scholarly journals Ultrasonic Evaluation of Welding Residual Stresses in Stainless Steel Pressure Vessel

2013 ◽  
Vol 135 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yashar Javadi ◽  
Hamed Salimi Pirzaman ◽  
Mohammadreza Hadizadeh Raeisi ◽  
Mehdi Ahmadi Najafabadi
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Residual Stresses ◽  
Pressure Vessel ◽  
Stress Measurement ◽  
Ultrasonic Method ◽  
Hole Drilling ◽  
Hole Drilling Method ◽  
Ultrasonic Evaluation ◽  
Drilling Method ◽  
Austenitic Stainless Steel 304

This paper investigates ultrasonic method in stress measurement of a pressure vessel made of austenitic stainless steel 304 L. Longitudinal critically refracted (LCR) waves are employed to measure the welding residual stresses. The acoustoelastic constant is measured through a hydro test while the pressure vessel is kept intact. Hole-drilling method is used to verify the results of ultrasonic measurement corresponding to axial and hoop residual stresses of the pressure vessel. The results show good agreement between hole-drilling and ultrasonic stress measurements which is accomplished nondestructively.

Potentialities of Ultrasonics for Evaluating Residual Stresses: Influence of Microstructure

2002 ◽  
Vol 124 (3) ◽  
pp. 349-353 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Walaszek ◽  
H. P. Lieurade ◽  
C. Peyrac ◽  
J. Hoblos ◽  
J. Rivenez
Keyword(s):  
Residual Stress ◽  
Stress Measurement ◽  
Ultrasonic Method ◽  
Thermal Relaxation ◽  
Good Control ◽  
Hole Drilling ◽  
Hole Drilling Method ◽  
Incremental Hole Drilling ◽  
Drilling Method ◽  
Ultrasonic Measurements

The good control of residual stress level in mechanical components is an important factor, particularly for a good fatigue strength of these components. This paper presents advances obtained at the technical center for mechanical engineering industries (CETIM) in the field of development of an ultrasonic method for stress measurements. This method is potentially advantageous because it is nondestructive, has good portability, and is easy to use. In the paper are discussed the results obtained with ultrasonics on steel welded plate, and a comparison is made with stress measurement obtained by incremental hole-drilling method, and X-ray diffraction. These results are also validated by thermal relaxation of the plates. The paper discusses also the microstructure influence on ultrasonic measurements and methods for adjusting the ultrasonic measurements to improve the agreement with results obtained from other techniques. In conclusion is emphasized the interest for studying the ability of the ultrasonic residual stress measurement method in different industrial cases.

Inverse Hole-Drilling Method for Residual Stress Investigation

2016 ◽  
Vol 827 ◽  
pp. 117-120
Author(s):  
Jaroslav Vaclavik ◽  
Stanislav Holy ◽  
Jiří Jankovec ◽  
Petr Jaros ◽  
Otakar Weinberg
Keyword(s):  
Residual Stress ◽  
Numerical Modeling ◽  
Residual Stresses ◽  
Stress Measurement ◽  
Hole Drilling ◽  
Back Side ◽  
Stress Evaluation ◽  
Hole Drilling Method ◽  
Drilling Method ◽  
Strain Gauge Rosette

The method for residual stress measurement using through the hole drilling and investigation of the residual stresses relief with the help of incremental layers removing is presented. Drilling the rosette-hole from the opposite side – the inverse layers removing – have to be used for evaluation of residual stress near the back side of the object wall in cases when this surface is inaccessible for any hole-drilling instrument. The strain gauge rosette is installed on the opposite side of the drilled wall and a new mechanical task of incremental layers removal must be solved. The calibration constants for residual stress evaluation of HBM RY21 type rosette for this case were derived using numerical modeling by FEA and its experimental verification.

Reduce the Residual Stress of Welded Structures by Post-Weld Vibration

2005 ◽  
Vol 490-491 ◽  
pp. 102-106 ◽  
Author(s):  
De Lin Rao ◽  
Zheng Qiang Zhu ◽  
Li Gong Chen ◽  
Chunzhen Ni
Keyword(s):  
Residual Stress ◽  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Residual Stresses ◽  
Mechanical Vibration ◽  
Welding Process ◽  
Hole Drilling ◽  
Welded Structures ◽  
Hole Drilling Method ◽  
Drilling Method ◽  
Before And After

The existence of residual stresses caused by the welding process is an important reason of cracking and distortion in welded metal structures that may affect the fatigue life and dimensional stability significantly. Heat treatment is one of the traditional methods to relieve the residual stresses. But it is often limited by the manufacturing condition and the size of the structures. In this paper a procedure called vibratory stress relief (VSR) is discussed. VSR is a process to reduce and re-distribute the internal residual stresses of welded structures by means of post-weld mechanical vibration. The effectiveness of VSR on the residual stresses of welded structures, including the drums of hoist machine and thick stainless steel plate are investigated. Parameters of VSR procedure are described in the paper. Residual stresses on weld bead are measured before and after VSR treatment by hole-drilling method and about 30%~50% reduction of residual stresses are observed. The results show that VSR process can reduce the residual stress both middle carbon steel (Q345) and stainless steel (304L) welded structures effectively.

Thermal Stress Measurement in Continuous Welded Rails Using the Hole-Drilling Method

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xuan Zhu ◽  
Francesco Lanza di Scalea ◽  
Mahmood Fateh
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Stress ◽  
Stress Relaxation ◽  
Residual Stresses ◽  
Thermal Stresses ◽  
Stress Measurement ◽  
Test Procedure ◽  
Hole Drilling ◽  
Hole Drilling Method ◽  
Drilling Method ◽  
Calibration Coefficients

Continuous Welded Rail (CWR) has been widely used in modern railway system for it provides smooth ride, higher freight speed, and less maintenance. A major safety concern with this type of structure is the absence of the expansion joints and the potential of buckling in hot weather. According to the FRA safety statistics, the track alignment irregularity is one of the leading factors responsible for the accidents and the most economic/environmental damages, among all the railway accident causes. However, the thermal stress measurement in the CWR for buckling prevention has been an unresolved problem in railroad maintenance. In this study, a method is introduced to determine the in-situ thermal stress of the in-service CWR by using the Hole-Drilling method. The ASTM Hole-Drilling test procedure, as one type of stress relaxation methods, was originally developed to measure the in-plane residual stresses close to the specimen surfaces. The residual stresses are typically computed based on the relieved strains with the calibration coefficients. Inspired by the stress relaxation philosophy, an investigation on the thermal stress measurement of the CWR using the Hole-Drilling test procedure is conducted in this paper. First, the feasibility of using the Hole-Drilling method of the thermal stress measurement is examined via a 3-D finite element model. The stress relaxation computed from the Hole-Drilling test is compared with the applied uniaxial thermal stress. To facilitate the implementation on the CWR, a new set of calibration coefficients with finer depth increment is computed with a novel three-dimensional finite element model for more realistic simulation. The updated coefficients are experimentally validated with an aluminum column specimen under uniaxial load. For the experimental studies, a roadside prototype is developed and two sets of tests are carried out on free-to-expand rail tracks and on rails subjected to controlled thermal loads at UCSD Powell Laboratories. The relieved stresses are computed using the updated calibration coefficients, and a linear relationship between the axial and vertical residual stresses at the neutral axis is observed for both 136RE and 141RE rails. Furthermore, the in-situ thermal stresses are estimated with the residual stress compensation and the neutral temperatures are predicted according to linear thermal expansion theory. These tests illustrate that the determination of the thermal stresses by the Hole-Drilling method is in principle possible, once ways are developed to compensate for the residual stress relaxation. One such compensation is proposed in this paper. A statistical interpretation on the proposed method is also given to provide a reference for railroad applications.

Ultrasonic Stress Measurement and Material Characterization in Pressure Vessels, Piping, and Welds

2002 ◽  
Vol 124 (3) ◽  
pp. 326-335 ◽  
Author(s):  
Don E. Bray
Keyword(s):  
Pressure Vessel ◽  
Material Characterization ◽  
Stress Measurement ◽  
Wall Stress ◽  
Pressure Vessels ◽  
Hole Drilling ◽  
Travel Times ◽  
Hole Drilling Method ◽  
Drilling Method ◽  
Relationship Of

A pressure vessel has been constructed for demonstrating the LCR ultrasonic technique for indicating changes in wall and weld stress. A special contoured LCR probe was designed and constructed, and the pressure vessel was fitted with strain gauges for monitoring the wall stress. At low wall stresses, below 4 ksi (26 MPa), the ultrasonic data showed considerable scatter. There is similar scatter in the zero pressure travel-times at individual locations around the vessel. At wall stresses of 4 ksi (26 MPa) and above, however, there is an almost linear relationship of stress and travel-time change. Measurements adjacent to an end weld also showed very good trends. Plots of travel times approaching a weld predict −27.5 ksi (−190 MPa) at 1 in. (25 mm) from the weld, compared to zero stress at 5.6 in. (142 mm) away from the weld. These results are consistent with results obtained by others on a similar weld using the blind hole drilling method.

Measurement of Residual Stresses Near the Surface Using the Crack Compliance Method

1991 ◽  
Vol 113 (2) ◽  
pp. 199-204 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Cheng ◽  
I. Finnie ◽  
O¨. Vardar
Keyword(s):  
Residual Stress ◽  
Residual Stresses ◽  
Computational Model ◽  
Strain Measurement ◽  
Stress Measurement ◽  
Residual Stress Measurement ◽  
Hole Drilling ◽  
Hole Drilling Method ◽  
Drilling Method

The use of thin cuts for residual stress measurement is referred to as the crack compliance method. A computational model is presented for the determination of normal and shear residual stresses near the surface by introducing shallow cuts. The optimum regions for strain measurement are obtained. This method is shown to be considerably more sensitive than the conventional hole drilling method and is capable of measuring residual stresses which vary with depth below the surface.

Data Management for the Evaluation of Residual Stresses by the Incremental Hole-Drilling Method

1994 ◽  
Vol 116 (4) ◽  
pp. 561-566 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dario Vangi
Keyword(s):  
Residual Stresses ◽  
Measurement Errors ◽  
Stress Measurement ◽  
Hole Drilling ◽  
Hole Drilling Method ◽  
Incremental Hole Drilling ◽  
Drilling Method ◽  
Experimental Errors ◽  
Thickness Variations ◽  
Stress Variations

The semidestructive incremental hole-drilling method commonly used to evaluate residual stresses is exceedingly sensitive to experimental errors, with sensitivity increasing as hole depth increases. To determine stress variations through the engine thickness, it is necessary to use accurate drilling methods, as well as suitable mathematical models and procedures to minimize the errors associated with residual stress measurement. This work examines the effects of measurement errors on the evaluation of residual stresses with the integral method. An enhanced procedure for managing the experimental data is proposed that allows evaluation of the residual stresses with thickness variations.

Residual Stresses Profiles of Cladded Austenitic Stainless Steel Evaluated by X-Ray Diffraction and by Incremental Hole-Drilling Method

2013 ◽  
Vol 768-769 ◽  
pp. 464-469
Author(s):  
Maria José Marques ◽  
António Castanhola Batista ◽  
Luís Coelho ◽  
Joao P. Nobre ◽  
Altino Loureiro
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Residual Stresses ◽  
Hole Drilling ◽  
Stainless Steel Sample ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Hole Drilling Method ◽  
Incremental Hole Drilling ◽  
Drilling Method

The samples studied in this paper were performed from carbon steel plates, cladded in one of the faces with stainless steel filler metals by submerged arc welding (SAW). After cladding work, the samples were submitted to post-weld heat treatments at different conditions and afterwards stainless steel coating surfaces were milled and mechanically polished, as in the industrial application. The residual stress analysis was performed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and incremental hole-drilling methods (IHDM). The residual stresses profiles presented different in depth values in each sample, depending on the heat treatment conditions. The hole-drilling method was applied in several points of each stainless steel sample surface and the results presented similar evolution profiles. However compressive stresses increase with the increase of heat treatment temperature.

Simulation and Measurement of Residual Stresses in a Stainless Steel Ring Welded Circular Disc

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gang Zheng ◽  
Sayeed Hossain ◽  
Mike Smith ◽  
David Smith
Keyword(s):  
Residual Stress ◽  
Neutron Diffraction ◽  
Residual Stresses ◽  
Stress Measurement ◽  
Circular Disc ◽  
Hole Drilling ◽  
Deep Hole ◽  
Deep Hole Drilling ◽  
Hole Drilling Method ◽  
Drilling Method

Residual stresses were predicted and measured in a circular disc containing a partial ring weld. This study first created an axisymmetric finite element model so that the process of introducing the ring weld was simulated using thermal and mechanical modelling. The resulting residual stresses were then mapped onto a 3D model which included the necessary mesh and boundary conditions to simulate the process of residual stress measurement using the deep hole drilling method. Then an experimental programme of residual stress measurement using the deep hole drilling method and the neutron diffraction technique was conducted on the welded circular disc. The results from the deep hole drilling measurements matched well with the neutron diffraction results on the original stress field in the ring weld. While comparison between measurements and predicted residual stresses show that predicted hoop stresses are slightly higher than measured, there is in general a fair comparison between measured and predicted residual stress.

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