scholarly journals Employing the Waves to Measure Longitudinal Residual Stresses in Different Depths of a Stainless Steel Welded Plate

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yashar Javadi ◽  
Sergej Hloch
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Residual Stresses ◽  
Stress Measurement ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Austenitic Stainless Steels ◽  
Material Surface ◽  
Effective Depth ◽  
Different Depths ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Waves

Ultrasonic stress measurement is based on the acoustoelasticity law which presents the relationship between the stress and acoustic wave velocity in engineering materials. The technique uses longitudinal critically refracted () waves that travel parallel to the material surface. The wave is a bulk longitudinal wave that propagates within an effective depth underneath the surface while the penetration depth of a wave depends on its frequency. It is possible to measure the residual stress in different depths by employing different frequencies of the waves. This paper evaluates welding residual stresses in different depths of a plate made of austenitic stainless steel (304L). The penetration depths are accurately measured for the waves produced by 1 MHz, 2 MHz, 4 MHz, and 5 MHz transducers. Residual stresses through the thickness of the plate are then evaluated by employing four different series of transducers. It has been concluded that the method is nondestructive, easy and fast, portable, readily available, and low cost and bulk measuring technique which can be accurately employed in through-thickness stress measurement of austenitic stainless steels.

scholarly journals Experimental Measurement of Residual Stress Distribution in Rail Specimens Using Ultrasonic LCR Waves

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (19) ◽  
pp. 9306
Author(s):  
Young-In Hwang ◽  
Geonwoo Kim ◽  
Yong-Il Kim ◽  
Jeong-Hak Park ◽  
Man-Yong Choi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Residual Stress ◽  
Stress Distribution ◽  
Residual Stresses ◽  
Stress Measurement ◽  
Residual Stress Distribution ◽  
Material Surface ◽  
Arrival Times ◽  
Effective Depth ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Relationship

Longitudinal critically refracted (LCR) waves are considered bulk longitudinal waves and penetrate into an effective depth beneath the surface parallel to the material surface. Such LCR waves can be employed to measure residual stresses because the acoustoelastic effect is the basis for ultrasonic residual stress measurements. This effect is described by the relationship between change of wave travel time and stress applied when such waves propagate in a stressed medium. In this paper, stresses applied in a rail were evaluated by using a developed LCR probe. With this transducer, it was verified how the difference in the arrival times of the LCR waves showed a trend as the tensile stresses increased. The acoustoelastic coefficients were calculated using the relationship between the stresses and the travel times, and the residual stresses of the used rails were measured using these coefficients. In addition, the difference in residual stress distribution according to the characteristics of the wheel-rail contact surface was analyzed from the obtained residual stress value. It was concluded that this non-destructive evaluation technique using LCR waves could be employed for accurate stress measurement of rails because differences in stress applied to the rail can be detected.

scholarly journals Using Welding Simulation and Ultrasonic Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Stainless Steel Welded Plates

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yashar Javadi ◽  
Mohammadreza Hadizadeh Raeisi ◽  
Hamed Salimi Pirzaman ◽  
Mehdi Ahmadi Najafabadi
Keyword(s):  
Residual Stress ◽  
Finite Element ◽  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Residual Stresses ◽  
Acoustic Waves ◽  
Stress Measurement ◽  
Bulk Material ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Ultrasonic Waves ◽  
Welding Simulation

When a material is under mechanical load, the stresses change the velocity of acoustic waves because of acoustoelastic effect. This property can be employed for stress measurement in the material itself when the stress concerns the surface of the material, or in the bulk material. This technique involves with critically refracted longitudinal waves that propagate parallel to the surface, i. e. LCR waves. This paper presents a three dimensional thermo-mechanical analysis to evaluate welding residual stresses in plate-plate joint of AISI stainless steel 304L. After finite element simulation, the residual stresses were evaluated by LCR ultrasonic waves. This paper introduces a combination of “Finite Element Welding Simulation” and “Ultrasonic Stress Measurement using the LCR Wave” which is called as “FELcr”. The capabilities of FELCR in residual stress measurement are confirmed here. It has been shown that predicted residual stress from three dimensional FE analyses is in reasonable agreement with measured residual stress from LCR method.

scholarly journals Residual Stress Measurement in a Stainless Steel Clad Ferritic Plate Using the Contour Method

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nida Naveed ◽  
Foroogh Hosseinzadeh ◽  
Jan Kowal
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Residual Stresses ◽  
Structural Integrity ◽  
Stress Measurement ◽  
Base Material ◽  
Pressure Vessels ◽  
Contour Method ◽  
Steel Weld ◽  
Integrity Assessment ◽  
Stainless Steel Weld

In pressure vessels stainless steel weld-overlay cladding is a widely used technique to provide a protective barrier between the corrosive environment and the ferritic low alloy base metal. While the cladding layers enhance corrosion resistance, the induced residual stresses due to the deposition of weld layers are of major concern. It is of paramount importance to understand how residual stresses interact with service loading when the vessel is pressurized. Therefore, knowledge of the initial residual stresses due to cladding is an essential input for structural integrity assessment of pressure vessels. In the present paper the Contour Method was conducted to measure residual stresses in an austenitic steel cladded plate that was fabricated from a ferritic steel base plate with three layers of austenitic stainless steel weld metal cladding deposited on the top surface. The Contour Method was chosen for various reasons. First, it provides a full 2D variation of residual stresses over the plane of interest. Second, it is not limited by the thickness of components or microstructural variations and finally it should potentially capture the variation of residual stresses in each individual weld beads and due to the possible phase transformation in the ferritic base material. The map of longitudinal residual stresses was measured by sectioning the test component along a transverse plane at mid-length. The measured residual stresses were in good agreement with published results in the open literature.

Numerical Analysis of Thermal Deformation and Residual Stress for the Brazed Plate-Fin Structure

2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hu Chen ◽  
Jianming Gong ◽  
Luyang Geng ◽  
Shan-Tung Tu
Keyword(s):  
Residual Stress ◽  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Residual Stresses ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Air Separation ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Level Function ◽  
Steel Aisi ◽  
Nickel Base ◽  
Clamping Pressure

Compared to traditional shell-and-tube exchangers with the same material, compact plate-fin heat exchangers (PFHE) made of brazed stainless steel have superior heat transfer capability, less volume, lighter weight and low cost. Therefore it has been widely used in many industries, such as air separation, petrochemical, aerospace, energy etc. and PFHE has been the typical candidate to realize the miniaturization of heat exchanging equipments, which are the enabling technology for the miniaturization of chemical and thermal systems. It is negligible that residual stresses and thermal distortion under the effect of thermal cycle, self-constraint and clamping pressure load during brazing for the brazed plate-fin structure that has the millimeter-level function cell. This paper presents a thermo-mechanical finite element analysis for determining the deformation and residual stress of multi-layers stainless steel AISI 304 plate-fin structure, which are counter-flow and brazed with amorphous nickel-base filler metal BNi-2, based on the actual brazing process. The feature of deformation and residual stresses distribution are reported and the effect of 3 factors including the number of layers, brazing temperature, clamping pressure loads on the residual stresses and the distortion are investigated respectively.

Quality Surface Modification for Refractory Stainless Steel by Tungsten Deposition, Using Electro-Spark Deposition Method

2015 ◽  
Vol 809-810 ◽  
pp. 417-422 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catalin Andrei Tugui ◽  
Petrică Vizureanu ◽  
Carmen Nejneru ◽  
Manuela Cristina Perju ◽  
Mihai Axinte
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Stainless Steels ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Austenitic Stainless Steels ◽  
Hydraulic Turbine ◽  
Thin Layers ◽  
Deposition Method ◽  
Tungsten Electrode ◽  
Turbine Vanes ◽  
Quality Surface

In this paper were analyzed Tungsten electrode depositions using electro-spark deposition method, on stainless steel, used for hydraulic turbine vanes and blades of mixing blades for chemical industry, in order to achieve an improved wear resistance. This deposition method was chosen due to its relatively low cost, easy to achieve, and leads to obtaining thin layers with good adherence to the substrate, and with different thicknesses, depending on the number of deposited layers. The chosen electrode is an alpha character element and generates an increase of the mechanical properties at low and high temperatures for austenitic stainless steels. Tungsten does not modify the corrosion resistance for the stainless steels. The samples were analyzed on scanning electrons microscope (SEM) and also the chemical analysis (EDX) for distinguish the layer-support structure and the elements repartition on the surface and in line.

scholarly journals Ultrasonic Evaluation of Welding Residual Stresses in Stainless Steel Pressure Vessel

2013 ◽  
Vol 135 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yashar Javadi ◽  
Hamed Salimi Pirzaman ◽  
Mohammadreza Hadizadeh Raeisi ◽  
Mehdi Ahmadi Najafabadi
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Residual Stresses ◽  
Pressure Vessel ◽  
Stress Measurement ◽  
Ultrasonic Method ◽  
Hole Drilling ◽  
Hole Drilling Method ◽  
Ultrasonic Evaluation ◽  
Drilling Method ◽  
Austenitic Stainless Steel 304

This paper investigates ultrasonic method in stress measurement of a pressure vessel made of austenitic stainless steel 304 L. Longitudinal critically refracted (LCR) waves are employed to measure the welding residual stresses. The acoustoelastic constant is measured through a hydro test while the pressure vessel is kept intact. Hole-drilling method is used to verify the results of ultrasonic measurement corresponding to axial and hoop residual stresses of the pressure vessel. The results show good agreement between hole-drilling and ultrasonic stress measurements which is accomplished nondestructively.

Residual Stress Measurement on a Narrow Gap Dissimilar Metal Weld Pipe

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xavier Ficquet ◽  
Laurie Chidwick ◽  
Philippe Gilles ◽  
Pierre Joly
Keyword(s):  
Residual Stress ◽  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Stress Distribution ◽  
Residual Stresses ◽  
Safety Assessment ◽  
Stress Measurement ◽  
Residual Stress Distribution ◽  
Narrow Gap ◽  
Mapping Procedure ◽  
Assessment Procedures

Prior knowledge of the magnitude and distribution of residual stresses in welded components is essential if a cost effective analyses of the integrity of the components is to be made. AREVA NP has recently developed, for EPR applications, narrow gap welding techniques, for joining ferritic low alloy steel heavy section components to austenitic, stainless steel piping systems, in nuclear reactors. An appraisal of available measurement methods was carried out and two residual stress measurement techniques were used to obtain through-thickness residual stress distributions in a fully circumferential narrow gap welded pipe, the neutron diffraction, which is not presented in this paper and the deep hole drilling (DHD) method. The DHD method was used to obtain the axial and hoop residual stresses along the weld centreline and on the heat affected zone in the ferritic and stainless steel sides up to depths of about 40mm from the outer surface of the pipe. The measured residual stress distribution in the weld centreline is compared with representative residual stress distribution provided in UK safety assessment procedures. It is found that the current safety assessment procedures BS 7910:2005 and R6 are conservative. The DHD measurements were made only at limited points in and adjacent to the circumferential weld. In order to estimate the complete residual stress distribution present in the pipe, a measurement mapping procedure using finite element (FE) analysis was implemented. Therefore this paper also provides the estimates of the full residual stress state present in the pipe based on the mapping procedure.

Residual Stress Measurement Simulation in a Type 316 Stainless Steel Girth-Butt Weld Joint

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Hossain ◽  
C. E. Truman ◽  
D. J. Smith ◽  
K. Ogawa
Keyword(s):  
Residual Stress ◽  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Stress Field ◽  
Residual Stresses ◽  
Weld Joint ◽  
Stress Measurement ◽  
Measurement Procedure ◽  
Residual Stress Measurement ◽  
Residual Stress Field ◽  
Butt Weld

Several techniques exist to measure residual stresses, but most only work close to the surface of a component. The deep-hole drilling (DHD) method [1] provides complete, through-thickness, measurements of residual stress with high spatial resolution which can be used to validate numerical models. In common with all mechanical strain release methods of residual stress measurement, extra care must be taken when making measurements on components containing highly triaxial residual stress fields which are close to yield. This is because the introduction of a free surface, created as part of the measurement procedure, can lead to plastic redistribution of the residual stress field which is not accounted for in the elastic inversion algorithms of the experimental procedure. This paper seeks to demonstrate the usefulness and accuracy of the DHD method in a component predicted to contain a triaxial residual stress field by comparing measurements and the results of a DHD simulation on a type 316 stainless steel pipe with girth-butt weld joint. Step 1, results are presented from three-dimensional finite element (FE) simulations of the original girth weld. Step 2, the residual stresses predicted from these simulations are mapped onto a new mesh, designed in order to permit a simulation of the DHD measurement method detailed above. Step 3, an FE simulation of the DHD procedure was undertaken, and the predictions of the radial distortion of the initial reference hole were used in the usual experimental inversion algorithm. This permitted a simulation of the DHD measured residual stresses to be obtained and compared with the predictions of the initial FE model. The effects of different material models as well as the measurement paths were also considered. Finally, step 4, FE predicted residual stresses, DHD simulated residual stresses and actual DHD measured residual stresses were compared and conclusions concerning the accuracy of the DHD measurement procedure were made.

Experimental and Numerical Investigation into Residual Stress During Turning Operation for Stainless Steel AISI 316

2020 ◽  
Vol 38 (12A) ◽  
pp. 1862-1870
Author(s):  
Safa M. Lafta ◽  
Maan A. Tawfiq
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Residual Stresses ◽  
Orthogonal Cutting ◽  
Cutting Tools ◽  
Cutting Speed ◽  
Percentage Error ◽  
Depth Of Cut ◽  
Main Role ◽  
Turning Operation ◽  
Aisi 316

RS (residual stresses) represent the main role in the performance of structures and machined parts. The main objective of this paper is to investigate the effect of feed rate with constant cutting speed and depth of cut on residual stresses in orthogonal cutting, using Tungsten carbide cutting tools when machining AISI 316 in turning operation. AISI 316 stainless steel was selected in experiments since it is used in many important industries such as chemical, petrochemical industries, power generation, electrical engineering, food and beverage industry. Four feed rates were selected (0.228, 0.16, 0.08 and 0.065) mm/rev when cutting speed is constant 71 mm/min and depth of cutting 2 mm. The experimental results of residual stresses were (-15.75, 12.84, 64.9, 37.74) MPa and the numerical results of residual stresses were (-15, 12, 59, and 37) MPa. The best value of residual stresses is (-15.75 and -15) MPa when it is in a compressive way. The results showed that the percentage error between numerical by using (ABAQUS/ CAE ver. 2017) and experimental work measured by X-ray diffraction is range (2-15) %.

ALZ 316

Alloy Digest ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 48 (8) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Corrosion Resistance ◽  
Austenitic Stainless Steel ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Tensile Properties ◽  
Stainless Steels ◽  
Austenitic Stainless Steels ◽  
Heat Treating

Abstract ALZ 316 is an austenitic stainless steel with good formability, corrosion resistance, toughness, and mechanical properties. It is the basic grade of the stainless steels, containing 2 to 3% molybdenum. After the 304 series, the molybdenum-containing stainless steels are the most widely used austenitic stainless steels. This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, hardness, elasticity, and tensile properties. It also includes information on corrosion resistance as well as forming, heat treating, and joining. Filing Code: SS-756. Producer or source: ALZ nv.

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