scholarly journals Assessment of Spatial Variability of Heavy Metals in Metropolitan Zone of Toluca Valley, Mexico, Using the Biomonitoring Technique in Mosses and TXRF Analysis

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Graciela Zarazúa-Ortega ◽  
Josefina Poblano-Bata ◽  
Samuel Tejeda-Vega ◽  
Pedro Ávila-Pérez ◽  
Carmen Zepeda-Gómez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Enrichment Factors ◽  
Point Sources ◽  
Sources Of Pollution ◽  
High Enrichment ◽  
Toluca Valley ◽  
Combustion Monitoring ◽  
Urban Sites ◽  
Metropolitan Zone

This study is aimed at assessing atmospheric deposition of heavy metals using the epiphytic moss generaFabronia ciliariscollected from six urban sites in the Metropolitan Zone of the Toluca Valley in Mexico. The concentrations of K, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, and Pb were determined by total reflection X-ray fluorescence technique. Results show that the average metal concentration decrease in the following order: Fe (8207 mg/Kg) > Ca (7315 mg/Kg) > K (3842 mg/Kg) > Ti (387 mg/Kg) > Mn, Zn (191 mg/Kg) > Sr (71 mg/Kg) > Pb (59 mg/Kg) > Cu, V (32 mg/Kg) > Cr (24 mg/Kg) > Rb (13 mg/Kg) > Ni (10 mg/Kg). Enrichment factors show a high enrichment for Cr, Cu, Zn, and Pb which provides an evidence of anthropogenic impact in the industrial and urban areas, mainly due to the intense vehicular traffic and the fossil fuel combustion. Monitoring techniques in mosses have proved to be a powerful tool for determining the deposition of heavy metals coming from diverse point sources of pollution.

scholarly journals MODELLING AND SIMULATION OF DISPERSIONS OF POWDER EMISSIONS FROM MULTIPLE SOURCES WITH THE MATHEMATICAL MODEL POL 15SM

2014 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 151-160
Author(s):  
Mihaela Budianu ◽  
Valeriu Nagacevschi ◽  
Matei Macoveanu
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Air Pollution ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Point Sources ◽  
Multiple Point ◽  
Multiple Sources ◽  
Economic Agents ◽  
Sources Of Pollution ◽  
Simulation Based ◽  
The Mathematical Model

Over the last decades, air pollution has become one of the greatest challenges negatively affecting human health and the entire environment, including air, water, soil, vegetation, and urban areas. Lately, special attention has been given to mathematical modelling for diffusion of pollutants in the atmosphere as a particularly effective and efficient method that can be used to study, control and reduce air pollution. The diversity of models developed by different research groups imposed a rigorous understanding of model types in order to apply them correctly according to local or regional problems of air pollution phenomenon. Tus the authors have developed and improved two mathematical models for dispersion of air pollutants. Tis paper presents a case study of dispersion of powders in suspension originating from 14 point sources that correspond to 5 economic agents in the agroindustrial area of Vaslui city using a computer simulation based on the mathematical model Pol 15sm, for multiple point sources of pollution, designed by the authors.

Emissions of heavy metals into river basins of Germany

2003 ◽  
Vol 47 (7-8) ◽  
pp. 251-257 ◽  
Author(s):  
U. Scherer ◽  
S. Fuchs ◽  
H. Behrendt ◽  
T. Hillenbrand
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Municipal Wastewater ◽  
River Basins ◽  
Large River ◽  
Transport Processes ◽  
Point Sources ◽  
Geographical Information ◽  
Large River Basins

The input of seven heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb and Zn) into the large river basins of Germany via various point and diffuse pathways were estimated for the period of 1985 through 2000. To quantify the emissions via point sources a nationwide survey on heavy metal data of municipal wastewater treatment plants and industrial direct discharges was carried out. The input via diffuse pathways was calculated using an adapted version of the model MONERIS. This model accounts for the significant transport processes, and it includes a Geographical Information System (GIS) that provides digital maps as well as extensive statistical information. For a comparison of the calculated heavy metal emission with the measured heavy metal load at monitoring stations the losses of heavy metals due to retention processes within the river systems have to be considered. Therefore heavy metal retention was calculated according to the retention functions given by Vink and Behrendt. For the large river basins a good correspondence could be found between estimated and measured heavy metal loads in rivers. The total emission into the North Sea decreased for each metal during the period of 1985 to 2000. The reduction varies between 87% for Hg and 41% for Ni mainly caused by the decline via point sources. Today's emissions of heavy metals into river basins of Germany are dominated by the input via diffuse pathways. The most important diffuse emission pathways are “paved urban areas” and “erosion”.

Trace Elements of Precipitation in the Shigatse Region, Southern Tibetan Plateau

2012 ◽  
Vol 518-523 ◽  
pp. 1652-1656 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jun Qing Liu ◽  
Yong Jie Yang ◽  
Yi’an Di ◽  
Jun Yang ◽  
Wei Wei Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Trace Elements ◽  
Tibetan Plateau ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽  
Enrichment Factors ◽  
Inductively Coupled ◽  
Sources Of Pollution ◽  
Icp Ms ◽  
Plasma Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Southern Tibetan Plateau

In order to investigate trace elements of precipitation on Tibetan Plateau, a total of 34 precipitation samples have been collected from individual precipitation events at the Shigatse Meteorological Station located in the south Tibetan Plateau in 2008. All samples were analyzed for 12 elements (V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, As, Se, Ag, Ba and Pb) by using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The result showed that the average concentrations of V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, As, Se, Ag, Ba and Pb were 0.22 μg L-1, 0.17 μg L-1, 2.47 μg L-1, 16.52 μg L-1, 0.07 μg L-1, 1.04 μg L-1, 2.52 μg L-1, 0.29 μg L-1, 0.09 μg L-1, 0.04 μg L-1, 31.54 μg L-1 and 0.10μg L-1, respectively. The concentrations of elements were generally comparable to other background sites, and much lower than urban areas. The enrichment factors indicated that coal combustion along with vehicle and industry emissions may be the main sources of pollution elements.

scholarly journals A Method for Identifying Pollution Sources of Heavy Metals and PAH for a Risk-Based Management of a Mediterranean Harbour

Scientifica ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ombretta Paladino ◽  
Arianna Moranda ◽  
Mahdi Seyedsalehi
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Point Sources ◽  
Sampling Point ◽  
Pollution Levels ◽  
Sources Of Pollution ◽  
Sampling Points ◽  
Many Sources ◽  
Ratio Matching ◽  
Sources Of Contamination

A procedure for assessing harbour pollution by heavy metals and PAH and the possible sources of contamination is proposed. The procedure is based on a ratio-matching method applied to the results of principal component analysis (PCA), and it allows discrimination between point and nonpoint sources. The approach can be adopted when many sources of pollution can contribute in a very narrow coastal ecosystem, both internal and outside but close to the harbour, and was used to identify the possible point sources of contamination in a Mediterranean Harbour (Port of Vado, Savona, Italy). 235 sediment samples were collected in 81 sampling points during four monitoring campaigns and 28 chemicals were searched for within the collected samples. PCA of total samples allowed the assessment of 8 main possible point sources, while the refining ratio-matching identified 1 sampling point as a possible PAH source, 2 sampling points as Cd point sources, and 3 sampling points as C > 12 point sources. By a map analysis it was possible to assess two internal sources of pollution directly related to terminals activity. The study is the prosecution of a previous work aimed at assessing Savona-Vado Harbour pollution levels and suggested strategies to regulate the harbour activities.

scholarly journals THE ENVIRONMENTAL DANGER OF POLLUTION OF SOILS OF URBAN TERRITORIES OF THE MINING REGION

2019 ◽  
Vol 98 (12) ◽  
pp. 1370-1375 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reseda F. Khasanova ◽  
Ya. T. Suyundukov ◽  
I. N. Semenova ◽  
Yu. S. Rafikova ◽  
Yu. Yu. Seregina
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Soil Contamination ◽  
Soil Pollution ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Geochemical Background ◽  
Sources Of Pollution ◽  
Republic Of Bashkortostan ◽  
Mobile Forms ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Industrial Zones

Introduction. The article presents the results of the study of the quality of soil cover in the cities located in the mountainous areas of the Trans-Urals in the Republic of Bashkortostan. The object of the study was the soil of lands for various purposes in cities of Uchaly, Sibay, and Baymak. In the study of soils of industrial zones, there were taken samples adjacent to the dumps and tailing dumps of mining production at a distance of up to 500 m. In the recreational zone there were included the territories of parks, in the residential zone - all micro-districts where the population of the city resides. There were investigated territories of collective gardens located near sources of pollution. Material and methods. The gross content of heavy metals and their mobile forms extracted from the soil of ammonium acetate buffer at pH 4.8 were determined by atomic absorption. Generally accepted ecological values of maximum permissible concentrations (MPC) and regional geochemical background (RGF) were used to estimate the degree of soil pollution. To assess the degree of soil pollution, the total ZC index was calculated using the formula proposed by Yu. E. Saet. Results. As a result of the study, in all studied samples of the soil excess of MPC on gross forms on the content of Cu, Zn, in some cases, Mn, Cd, Co was revealed. Calculations of the General norm of Zc showed urban soil lands of all types of purpose by gross content to belong to the category of permissible pollution. The level of soil contamination with heavy metals in all the studied cities is higher in soils for industrial purposes. Increased level of mobile forms of Cu, Zn, Mn, Cd was revealed in all studied soil samples. The soils of the residential zone of Baymak according to the content of mobile forms belong to the moderately dangerous category of pollution, the rest of the studied soils had an acceptable category of pollution. In the cities of Sibay and Uchaly, the territories adjacent to the quarry dumps belong to a particularly dangerous category of pollution. Conclusion. The level of soil contamination with heavy metals in urban areas of the Mountainous region of the Republic of Bashkortostan is determined by the type of destination of urban land. The most polluted are the soils of industrial zones located in close proximity to mining enterprises. The ecological danger of pollution is that in this zone there is a part of residential neighborhoods with knots, as well as garden cooperatives, where potatoes, vegetables and fruit and berry crops are grown.

scholarly journals Heavy metal concentrations in the sediment profiles of the anthropogenically transformed plociduga reservoir

2014 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrzej Skwierawski ◽  
Marcin Sidoruk
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Industrial Development ◽  
Ecological Condition ◽  
Point Sources ◽  
Residential Housing ◽  
Sources Of Pollution ◽  
Bottom Deposits ◽  
Uppermost Layer ◽  
Lead Zinc ◽  
High Concentrations

Abstract The aim of the present study was to determine the level of contamination of the bottom deposits in the former lake Plociduga in Olsztyn by selected heavy metals (Zn, Pb, Cr, Cd). Today Plociduga is a transformed wetland ecosystem, surrounded by urbanized areas (residential housing, industrial development). The main point sources of pollution are the outlets of two storm water drains. The study was conducted in 2009. Samples of bottom deposit cores were collected in two separate parts (northern and southern) of the former lake. The study revealed very high concentrations of lead, zinc and chromium in the uppermost layer of the sediments in the part of the ecosystem fed by rainwater. The concentrations of the analyzed elements were substantially lower in deeper sediment layers and in the samples collected in the southern part of the ecosystem, not exposed to the direct pollutant inflow. The accumulation of heavy metals in the surface layers of bottom deposits is indicative of the poor ecological condition of the investigated ecosystem and increased human pressure resulting from progressive urbanization.

Diffuse sources of heavy metals in the Rhine basin

2001 ◽  
Vol 44 (7) ◽  
pp. 41-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Mohaupt ◽  
U. Sieber ◽  
J. van den Roovaart ◽  
C. G. Verstappen ◽  
F. Langenfeld ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Open Water ◽  
Point Sources ◽  
Storm Water ◽  
Minor Importance ◽  
River Rhine ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Diffuse Sources ◽  
Urban Storm

An estimate of diffuse sources of heavy metals (Hg, Cd, Cu, Zn, Pb, Cr, Ni) in the Rhine catchment stressed the urban storm water discharges in the German part and drainage flow in the Dutch part as the most important pathways. Additional sources are erosion and, to a far lesser extent, atmospheric deposition on open water areas. All other pathways were of minor importance. Meanwhile, after reduction of the point sources by between 72-95%, the diffuse sources dominate the total emissions. For several metals the anthropogenic diffuse sources amounted to 40-80%, the point sources to 15-40% and the geogeneous sources to 5-40%. The estimated inputs sufficiently agreed with the loads of the river Rhine. For the estimation, mean values were used for the water masses and the substance concentrations of the different hydrological pathways. It is recommended to undertake further studies on diffuse sources of heavy metals in urban areas and on the possibilities to improve urban storm water management. The calculation methods and the recommendations of the International Commission for the Protection of the Rhine (ICPR) are explained in detail.

scholarly journals A ENRICHMENT FACTORS FOR CADMIUM AND LEAD IN SEDIMENT OF GEMBONG ESTUARY, BEKASI, INDONESIA

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 38-44
Author(s):  
Stella Feska ◽  
Muslim ◽  
Haeruddin
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Enrichment Factor ◽  
High Tide ◽  
Quality Criteria ◽  
Quality Standard ◽  
Enrichment Factors ◽  
Standard Quality ◽  
High Enrichment ◽  
Cadmium And Lead

The enrichment factors of Cd and Pb were determined in Gembong estuary as the biggest estuary in and polluted in Indonesia. Heavy metals over a period of time sooner or later will cause damage to aquatic ecosystems. Cd (cadmium) and Pb (lead) are non-essential metals. Various human activities both industrial and domestic around Gembong estuary waters have the potential to degrade the quality of the water. The purpose of this study is to analyze the content and enrichment factors of Cd and Pb in sediment. The study was conducted in October 2019 at the high tide and low tide. The method used was quantitative. Heavy metal analysis using the Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS AA-7000). The result showed that the concentrations of heavy metals contained in the sediment at the high tide were Cd (0.345-1.261 µg/g) and Pb (13.200-47.600 µg/g) and at low tide were Cd (0.017-1.261 µg/g) Pb (15.600-45.240 µg/g). Based on IADC/CEDA quality standard criteria (1997). The standard quality criteria for Cd (0.8 µg/g) means that the concentration of Cd at high tide and low tide have exceeded the quality standard. Meanwhile, for Pb (85 µg/g), the concentration of Pb at high tide and low tide was still below the target level of quality standards. The enrichment factor values for Cd at the high tide and low tide fall into the moderate-very high enrichment category. The enrichment factor values for Pb at the high and low tide was in the moderate-high enrichment category

ЭКОЛОГО-ГЕОХИМИЧЕСКОЕ РАЙОНИРОВАНИЕ ТЕРРИТОРИИГ. БИРОБИДЖАНА ПО УРОВНЮ ЗАГРЯЗНЕНИЯ СНЕЖНОГО ПОКРОВА

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
V.B. Kalmanova
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Snow Cover ◽  
Urban Area ◽  
Constructive Method ◽  
Comparative Characteristic ◽  
Ecological State ◽  
Sources Of Pollution ◽  
Mobile Sources ◽  
Arcview Gis ◽  
Very High

В статье представлены результаты исследования экологогеохимического состояния снежного покрова как индикатора качества атмосферного воздуха г. Биробиджана. Выявлены основные природные и антропогенные факторы, предопределяющие экологическое состояние городской территории в зимний период (климатические, планировочная структура, стационарные и мобильные источники загрязнения). Определено, что выбросы основных загрязнителей во время отопительного сезона превышает летний в 6,5 раз. Проведены геохимические исследования снежного покрова на 60 экспериментальных площадках, заложенных в различных функциональных зонах города. Выявлено значительное превышение тяжелых металлов над фоновым уровнем: железа до 60, марганца до 50, меди до 40, цинка до 20, никеля до 12, свинца до 10, кобальта до 6 раз. С 2003 по 2018 годы содержание химических элементов в снеге увеличилось в 2 раза за счет мобильных источников загрязнения, ТЭЦ, котельных. Проведена сравнительная характеристика накопления тяжелых металлов в снеге за 2003 и 2018 годы и установлен ранжированный ряд загрязняющих токсичных веществ. Разработана шкала оценки загрязнения депонирующих сред по суммарному показателю концентрации тяжелых металлов, согласно которой в Биробиджане выявлено 5 уровней загрязнения снежного покрова. В целом экологическое состояние урбанизированной территории признано неудовлетворительным (8 площади территории относится к очень высокому, 14 к высокому, 21 к выше среднему, 27 к среднему уровням загрязнения, 30 к относительно чистым районам города). По полученным результатам разработана карта в программе ArcView GIS Экологогеохимическое районирование территории г. Биробиджана по уровню загрязнения снежного покрова с выделением наиболее загрязненных участков (70 от общей площади города является загрязненной). По результатам проведенных исследований предложены конструктивные методы планирования урбанизированной территории с целью улучшения ее экологического состояния: проведение геомониторинга (контроль загрязнения снежного покрова и своевременный его вывоз на специально оборудованные полигоны). Snow cover is taken as an indicator of air quality using Birobidzhan, a middlesize city in the Russian Far East, as a case study. The main natural and manmade determinants influencing the ecological state of the urban area in winter are identified: climate, a planning structure, and the stationary and mobile sources of pollution. During the heating season the emission of major pollutants exceeds the summer level by 6.5 times. The geochemical study of snow cover was performed at 60 experimental sites in different functional urban areas. A significant excess of heavy metals over the regional background level was revealed: iron up to 60 times, manganese up to 50, copper up to 40, zinc up to 20 , nickel up to 12, lead up to 10, cobalt up to 6 times. From 2003 to 2018 the content of chemical elements in snow increased in 2 times due to the mobile sources of pollution, thermal power plants, and boilers. The comparative characteristic of accumulation of heavy metals in snow for 2003 and 2018 is carried out, and the ranked number of polluting toxic substances is established. The scale of pollution assessment in depositing environments was developed using the cumulative indicator of heavy metal concentration. Five levels of snow cover pollution are found in Birobidzhan: low, moderate, above moderate, high and very high. As a whole, the ecological state of the urban area is considered as unsatisfactory (8 of the area with a very high level of pollution, 14 with high, 21 above moderate, 27 a moderate level of pollution, 30 a relatively clean area). According to the results, a map was developed in the ArcView GIS program Ecological and geochemical zoning of Birobidzhan, using the level of the snow cover pollution with the allocation of the most polluted areas (70 of the total area of the city is polluted). According to the results, a constructive method of planning in an urban area is proposed in order to improve its environmental condition: geomonitoring as a control of pollution in snow cover and its prompt removal to specially equipped landfills.

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