oldham ◽  
B. Pourdeyhimi
Keyword(s):  
Fine Structure ◽  
Sample Preparation ◽  
Polymer Blends ◽  
Liquid Nitrogen ◽  
Composite Structures ◽  
Preparation Technique ◽  
Structured Materials ◽  
Sample Preparation Technique ◽  
Increasing Demand ◽  
Preparation Techniques

The increased emphasis on nano-structured materials is placing an ever increasing demand on sample preparation techniques to unveil such fine structure. Nano-structured fibers are even more difficult because of the ease with which these materials can smear even when prepared under liquid nitrogen (LN2) as shown (Figure 1). This is especially true for the islandin- the-sea structures where it is rather hard to reveal the island structures due to smearing. In the search for a possible solution, a sample preparation technique that has shown great results in other composite structures of different polymer blends was applied to these structures.

CMOS Backside Deprocessing With TMAH / IPA as a Sample Preparation Procedure for Failure Analysis

2002 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seth Prejean ◽  
Victoria Bruce ◽  
Joyce Burke
Keyword(s):  
Sample Preparation ◽  
Failure Analysis ◽  
Process Development ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Cmos Process ◽  
Preparation Technique ◽  
Root Cause ◽  
Sample Preparation Procedure ◽  
Root Cause Failure Analysis ◽  
Preparation Techniques

Abstract This paper is about a sample preparation technique that is based on a previous research publication1. The technique was initially used for the investigation of salicide formation for CMOS process development. The initial results were very good and proved to be helpful with root cause failure analysis. Once the technique proved to be a viable failure analysis (FA) tool, a research team was formed to continue the development. This paper is written in conjunction with this team. The team is presently focused on developing a repeatable and reliable methodology of deprocessing CMOS devices from the backside. The team is also developing a methodology for post deprocessing analysis once the backside silicon is removed. The research that is presented here focuses on packaged as well as unpackaged devices. Etch rates and selectivity of tetramethylammoniumhydroxide (TMAH) is investigated along with temperature dependencies. Package material and chemical interference issues were discovered and remedied with special preparation techniques. Post deprocessing analysis is considered and many ideas are proposed as part of future research.

Green Miniaturized Extraction and Microextraction of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons from Foods and Beverages

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalia Manousi ◽  
George A. Zachariadis
Keyword(s):  
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Sample Preparation ◽  
Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Edible Oils ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Food Samples ◽  
Preparation Technique ◽  
Extraction Techniques ◽  
Polycyclic Aromatic ◽  
Preparation Techniques

Background: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are common environmental contaminants consisting of two or more fused benzene rings. PAHs can be introduced into foodstuffs through different ways, such as smoking, roasting and grilling for meat and fish, absorption from the environment for edible oils, chemical treatment of crops for plant-based products or contamination through packaging during storage. Due to the low concentrations of PAHs in foodstuffs a clean-up and preconcentration sample preparation technique is of high importance. Until recently, solid-phase extraction and liquid-liquid extraction were the most popular sample preparation techniques for the extraction of PAHs from food matrices. However, due to the fundamental drawbacks of those extraction procedures, a plethora of novel methods including micro-extraction techniques and miniaturized extraction techniques have been developed. Moreover, a wide variety of novel adsorbent materials (e.g. metal-organic frameworks, carbon-based materials etc.) have been synthesized and applied for PAHs’ extraction. Objective: This review aims to discuss the recent advances in the extraction techniques of PAHs from food samples, utilizing novel sample preparation approaches and adsorbents. Conclusion: Compared with the traditional sample preparation techniques, the herein discussed green miniaturized extraction and microextraction techniques offer multiple benefits, including simplicity, reduced sample preparation time, as well as reduced consumption of organic solvents.

X.R.F Analysis of Steelmaking Slags Using Special Sample Preparation Techniques

1977 ◽  
Vol 21 ◽  
pp. 25-33
Author(s):  
W. Van de Vrande ◽  
D. Cosma ◽  
W. Tekatch
Keyword(s):  
Sample Preparation ◽  
Metallic Iron ◽  
Preparation Technique ◽  
Free Lime ◽  
Sample Preparation Technique ◽  
Steelmaking Slags ◽  
Special Sample Preparation ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Preparation Techniques ◽  
Different Levels

X.R.F. analysis of steelmaking slags has been done routinely since the 1960s. Fused buttons or pressed powdered pellets are used.Under certain conditions steelmaking slags may contain appreciable amounts of free lime and metallic iron droplets. These can cause gross inaccuracies in the result of the X.R.F. analysis as the normal correction procedures used in X-ray fluorescence techniques can not compensate for them.A special sample preparation technique as well as appropriate analytical procedures will be discussed. Examples of slags with different levels of free lime and metallic iron will be shown.

A Freeze Shadow Technique for the Preparation of Soft Paint Latexes for Electron Microscopy

1977 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
pp. 314-315
Author(s):  
Earl R. Walter ◽  
Glen H. Bryant
Keyword(s):  
Sample Preparation ◽  
High Vacuum ◽  
Vacuum System ◽  
Latex Particles ◽  
New Methods ◽  
Diffusion Pump ◽  
Film Forming ◽  
Routine Basis ◽  
Distribution Studies ◽  
Preparation Techniques

With the development of soft, film forming latexes for use in paints and other coatings applications, it became desirable to develop new methods of sample preparation for latex particle size distribution studies with the electron microscope. Conventional latex sample preparation techniques were inadequate due to the pronounced tendency of these new soft latex particles to distort, flatten and fuse on the substrate when they dried. In order to avoid these complications and obtain electron micrographs of undistorted latex particles of soft resins, a freeze-dry, cold shadowing technique was developed. The method has now been used in our laboratory on a routine basis for several years.The cold shadowing is done in a specially constructed vacuum system, having a conventional mechanical fore pump and oil diffusion pump supplying vacuum. The system incorporates bellows type high vacuum valves to permit a prepump cycle and opening of the shadowing chamber without shutting down the oil diffusion pump. A baffeled sorption trap isolates the shadowing chamber from the pumps.

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