scholarly journals Yeast Methylotrophy: Metabolism, Gene Regulation and Peroxisome Homeostasis

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiroya Yurimoto ◽  
Masahide Oku ◽  
Yasuyoshi Sakai
Keyword(s):  
Energy Source ◽  
Molecular Basis ◽  
Yeast Species ◽  
Model Organisms ◽  
Heterologous Proteins ◽  
Peroxisome Biogenesis ◽  
Methylotrophic Yeasts ◽  
Methanol Metabolism ◽  
Membrane Bound ◽  
Metabolism Gene

Eukaryotic methylotrophs, which are able to obtain all the carbon and energy needed for growth from methanol, are restricted to a limited number of yeast species. When these yeasts are grown on methanol as the sole carbon and energy source, the enzymes involved in methanol metabolism are strongly induced, and the membrane-bound organelles, peroxisomes, which contain key enzymes of methanol metabolism, proliferate massively. These features have made methylotrophic yeasts attractive hosts for the production of heterologous proteins and useful model organisms for the study of peroxisome biogenesis and degradation. In this paper, we describe recent insights into the molecular basis of yeast methylotrophy.

scholarly journals Microbe Profile: Komagataella phaffii: a methanol devouring biotech yeast formerly known as Pichia pastoris

Microbiology ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 166 (7) ◽  
pp. 614-616 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lina Heistinger ◽  
Brigitte Gasser ◽  
Diethard Mattanovich
Keyword(s):  
Energy Source ◽  
Pichia Pastoris ◽  
Secondary Metabolism ◽  
Mating Type ◽  
Heterologous Proteins ◽  
Methylotrophic Yeasts ◽  
Komagataella Phaffii ◽  
Primary And Secondary Metabolism ◽  
Diploid Cells

Methylotrophic yeasts of the genus Komagataella are abundantly found in tree exudates. Their ability to utilize methanol as carbon and energy source relies on an assimilation pathway localized in largely expanded peroxisomes, and a cytosolic methanol dissimilation pathway. Other substrates like glucose or glycerol are readily utilized as well. Komagataella yeasts usually grow as haploid cells and are secondary homothallic as they can switch mating type. Upon mating diploid cells sporulate readily, forming asci with four haploid spores. Their ability to secrete high amounts of heterologous proteins made them interesting for biotechnology, which expands today also to other products of primary and secondary metabolism.

scholarly journals Knockout and Overexpression of Pyrroloquinoline Quinone Biosynthetic Genes in Gluconobacter oxydans 621H

2006 ◽  
Vol 188 (21) ◽  
pp. 7668-7676 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tina Hölscher ◽  
Helmut Görisch
Keyword(s):  
Energy Source ◽  
Wild Type Strain ◽  
Gluconobacter Oxydans ◽  
Analysis Data ◽  
Pyrroloquinoline Quinone ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Reverse Transcription Pcr ◽  
Membrane Bound ◽  
Pqq Biosynthesis

ABSTRACT In Gluconobacter oxydans, pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ) serves as the cofactor for various membrane-bound dehydrogenases that oxidize sugars and alcohols in the periplasm. Proteins for the biosynthesis of PQQ are encoded by the pqqABCDE gene cluster. Our reverse transcription-PCR and promoter analysis data indicated that the pqqA promoter represents the only promoter within the pqqABCDE cluster of G. oxydans 621H. PQQ overproduction in G. oxydans was achieved by transformation with the plasmid-carried pqqA gene or the complete pqqABCDE cluster. A G. oxydans mutant unable to produce PQQ was obtained by site-directed disruption of the pqqA gene. In contrast to the wild-type strain, the pqqA mutant did not grow with d-mannitol, d-glucose, or glycerol as the sole energy source, showing that in G. oxydans 621H, PQQ is essential for growth with these substrates. Growth of the pqqA mutant, however, was found with d-gluconate as the energy source. The growth behavior of the pqqA mutant correlated with the presence or absence of the respective PQQ-dependent membrane-bound dehydrogenase activities, demonstrating the vital role of these enzymes in G. oxydans metabolism. A different PQQ-deficient mutant was generated by Tn5 transposon mutagenesis. This mutant showed a defect in a gene with high homology to the Escherichia coli tldD gene, which encodes a peptidase. Our results indicate that the tldD gene in G. oxydans 621H is involved in PQQ biosynthesis, possibly with a similar function to that of the pqqF genes found in other PQQ-synthesizing bacteria.

Peroxisome Biogenesis: Something Old, Something New, Something Borrowed

Physiology ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 25 (6) ◽  
pp. 347-356 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fred D. Mast ◽  
Andrei Fagarasanu ◽  
Barbara Knoblach ◽  
Richard A. Rachubinski
Keyword(s):  
Cellular Differentiation ◽  
Eukaryotic Cells ◽  
Peroxisome Biogenesis ◽  
Metabolic Processes ◽  
Oxidative Reactions ◽  
Membrane Bound ◽  
Organismal Development

Eukaryotic cells are characterized by their varied complement of organelles. One set of membrane-bound, usually spherical compartments are commonly grouped together under the term peroxisomes. Peroxisomes function in regulating the synthesis and availability of many diverse lipids by harnessing the power of oxidative reactions and contribute to a number of metabolic processes essential for cellular differentiation and organismal development.

Passive diffusion of nucleosides into Micrococcus sodonensis membrane vesicles

1980 ◽  
Vol 58 (6) ◽  
pp. 457-460 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. Pickard
Keyword(s):  
Energy Source ◽  
Membrane Vesicles ◽  
Passive Diffusion ◽  
Membrane Bound ◽  
Nucleoside Uptake ◽  
Membrane Bound Enzymes ◽  
Isolated Membrane Vesicles

Nucleoside entry into isolated membrane vesicles of Micrococcus sodonensis (luteus) was studied using 14C-labelled nucleosides: adenosine, inosine, cytidine, uridine, guanosine, and thymidine. All nucleosides were recovered unmetabolized from the vesicles except adenosine and cytidine which were partly deaminated by membrane-bound enzymes. Vesicle preparations actively transported proline but no energy source was found capable of supporting concentrative nucleoside uptake. The entry of nucleosides into M. sodonensis vesicles was not saturable, nor was there competition between the nucleosides studied for entry. It was concluded that nucleoside entry into M. sodonensis vesicles occurs by passive diffusion.

scholarly journals Identification of Proteins Likely To Be Involved in Morphogenesis, Cell Division, and Signal Transduction in Planctomycetes by Comparative Genomics

2012 ◽  
Vol 194 (23) ◽  
pp. 6419-6430 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Jogler ◽  
Jost Waldmann ◽  
Xiaoluo Huang ◽  
Mareike Jogler ◽  
Frank Oliver Glöckner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Signal Transduction ◽  
Cell Division ◽  
Model Organisms ◽  
Genetic Studies ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Life Styles ◽  
Membrane Bound ◽  
Guilt By Association ◽  
Complex Signaling ◽  
Signal Transduction Systems

ABSTRACTMembers of thePlanctomycetesclade share many unusual features for bacteria. Their cytoplasm contains membrane-bound compartments, they lack peptidoglycan and FtsZ, they divide by polar budding, and they are capable of endocytosis. Planctomycete genomes have remained enigmatic, generally being quite large (up to 9 Mb), and on average, 55% of their predicted proteins are of unknown function. Importantly, proteins related to the unusual traits ofPlanctomycetesremain largely unknown. Thus, we embarked on bioinformatic analyses of these genomes in an effort to predict proteins that are likely to be involved in compartmentalization, cell division, and signal transduction. We used three complementary strategies. First, we defined thePlanctomycetescore genome and subtracted genes of well-studied model organisms. Second, we analyzed the gene content and synteny of morphogenesis and cell division genes and combined both methods using a “guilt-by-association” approach. Third, we identified signal transduction systems as well as sigma factors. These analyses provide a manageable list of candidate genes for future genetic studies and provide evidence for complex signaling in thePlanctomycetesakin to that observed for bacteria with complex life-styles, such asMyxococcus xanthus.

scholarly journals Contribution of Yeast Models to Neurodegeneration Research

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clara Pereira ◽  
Cláudia Bessa ◽  
Joana Soares ◽  
Mariana Leão ◽  
Lucília Saraiva
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Basis ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Model Organism ◽  
Cellular Biology ◽  
Heterologous Proteins ◽  
Discovery Process ◽  
First Line ◽  
Cell Systems ◽  
Engineered Yeast ◽  
Higher Eukaryotes

As a model organismSaccharomyces cerevisiaehas greatly contributed to our understanding of many fundamental aspects of cellular biology in higher eukaryotes. More recently, engineered yeast models developed to study endogenous or heterologous proteins that lay at the root of a given disease have become powerful tools for unraveling the molecular basis of complex human diseases like neurodegeneration. Additionally, with the possibility of performing target-directed large-scale screenings, yeast models have emerged as promising first-line approaches in the discovery process of novel therapeutic opportunities against these pathologies. In this paper, several yeast models that have contributed to the uncovering of the etiology and pathogenesis of several neurodegenerative diseases are described, including the most common forms of neurodegeneration worldwide, Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and Huntington's diseases. Moreover, the potential input of these cell systems in the development of more effective therapies in neurodegeneration, through the identification of genetic and chemical suppressors, is also addressed.

scholarly journals The Molecular Basis of Cluster Formation by Membrane-Bound Lipidated Ras

2012 ◽  
Vol 102 (3) ◽  
pp. 259a
Author(s):  
Alemayehu A. Gorfe ◽  
Zhenlong Li ◽  
Lorant Janosi
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Basis ◽  
Cluster Formation ◽  
Membrane Bound

scholarly journals Methanol sensor Wsc1 and MAP kinase suppress degradation of methanol-induced peroxisomes in methylotrophic yeast

2021 ◽  
pp. jcs.254714
Author(s):  
Shin Ohsawa ◽  
Koichi Inoue ◽  
Takahiro Isoda ◽  
Masahide Oku ◽  
Hiroya Yurimoto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Methylotrophic Yeast ◽  
Plant Cell Walls ◽  
Peroxisome Biogenesis ◽  
Plant Leaves ◽  
Methanol Metabolism ◽  
Methanol Sensor ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
Inducible Genes ◽  
Hydrolysis Of ◽  
Synthesis And Degradation

In nature, methanol is produced during the hydrolysis of pectin in plant cell walls. Methanol shows circadian dynamics on plant leaves to which methanol-utilizing phyllosphere microorganisms adapt. In the methylotrophic yeast Komagataella phaffii (Pichia pastoris), the plasma membrane protein KpWsc1 senses environmental methanol concentrations, and transmits the information to induce genes for methanol metabolism together with huge peroxisomes. In this study, we show that KpWsc1 and its downstream MAPK negatively regulate pexophagy in the presence of >0.15% methanol. Although KpMpk1 was not necessary for expression of methanol-inducible genes and peroxisome biogenesis, KpMpk1, KpRlm1 and a phosphatase were found suppress pexophagy by controlling phosphorylation level of KpAtg30, the key factor of pexophagy. We reveal at the molecular level how the single methanol sensor KpWsc1 commits the cell to peroxisome synthesis and degradation according to the methanol concentration, and discuss the physiological significance of regulating pexophagy for survival in the phyllosphere.

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